Ima Fungus最新文献

The genus Xylaria is a promising source of bioactive compounds. This study examined the diversity of secondary metabolites (SMs) in Xylarialongipes under three fermentation conditions, resulting in the isolation of 14 new SMs and 27 known ones. The structures, including absolute configurations, were determined using NMR spectroscopy, HRESIMS analysis, and computational methods (ECD, ¹³C NMR data, and optical rotation). A comprehensive library of SMs was established, enabling metabolomics-wide association studies that identified culture conditions as a key factor influencing SM production. This compound library also facilitates the determination of absolute configurations for diplosporins by analyzing J values and CD trends. Anti-proliferative tests against induced T/B lymphocytes and HaCaT cells revealed that over half of the compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity, with compounds 2, 15, and 32 reducing IFN-γ secretion. Compound 32 demonstrated promising anti-psoriatic effects by inhibiting NF-κB p65 phosphorylation in HaCaT cells. This initial systematic chemical study of X.longipes under different conditions provides insights into structure-activity relationships.

Morchella species, commonly known as true morels and being cold-preferring fungi, are esteemed for their distinctive flavor as well as significant economic and prominent research value. Chongqing, located in southwestern China and renowned as the "Furnace City" due to its distinctive climate and extremely high summer temperatures, spans an area of 82,400 square kilometers with complex geographical topography, yet has lacked a comprehensive survey of true morels (Morchella) so far. From 2017 to 2024, we conducted extensive field surveys across 13 districts and counties within Chongqing, resulting in the collection of over 1,000 wild morel samples. Through a combination of multi-gene phylogenetic analysis and microscopic morphological observations, we uncovered a surprisingly high level of species richness of Morchella in Chongqing, identifying 13 species in the Esculenta clade (yellow morels) and three species in the Elata clade (black morels), including six newly described species: Morchellachinensis sp. nov., M.diversa sp. nov., M.eoa sp. nov., M.huoguo sp. nov., M.montana sp. nov., and M.universitatis sp. nov. Notably, M.nipponensis, previously documented only in Japan, is reported for the first time in China. Furthermore, significant divergence in species diversity between the Esculenta and Elata clades of Morchella has been observed in Chongqing, which is strongly influenced and shaped by the prevailing vegetation. The distribution pattern of Morchella species suggests that the impact of high summer temperatures on species diversity in Chongqing is partially mitigated by locally diverse mountainous habitats. In addition, the habitats of M.diversa and M.universitatis, the two most widely distributed species in Chongqing, exhibit higher vegetation diversity, suggesting that Morchella species with greater habitat adaptability tend to have broader geographic ranges. This study provides valuable insights into the species diversity and distribution pattern of Morchella, particularly in a region with unique climatic and ecological conditions, and highlights the need for further study into the correlation between vegetation and Morchella species.

As part of an ongoing study of marine fungi associated with seagrasses, we discovered a novel root-fungus symbiosis in the Indo-Pacific species Thalassodendronciliatum from Mauritius. Culturing its mycobionts yielded dozens of morphologically and genetically uniform isolates, all representing a previously unknown fungus. A second undescribed fungus was isolated from saline soils in Czechia. Phylogenetic analyses based on three rDNA markers confirmed both taxa as distinct, hitherto unknown lineages within the Lulworthiales, which are introduced here as Thalassodendromycespurpureus gen. et sp. nov. and Halomyrmapluriseptata gen. et sp. nov., respectively. Both species developed characteristic structures under culture conditions that enabled their morphological characterisation: T.purpureus forms distinctive clusters of dark brown monilioid hyphae, while H.pluriseptata is characterised by holoblastic conidiogenesis and solitary, dark brown, multicellular conidia. Thalassodendromyces clustered in a strongly supported clade with Spathulospora, a parasitic genus of the red macroalga Ballia, while the closest relatives of Halomyrma were identified as the asexual genera Halazoon and Halophilomyces (nom. inval. Art. 40.7). An analysis of published metabarcoding ITS rDNA data from environmental samples in the GlobalFungi database indicated that H.pluriseptata is widely distributed across temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The species exhibits a strong preference for aquatic biomes, particularly marine and estuarine, with a few records in terrestrial ecosystems. In contrast, no record of T.purpureus was retrieved from GlobalFungi, suggesting narrower ecological specialisation, a close association with its seagrass host, and/or a restricted geographical range. Our findings expand the ecological and phylogenetic scope of the Lulworthiales, bridging marine and terrestrial fungal communities, and highlight seagrass roots as an important source of novel symbiotic marine fungi. Recent discoveries of the Lulworthiales in saline inland soils challenge their marine exclusivity and raise important questions about their ecological plasticity, dispersal mechanisms, and adaptive strategies. In light of current observations, we discuss the taxonomic challenges of the Spathulosporales and the lulworthialean fungi, integrating molecular and morphological perspectives. We address the importance of combining morphological and molecular approaches to accurately delineate new fungal taxa, as well as the value of environmental DNA metabarcoding for uncovering cryptic fungal diversity and enhancing our understanding of fungal distribution and ecological functions.

