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Mitochondrial genome of Cordyceps blackwelliae: organization, transcription, and evolutionary insights into Cordyceps. 冬虫夏草的线粒体基因组:组织,转录和对冬虫夏草的进化见解。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-06 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00118-5
Yong-Jie Zhang, Xiang-Ping Fan, Jia-Ni Li, Shu Zhang

Cordyceps is a diverse genus of insect pathogenic fungi, with about 180 accepted species, including some well-known ones used as ethnic medicine and/or functional food. Nevertheless, mitogenomes are only available for four members of the genus. The current study reports the mitogenome of Cordyceps blackwelliae, a newly described entomopathogenic fungus. The 42,257-bp mitogenome of the fungus encoded genes typically found in fungal mitogenomes, and a total of 14 introns inserted into seven genes, including cob (1 intron), cox1 (4), cox3 (3), nad1 (1), nad4 (1), nad5 (1), and rnl (3). RNA-Seq analysis revealed differential expression of mitochondrial genes and supported annotations resulting from in silico analysis. There was clear evidence for polycistronic transcription and alternative splicing of mitochondrial genes. Comparison among mitogenomes of five different Cordyceps species (i.e., C. blackwelliae, C. chanhua, C. militaris, C. pruinosa, and C. tenuipes) revealed a high synteny, with mitogenome size expansion correlating with intron insertions. Different mitochondrial protein-coding genes showed variable degrees of genetic differentiation among these species, but they were all under purifying selection. Mitochondrial phylogeny based on either nucleotide or amino acid sequences confirmed the taxonomic position of C. blackwelliae in Cordycipitaceae, clustering together with C. chanhua. This study promotes our understanding of fungal evolution in Cordyceps.

冬虫夏草是一种多样的昆虫病原真菌属,目前已被认可的种类约有180种,其中包括一些著名的民族药和/或功能食品。然而,有丝分裂基因组只适用于该属的四个成员。本研究报道了一种新发现的昆虫病原真菌——冬虫夏草的有丝分裂基因组。真菌的有丝分裂基因组全长42257 bp,编码了真菌有丝分裂基因组中常见的基因,共有14个内含子插入到7个基因中,包括cob(1内含子)、cox1(4)、cox3(3)、nad1(1)、nad4(1)、nad5(1)和rnl(3)。RNA-Seq分析揭示了线粒体基因的差异表达,并支持了计算机分析得出的注释。有明确的证据表明,线粒体基因的多顺反子转录和选择性剪接。对5种冬虫夏草(C. blackwelliae、C. chanhua、C. militaris、C. pruinosa和C. tenuues)的有丝分裂基因组进行比较发现,它们具有高度的同源性,有丝分裂基因组的扩增与内含子插入相关。不同线粒体蛋白编码基因在不同物种间表现出不同程度的遗传分化,但均处于纯化选择状态。基于核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列的线粒体系统发育证实了其在冬虫夏草科中的分类地位,与冬虫夏草聚类在一起。本研究促进了我们对虫草真菌进化的认识。
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引用次数: 0
Validation of Fuscoporia (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) ITS sequences and five new species based on multi-marker phylogenetic and morphological analyses. 基于多标记系统发育和形态学分析的Fuscoporia (Hymenochaetales,担子菌门)ITS序列和5个新种的验证。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00117-6
Yoonhee Cho, Dohye Kim, Yoongil Lee, Juhwan Jeong, Shahid Hussain, Young Woon Lim

Although there is a continuous increase in available molecular data, not all sequence identities in public databases are always properly verified and managed. Here, the sequences available in GenBank for Fuscoporia (Hymenochaetales) were validated. Many morphological characters of Fuscoporia overlap among the species, emphasizing the role of molecular identification for accuracy. The identities of 658 Fuscoporia GenBank internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were assessed using ITS phylogeny, revealing 109 (16.6%) misidentified and 196 (29.8%) unspecified sequences. They were validated and re-identified based on the research articles they were published in and, if unpublished, based on sequences from the type, type locality-derived sequences, or otherwise reliable sequences. To enhance the resolution of species delimitation, a phylogenetic assessment of a multi-marker dataset (ITS + nrLSU + rpb2 + tef1) was conducted. The multi-marker phylogeny resolved five of the twelve species complexes found in the ITS phylogeny and uncovered five new Fuscoporia species: F. dolichoseta, F. gilvoides, F. koreana, F. reticulata, and F. semicephala. The validated ITS sequences in this study may prevent further accumulation of misidentified sequences in public databases and contribute to a more accurate taxonomic evaluation of Fuscoporia species.

尽管可用的分子数据不断增加,但并非公共数据库中的所有序列身份都能得到适当的验证和管理。本文对GenBank中提供的Fuscoporia (Hymenochaetales)序列进行了验证。Fuscoporia的许多形态特征在物种之间重叠,强调分子鉴定的准确性。利用ITS系统发育对658个Fuscoporia GenBank内部转录间隔序列(ITS)进行鉴定,发现109个(16.6%)序列鉴定错误,196个(29.8%)序列未确定。根据已发表的研究文章对其进行验证和重新鉴定,如果未发表,则根据类型序列、类型位置衍生序列或其他可靠序列对其进行验证和重新鉴定。为了提高物种划分的分辨率,对ITS + nrLSU + rpb2 + tef1多标记数据集进行了系统发育评价。多标记系统发育分析了在ITS系统发育中发现的12个物种复合体中的5个,并发现了5个新的褐虫种:F. dolichoseta、F. gilvoides、F. koreana、F. reticulata和F. semicephala。本研究验证的ITS序列可以防止在公共数据库中进一步积累错误的序列,并有助于更准确的Fuscoporia物种分类评估。
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引用次数: 0
Taxonomy of Hyphodermella: a case study to show that simple phylogenies cannot always accurately place species in appropriate genera. Hyphodermella的分类:一个案例研究,说明简单的系统发育并不能总是准确地将物种归入适当的属。
IF 5.2 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00116-7
Shan Shen, Shi-Liang Liu, Li-Wei Zhou

The genus is a special and crucial taxonomic rank compared with others above the species level, because a species has to be placed in a certain genus instead of any other higher ranks. With more and more new species being described, the placements of their generic position are sometimes incorrect due to the simple phylogenies resulting from inappropriate sampling. Here, we focus on the taxonomy of a small wood-inhabiting fungal genus Hyphodermella. With the most comprehensive sampling to date, the phylogenetic position of Hyphodermella within Phanerochaetaceae is rearranged by employing the same ITS and nLSU regions as in previous studies and also the ITS, nLSU, rpb1, rpb2 and tef1α regions. Three species are excluded from Hyphodermella: H. poroides is placed in a newly introduced monotypic genus Pseudohyphodermella, while H. aurantiaca and H. zixishanensis are transferred to Roseograndinia. Hyphodermella suiae is described as a new species from South China and Vietnam. Keys to eight species in Hyphodermella and five in Roseograndinia are provided. Beyond solving the taxonomic issue of Hyphodermella itself, the current study also aims to suggest that all fungal taxonomists especially beginners should keep in mind to sample as many comprehensive taxa as possible in phylogenetic analyses.

与种以上的其他级别相比,属是一个特殊而关键的分类级别,因为一个物种必须归入某个属,而不是其他更高的级别。随着越来越多的新物种被描述出来,由于取样不当造成的简单系统发育,其属的位置有时并不正确。在此,我们重点讨论栖息于林木中的小型真菌属 Hyphodermella 的分类问题。通过迄今为止最全面的取样,我们利用与以往研究相同的 ITS 和 nLSU 区域,以及 ITS、nLSU、rpb1、rpb2 和 tef1α 区域,重新安排了 Hyphodermella 在 Phanerochaetaceae 中的系统发生位置。从 Hyphodermella 中剔除了三个种:H. poroides 被归入新引入的单型属 Pseudohyphodermella,H. aurantiaca 和 H. zixishanensis 被归入 Roseograndinia。Hyphodermella suiae 被描述为产于华南和越南的一个新种。提供了 Hyphodermella 中 8 个种和 Roseograndinia 中 5 个种的钥匙。除了解决 Hyphodermella 本身的分类问题外,本研究还旨在建议所有真菌分类学家,尤其是初学者在进行系统发育分析时应牢记尽可能多地采集综合分类群的样本。
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引用次数: 0
Six new species of zombie-ant fungi from Yunnan in China. 中国云南六种新的僵尸蚁真菌。
IF 5.2 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-11 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00114-9
Dexiang Tang, Ou Huang, Weiqiu Zou, Yuanbing Wang, Yao Wang, Quanying Dong, Tao Sun, Gang Yang, Hong Yu