Pluteus is a genus of wood-rot fungi with considerable ecological importance in forest ecosystems. Within this genus, sectionHispidoderma is distinctively characterized by a specific combination of pileipellis structures (trichoderm, hymeniderm, or trichohymeniderm) and non-metuloid hymenial cystidia, which together provide key morphological basis for section delimitation. In this study, we combined genetic data from three gene regions (large subunit ribosomal RNA [LSU], internal transcribed spacer [ITS], and translation elongation factor 1-alpha [tef1]) to construct the major phylogenetic framework of sectionHispidoderma. Our analysis revealed three primary clades (/plautus clade, /leoninus clade, /umbrosus clade) and one lineage (/pantherinus lineage). We subsequently identified several important morphological features and correlated them with phylogenetic relationships to reveal shared characteristics among species within each evolutionary clade. Building on this framework, we constructed phylogenetic trees using three datasets (ITS, tef1 and a combined ITS+tef1) to analyze the phylogenetic structure and species relationships within each clade and lineage. By comprehensively integrating morphology, phylogenetic data, substrate preferences, and species distribution, we identified 18 species: nine new species (P.albivillus, P.baishanzuensis, P.costatus, P.hinnuleus, P.jilinensis, P.piceicola, P.spaniophyllus, P.tenuipileus, and P.ultraputripiceae), one new record for China (P.ussuriensis), seven previously known species (P.granularis, P.leoninus, P.longistriatus, P.umbrosus, P.umbrosoides, P.variabilicolor, and P.velutinus), and one species of uncertain taxonomic affinity (P.aff.semibulbosus). This study provides detailed documentation, including line drawings and color photographs of the 18 identified species, along with phylogenetic analyses of their evolutionary relationships. Additionally, we present a thorough identification key for the 25 species of sect.Hispidoderma found in China. By clarifying the delineation of clades and species boundaries within sect.Hispidoderma, this work significantly advances our understanding of the taxonomy of this ecologically important fungal group.

The Ophiostomatales are of economic concern, as many are blue-stain fungi and some are plant pathogens. The mitogenomes of members assigned to this order exhibit size polymorphism despite having highly conserved gene order, owing to the variable number of introns and intron insertion sites. In this work, eleven blue-stain fungi, including nine strains of Ophiostomaips with a varied distribution across North America and New Zealand, were sequenced and compared with other members of the Ophiostomatales. A pan-mitogenome intron landscape has been prepared to demonstrate the distribution of the mobile genetic elements and to provide insight into the evolutionary dynamics of introns among members of this group of fungi. The size variation among these mitogenomes (from about 23.8 kb to 152 kb) shows high correlation to the presence and absence of introns. Examples of complex or nested introns composed of two or three intron modules have been observed in some O.ips strains. RNA-seq data suggests possible splicing pathways with regard to resolving these complex introns. Mitochondrial DNA and RNA data for O.ips provides the basis for future studies relating to gene annotation, alternative splicing, evolutionary intron dynamics, and taxonomic investigations for members of the Ophiostomatales.

Mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) provide valuable resources for investigating fungal evolution; however, comprehensive mitogenomic datasets for Onygenales are still scarce. Here, we assembled and annotated 30 new mitogenomes representing 18 species across five families, substantially expanding the available resources for this order. We tested two evolutionary hypotheses: (1) that structural features of mitochondrial genomes are phylogenetically conserved and (2) that introns and homing endonuclease genes (HEGs) have co-evolved and contributed to genome size variation. All mitogenomes exhibited conserved protein-coding content, but showed considerable variation in intron number and genome size. Phylogenetic signal was significant for multiple traits, including gene number and intron abundance. Furthermore, phylogenetic regression analyses revealed a strong correlation between intron content and HEG abundance, thereby substantiating the hypothesis of coordinated evolution. Our findings demonstrate that mitochondrial genome evolution in Onygenales reflects both structural conservation and lineage-specific expansion patterns, shaped in part by the distribution of introns and HEGs.