Some Ophiocordyceps species infecting ants are able to manipulate the host behavior. The hosts are manipulated in order to move to location that are advantageous for fungal spore transmission. Ophiocordyceps species that are able to manipulate the ant's behavior are called "zombie-ant fungi". They are widespread within tropical forests worldwide, with relatively few reports from subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaf forest. Zombie-ant fungi have been described and reported in different countries worldwide. However, there were a few reports from China. This study proposed six new species of zombie-ant fungi from China based on multi-gene (SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1 and RPB2) phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics. Six novel species of Ophiocordyceps from China were identified as the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis core clade, forming a separate lineage with other species. Six novel species of Ophiocordyceps with hirsutella-like asexual morphs exclusively infecting ants were presented herein, namely, Ophiocordyceps acroasca, Ophiocordyceps bifertilis, Ophiocordyceps subtiliphialida, Ophiocordyceps basiasca, Ophiocordyceps nuozhaduensis and Ophiocordyceps contiispora. Descriptions and illustrations for six taxon were provided. Five of these species were collected from the subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaf forest, and one was collected from the rainforest and subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaf forest. This work proposes that the same host of Camponotus can be infected by multiple ant pathogenic fungi, while multiple ants of Polyrhachis can be infected by the same pathogenic fungi at the same time. This study contributes towards a better understanding of the evolutionary relationship between hosts and fungi, and provides novel insights into the morphology, distribution, parasitism, and ecology of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sensu lato. We have provided a method for obtaining living cultures of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis complex species and their asexual morphs based on the living cultures, which is of significant value for further studies of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis complex species in the future.

一些感染蚂蚁的蛇尾蝇科菌能够操纵宿主的行为。宿主被操纵后会移动到有利于真菌孢子传播的地点。能够操纵蚂蚁行为的蛇尾癣菌被称为 "僵尸蚂蚁真菌"。它们广泛分布于世界各地的热带森林中,亚热带季风常绿阔叶林中的报道相对较少。僵尸蚂蚁真菌在世界不同国家都有描述和报道。然而,中国的报道很少。本研究基于多基因(SSU、LSU、TEF、RPB1 和 RPB2)系统发育分析和形态特征,提出了中国的 6 个僵尸蚂蚁真菌新种。中国的 6 个新种被鉴定为 Ophiocordyceps unilateralis 核心支系,与其他种形成一个独立的世系。本文介绍了专门感染蚂蚁的六种具有赫氏无性形态的蛇形虫新种,它们分别是尖头蛇形虫、双面蛇形虫、subiliphialida蛇形虫、basiasca蛇形虫、糯扎渡蛇形虫和contiispora蛇形虫。报告提供了六个分类群的描述和插图。其中五种采集自亚热带季风常绿阔叶林,一种采集自热带雨林和亚热带季风常绿阔叶林。这项研究提出,Camponotus 的同一宿主可感染多种蚂蚁病原真菌,而 Polyrhachis 的多种蚂蚁可同时感染同一种病原真菌。这项研究有助于更好地理解宿主与真菌之间的进化关系,并对单侧孢子虫的形态、分布、寄生性和生态学提供了新的见解。我们提供了一种基于活体培养物获得单侧孢子虫复合种及其无性形态的方法,这对今后进一步研究单侧孢子虫复合种具有重要价值。
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引用次数: 0
Endophytic fungi related to the ash dieback causal agent encode signatures of pathogenicity on European ash. 与白蜡枯病原体有关的内生真菌编码了欧洲白蜡的致病特征。
IF 5.2 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-11 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00115-8
Maryam Rafiqi, Chatchai Kosawang, Jessica A Peers, Lukas Jelonek, Hélène Yvanne, Mark McMullan, Lene R Nielsen

Tree diseases constitute a significant threat to biodiversity worldwide. Pathogen discovery in natural habitats is of vital importance to understanding current and future threats and prioritising efforts towards developing disease management strategies. Ash dieback is a fungal disease of major conservational concern that is infecting common ash trees, Fraxinus excelsior, in Europe. The disease is caused by a non-native fungal pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Other dieback causing-species have not previously been identified in the genus Hymenoscyphus. Here, we discover the pathogenicity potential of two newly identified related species of Asian origin, H. koreanus and H. occultus, and one Europe-native related species, H. albidus. We sequence the genomes of all three Hymenoscyphus species and compare them to that of H. fraxineus. Phylogenetic analysis of core eukaryotic genes identified H. albidus and H. koreanus as sister species, whilst H. occultus diverged prior to these and H. fraxineus. All four Hymenoscyphus genomes are of comparable size (55-62 Mbp) and GC contents (42-44%) and encode for polymorphic secretomes. Surprisingly, 1133 predicted secreted proteins are shared between the ash dieback pathogen H. fraxineus and the three related Hymenoscyphus endophytes. Amongst shared secreted proteins are cell death-inducing effector candidates, such as necrosis, and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like proteins, Nep1-like proteins, that are upregulated during in planta growth of all Hymenoscyphus species. Indeed, pathogenicity tests showed that all four related Hymenoscyphus species develop pathogenic growth on European ash stems, with native H. albidus being the least virulent. Our results identify the threat Hymenoscypohus species pose to the survival of European ash trees, and highlight the importance of promoting pathogen surveillance in environmental landscapes. Identifying new pathogens and including them in the screening for durable immunity of common ash trees is key to the long-term survival of ash in Europe.

树木病害对全球生物多样性构成重大威胁。在自然栖息地发现病原体对于了解当前和未来的威胁以及优先制定疾病管理策略至关重要。白蜡树枯死病是一种真菌疾病,是欧洲常见的白蜡树(Fraxinus excelsior)感染的主要保护性疾病。这种病是由一种非本地真菌病原体--Hymenoscyphus fraxineus 引起的。在 Hymenoscyphus 属中,以前尚未发现其他导致枯死的物种。在这里,我们发现了两个新发现的亚洲相关物种 H. koreanus 和 H. occultus 以及一个欧洲本地相关物种 H. albidus 的致病潜力。我们对所有三个Hymenoscyphus物种的基因组进行了测序,并与H. fraxineus的基因组进行了比较。通过对核心真核基因的系统进化分析,我们发现 H. albidus 和 H. koreanus 是姊妹种,而 H. occultus 比它们和 H. fraxineus 早分化。所有四个Hymenoscyphus基因组的大小(55-62 Mbp)和GC含量(42-44%)相当,并编码多态分泌物。令人惊讶的是,白蜡枯病原体 H. fraxineus 和三种相关的 Hymenoscyphus 内生菌之间共有 1133 个预测分泌蛋白。在共享的分泌蛋白中,有诱导细胞死亡的效应物候选蛋白,如坏死蛋白和乙烯诱导肽 1 样蛋白、Nep1 样蛋白,这些蛋白在所有 Hymenoscyphus 物种的植物生长过程中都会上调。事实上,致病性测试表明,所有四种相关的白蜡姬松柏属(Hymenoscyphus)都会在欧洲白蜡茎上生长致病,而本地的白蜡姬松柏属(H. albidus)毒性最低。我们的研究结果确定了白蜡树种对欧洲白蜡树的生存构成的威胁,并强调了在环境景观中促进病原体监测的重要性。识别新病原体并将其纳入普通白蜡树持久免疫力的筛选中,是欧洲白蜡树长期生存的关键。
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引用次数: 0
Rearranging the Bird's Nest Fungi: molecular review of internal clades in Cyathus (Nidulariaceae, Basidiomycota). 鸟巢真菌的重新排列:Cyathus (Nidulariaceae,担子菌科)内部分支的分子综述。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-04-07 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00111-y
Rhudson Henrique Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Jefferson Dos Santos Góis, Paulo Marinho, Iuri Goulart Baseia, Kentaro Hosaka

The genus Cyathus was established in 1768, but more in-depth taxonomic studies with the group only occurred after 1844. In the following years, changes in the infrageneric classification of Cyathus were proposed based mainly on morphology. With advances in phylogenetic studies, the morphological classifications were tested and a new subdivision into three groups was proposed in 2007. Based on the last two classifications, this work aims to expand and understand the internal phylogenetic relationships among the fungi of the genus Cyathus and examine how these relationships are reflected in the taxonomic classification, through molecular analyses covering most of the species in the group, based on materials obtained from type specimens deposited in major fungal collections worldwide, besides expanding sampling with tropical species. Molecular analyses followed the protocols available in the literature, including the design of specific primers for Cyathus. In the phylogenetic analysis, using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian methods, sequences of ITS and LSU regions from 41 samples of 39 species of Cyathus, 26 were placed with some nomenclatural types. The monophyly of Cyathus was confirmed with maximum support in both tests, and the infrageneric groups of the most recent classification were unchanged, but the clade striatum showed segregation into four groups and three subgroups. The phylogenetic organization is supported morphological characters, and diagnoses are presented for each group, as well as a dichotomous key for the infrageneric separation.

Cyathus属于1768年被建立,但更深入的分类研究直到1844年才出现。在接下来的几年里,人们主要根据形态提出了Cyathus属下分类的变化。随着系统发育研究的进展,2007年对其形态分类进行了检验,并提出了新的三类群划分。在前两种分类的基础上,本工作旨在扩展和理解Cyathus属真菌之间的内部系统发育关系,并研究这些关系如何在分类分类中得到反映,通过分子分析,涵盖了该组中大多数物种,基于世界各地主要真菌收藏的模式标本的材料,并扩大了热带物种的采样。分子分析遵循文献中可用的协议,包括设计特异性引物的Cyathus。在系统发育分析中,利用最大简约法和贝叶斯方法对39种Cyathus的41份样品的ITS和LSU区序列进行了定位,其中26种具有一定的命名类型。两项试验均证实了Cyathus属的单系性,最新分类的下属类群没有变化,但分支纹状体分化为4个类群和3个亚类群。系统发育组织支持形态学特征,并为每一组提供诊断,以及一个二分法键,用于先天性分离。
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引用次数: 0
The first two mitochondrial genomes from Apiotrichum reveal mitochondrial evolution and different taxonomic assignment of Trichosporonales. 前两个线粒体基因组揭示了毛孢门动物线粒体的进化和不同的分类归属。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00112-x
Qiang Li, Wenqi Xiao, Peng Wu, Ting Zhang, Peng Xiang, Qian Wu, Liang Zou, Mingying Gui

Apiotrichum is a diverse anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast genus, and its mitogenome characterization has not been revealed. In this study, we assembled two Apiotrichum mitogenomes and compared them with mitogenomes from Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina. The mitogenomes of Apiotrichum gracile and A. gamsii comprised circular DNA molecules, with sizes of 34,648 bp and 38,096 bp, respectively. Intronic regions were found contributed the most to the size expansion of A. gamsii mitogenome. Comparative mitogenomic analysis revealed that 6.85-38.89% of nucleotides varied between tRNAs shared by the two Apiotrichum mitogenomes. The GC content of all core PCGs in A. gamsii was lower than that of A. gracile, with an average low value of 4.97%. The rps3 gene differentiated the most among Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina species, while nad4L gene was the most conserved in evolution. The Ka/Ks values for cob and rps3 genes were > 1, indicating the two genes may be subjected to positive selection in Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina. Frequent intron loss/gain events and potential intron transfer events have been detected in evolution of Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina. We further detected large-scale gene rearrangements between the 19 mitogenomes from Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina, and fifteen of the 17 mitochondrial genes shared by Apiotrichum varied in gene arrangements. Phylogenetic analyses based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods using a combined mitochondrial gene dataset revealed different taxonomic assignment of two Apiotrichum species, wherein A. gamsii had a more closely relationship with Trichosporon asahii. This study served as the first report on mitogenomes from the genus Apiotrichum, which promotes the understanding of evolution, genomics, and phylogeny of Apiotrichum.

Apiotrichum是一种多样的变形担子菌酵母属,其有丝分裂基因组特征尚未揭示。在本研究中,我们组装了两个Apiotrichum有丝分裂基因组,并将它们与Agaricomycotina、puccininiomycotina和Ustilaginomycotina的有丝分裂基因组进行了比较。细穗尖毛霉(Apiotrichum gracile)和gamsii的有丝分裂基因组由圆形DNA分子组成,大小分别为34,648 bp和38,096 bp。内含子区对gamsii有丝分裂基因组的扩增贡献最大。有丝分裂基因组比较分析显示,6.85-38.89%的核苷酸在两个尖毛锥虫有丝分裂基因组共享的trna之间存在差异。gamsii各核心PCGs的GC含量均低于gracile,平均低值为4.97%。rps3基因在Agaricomycotina、puccininiomycotina和Ustilaginomycotina物种中分化程度最高,而nad4L基因在进化过程中最为保守。cob和rps3基因的Ka/Ks值均> 1,说明这两个基因在真菌、puccininiomycotina和Ustilaginomycotina中可能存在正选择。在Agaricomycotina、puccininiomycotina和Ustilaginomycotina的进化过程中,发现了频繁的内含子丢失/获得事件和潜在的内含子转移事件。我们进一步检测了Agaricomycotina、puccininiomycotina和Ustilaginomycotina的19个线粒体基因组之间的大规模基因重排,发现Apiotrichum共有的17个线粒体基因中有15个基因排列不同。基于最大似然和贝叶斯推理方法的系统发育分析表明,两种尖毛虫的分类归属存在差异,其中gamsii与asahii的亲缘关系更为密切。本研究首次报道了尖毛霉属植物的有丝分裂基因组,促进了对尖毛霉进化、基因组学和系统发育的认识。
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引用次数: 3
Polydomus karssenii gen. nov. sp. nov. is a dark septate endophyte with a bifunctional lifestyle parasitising eggs of plant parasitic cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.). karsseni Polydomus gen. nov. sp. nov.是一种具有双重功能的暗隔内生菌,寄生于植物寄生囊线虫(Heterodera spp.)的卵。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00113-w
Samad Ashrafi, Jan-Peer Wennrich, Yvonne Becker, Jose G Maciá-Vicente, Anke Brißke-Rode, Matthias Daub, Torsten Thünen, Abdelfattah A Dababat, Maria R Finckh, Marc Stadler, Wolfgang Maier

In this study fungal strains were investigated, which had been isolated from eggs of the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi, and roots of Microthlaspi perfoliatum (Brassicaceae). The morphology, the interaction with nematodes and plants and the phylogenetic relationships of these strains originating from a broad geographic range covering Western Europe to Asia Minor were studied. Phylogenetic analyses using five genomic loci including ITSrDNA, LSUrDNA, SSUrDNA, rpb2 and tef1-α were carried out. The strains were found to represent a distinct phylogenetic lineage most closely related to Equiseticola and Ophiosphaerella, and Polydomus karssenii (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales) is introduced here as a new species representing a monotypic genus. The pathogenicity tests against nematode eggs fulfilled Koch's postulates using in vitro nematode bioassays and showed that the fungus could parasitise its original nematode host H. filipjevi as well as the sugar beet cyst nematode H. schachtii, and colonise cysts and eggs of its hosts by forming highly melanised moniliform hyphae. Light microscopic observations on fungus-root interactions in an axenic system revealed the capacity of the same fungal strain to colonise the roots of wheat and produce melanised hyphae and microsclerotia-like structure typical for dark septate endophytes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy further demonstrated that the fungus colonised the root cells by predominant intercellular growth of hyphae, and frequent formation of appressorium-like as well as penetration peg-like structures through internal cell walls surrounded by callosic papilla-like structures. Different strains of the new fungus produced a nearly identical set of secondary metabolites with various biological activities including nematicidal effects irrespective of their origin from plants or nematodes.

本研究对从粟囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi)卵和芸苔科(Brassicaceae) perfoliatum根中分离得到的真菌菌株进行了研究。本文研究了这些菌株的形态、与线虫和植物的相互作用以及它们的系统发育关系,这些菌株的分布范围从西欧到小亚细亚。利用ITSrDNA、LSUrDNA、SSUrDNA、rpb2和tef1-α 5个基因组位点进行系统发育分析。这些菌株代表了一个与Equiseticola和Ophiosphaerella最密切相关的独特系统发育谱系,而Polydomus karssenii (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales)是一个代表单型属的新种。对线虫卵的致病性测试通过体外线虫生物测定满足了Koch的假设,表明真菌可以寄生于其原始的线虫宿主H. filipjevi和甜菜囊肿线虫H. schachtii,并通过形成高度黑化的单孢子菌丝在宿主的囊肿和卵上定植。对无菌系统中真菌-根相互作用的光镜观察揭示了同一真菌菌株在小麦根上定植并产生黑化菌丝和微核样结构的能力,这是暗隔内生菌的典型特征。共聚焦激光扫描显微镜进一步证实,真菌以菌丝的细胞间生长为主,在被胼胝质乳头状结构包围的细胞壁上经常形成附着胞状结构和穿透钉状结构。这种新真菌的不同菌株产生了一组几乎相同的次生代谢物,这些代谢物具有各种生物活性,包括杀线虫作用,而不管它们来自植物还是线虫。
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引用次数: 1
A contribution to Porogramme (Polyporaceae, Agaricomycetes) and related genera. 对porprogram (Polyporaceae, agar omycetes)及其相关属的贡献。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00110-z
Wei-Lin Mao, Ying-Da Wu, Hong-Gao Liu, Yuan Yuan, Yu-Cheng Dai

The polypores with shallow pores from tropical Asia and America are studied. Our molecular phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) demonstrates six clades are formed among Porogramme and related genera. Two new genera, Cyanoporus and Pseudogrammothele, are established, and the six clades represent Porogramme, Cyanoporus, Grammothele, Epithele, Theleporus, and Pseudogrammothele, respectively. The molecular clock analyses estimate the divergence times of the six clades based on a dataset (ITS + LSU + TEF1 + RPB1 + RPB2), and we recognize the mean stem ages of the six genera are earlier than 50 Mya. Three new species in Porogramme were morphologically and phylogenetically confirmed, and they are described as P. austroasiana, P. cylindrica, and P. yunnanensis. Phylogenetic analysis shows that type species of Tinctoporellus and Porogramme are nested in the same clade, and Tinctoporellus is treated as a synonym of Porogramme. Based on our phylogeny, twelve new combinations are proposed, and the differences between the new species and similar or related species are discussed.

对热带亚洲和美洲的浅孔多孔隙进行了研究。基于内部转录间隔段(ITS)、大亚基核糖体RNA基因(nLSU)、翻译延伸因子1-α基因(TEF1)和最大亚基RNA聚合酶II (RPB1)的分子系统发育表明,在项目及其相关属中形成了6个分支。本文建立了2个新属,即Cyanoporus和Pseudogrammothele, 6个分支分别代表Porogramme、Cyanoporus、Grammothele、上皮门、theeleporus和Pseudogrammothele。分子钟分析基于ITS + LSU + TEF1 + RPB1 + RPB2数据集估算了6个支系的分化时间,我们识别出6个属的平均茎龄早于50 Mya。在形态学和系统发育学上确认了3个新种,分别为P. austroasiana、P.圆柱体P.圆柱体P. yunnanensis。系统发育分析表明,Tinctoporellus和Porogramme的模式种嵌套在同一枝上,Tinctoporellus被认为是Porogramme的同义词。根据我们的系统发育,提出了12种新的组合,并讨论了新种与相似或近缘种之间的差异。
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引用次数: 2
Phylogeography and population structure of the global, wide host-range hybrid pathogen Phytophthora × cambivora. 全球广域杂交致病菌疫霉(Phytophthora × cambivora)的系统地理学和种群结构。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00109-6
Martin S Mullett, Kris Van Poucke, Annelies Haegeman, Fran Focquet, Nicholas C Cauldron, Brian J Knaus, Marilia Horta Jung, Koji Kageyama, Ayaka Hieno, Hayato Masuja, Seiji Uematsu, Joan F Webber, Clive M Brasier, József Bakonyi, Kurt Heungens, Niklaus J Grünwald, Thomas Jung

Invasive, exotic plant pathogens pose a major threat to native and agricultural ecosystems. Phytophthora × cambivora is an invasive, destructive pathogen of forest and fruit trees causing severe damage worldwide to chestnuts (Castanea), apricots, peaches, plums, almonds and cherries (Prunus), apples (Malus), oaks (Quercus), and beech (Fagus). It was one of the first damaging invasive Phytophthora species to be introduced to Europe and North America, although its origin is unknown. We determined its population genetic history in Europe, North and South America, Australia and East Asia (mainly Japan) using genotyping-by-sequencing. Populations in Europe and Australia appear clonal, those in North America are highly clonal yet show some degree of sexual reproduction, and those in East Asia are partially sexual. Two clonal lineages, each of opposite mating type, and a hybrid lineage derived from these two lineages, dominated the populations in Europe and were predominantly found on fagaceous forest hosts (Castanea, Quercus, Fagus). Isolates from fruit trees (Prunus and Malus) belonged to a separate lineage found in Australia, North America, Europe and East Asia, indicating the disease on fruit trees could be caused by a distinct lineage of P. × cambivora, which may potentially be a separate sister species and has likely been moved with live plants. The highest genetic diversity was found in Japan, suggesting that East Asia is the centre of origin of the pathogen. Further surveys in unsampled, temperate regions of East Asia are needed to more precisely identify the location and range of the centre of diversity.

外来入侵植物病原体对本地和农业生态系统构成重大威胁。疫霉(Phytophthora x cambivora)是森林和果树的一种入侵性、破坏性病原体,在世界范围内对栗子(Castanea)、杏、桃、李、杏仁和樱桃(Prunus)、苹果(Malus)、橡树(Quercus)和山毛榉(Fagus)造成严重危害。它是最早被引入欧洲和北美的具有破坏性的入侵疫霉物种之一,尽管它的起源尚不清楚。我们利用基因分型测序技术确定了其在欧洲、北美和南美、澳大利亚和东亚(主要是日本)的种群遗传史。欧洲和澳大利亚的种群表现为无性繁殖,北美的种群表现为高度无性繁殖,但有一定程度的有性繁殖,东亚的种群表现为部分有性繁殖。两个交配类型相反的无性系和一个由这两个无性系衍生的杂交系在欧洲的种群中占主导地位,并主要发现于壳状森林寄主(Castanea, Quercus, Fagus)上。在澳大利亚、北美、欧洲和东亚发现的果树(李子和苹果)分离株属于一个单独的谱系,这表明果树上的疾病可能是由P. x cambivora的一个独特谱系引起的,它可能是一个单独的姐妹物种,可能是随着活植物移动的。在日本发现了最高的遗传多样性,这表明东亚是病原体的起源中心。需要在东亚未取样的温带地区进行进一步调查,以便更精确地确定多样性中心的位置和范围。
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引用次数: 1
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Ima Fungus
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