Suillus Gray (Suillaceae, Boletales) is an ectomycorrhizal fungal genus with exceptional host specificity associated with Pinaceae. The sampling gap in East Asia could be filled by discovering new species and unreported hosts. This study provides a comprehensive multigene dataset (ITS, LSU, TEFα-1, RPB1, and RPB2) of Suillus, covering about 80% of known species. Species recognitions by concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR), concatenation, and coalescent methods were conducted. Seventy-one Suillus species are recognized globally using coalescent analyses and GCPSR, of which 12 new species, 5 new locality records, and 14 potentially new species were revealed in East Asia. The higher classification of Suillus is another breakthrough supported by morphology and concatenation analyses of protein-coding genes and ribosomal loci. New subgenera Boletinus, Fuscoboletinus and Larigni are all associated with Larix, whereas subgenus Douglasia prefers to Pseudotsugamenziesii and subgenus Suillus prefers Pinus. Subgenus Suillus contains most of the diversity and is further divided into two phylogenetic sections Suillus and Diversipedes. This study aimed to characterize Suillus subgenera, sections, and new species based on molecular data combined with morphology and ecology.

Dermoloma is traditionally known as a small genus of agarics classified in the family Tricholomataceae. This study implemented a multilocus phylogeny of six DNA regions to recognize phylogenetic species within the genus. The species concept is reinforced by observations of well-defined morphological characters enhanced by long term sampling effort in Europe and North America. Thirty European Dermoloma species are described, including 16 new species from Europe and three from North American. These species are classified into two subgenera morphologically distinguished by spores with positive or negative amyloid reaction. A new genus Neodermoloma is introduced for the Dermoloma-like species N.campestre. Localized or continental-scale species endemicity was confirmed based on studied material, but more inclusive phylogenetic clustering supported a mixture of North American species among the European clades. Of the 22 names validly published from Europe prior to this study, 11 could be assigned to well-defined Dermoloma species recognized here. Of the remaining 11 names, two were considered representing Dermoloma species not recorded since their description, and nine were established as later synonyms of other species. Morphological studies of Dermoloma are challenging due to the relatively low number of characters suitable for identification of species. The majority of morphological characters showed continuous variation with high overlap throughout the genus. For this reason, species identification requires an awareness of morphological variability within species, and multiple distinguishing characters need to be combined, and furthermore, often a barcode sequence is needed for a certain identification. Stable isotope analysis in Dermoloma of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N revealed an ecological signature similar to known CHEGD fungi, i.e. Clavariaceae and Hygrocybe s.l. This indicates that Dermoloma species are biotrophic but neither ectomycorrhizal nor saprotrophic and may form mutualistic root endophytic associations with vascular plants.

Fermented foods have been produced by humans since prehistoric times and are consumed worldwide today due to their enhanced nutritional value, taste and flavor, and benefits for human health. Various microorganisms are essential agents responsible for food fermentation and have been extensively studied using both culture-dependent and -independent methods. However, previous research has mainly focused on fermented foods produced on a large scale in urbanized areas. In this study, we collected 255 samples of diverse traditional fermented foods-including alcoholic beverages, amylolytic starters, fruit vinegar, and fermented products of milk, vegetables, cereals, legumes, fish, meat, and other materials-from ethnic minority areas of China through a citizen science initiative for the study of yeast diversity. A total of 516 yeast strains were isolated, and 81 yeast species, including four new species, were identified based on sequence analyses of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer region. The proposals of the new species were further supported by whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis. The dominant species isolated were Saccharomycescerevisiae, Pichiakudriavzevii, Wickerhamomycesanomalus, Saccharomycopsisfibuligera, and Clavisporalusitaniae. The new species are described as Blastobotrysguizhouensis sp. nov., Wickerhamiellashiruii sp. nov., Trichosporonjiuqu sp. nov., and Parajaminaeaalba sp. nov. This study demonstrates the high yeast diversity in traditional fermented foods of ethnic minorities in China. These yeast resources are of special value for both basic and applied research in the future.

Ganodermacurtisii, a potential medicinal species due to the presence of various lucidenic acids, was originally described from the southeastern United States. Controversy subsequently developed as it became clear that this was not a single species but a complex. In the present study, 39 collections from the G.curtisii complex, including 30 collections originating from four different states of Mexico and type specimens were analyzed from a phylogenetic, morphological, and ecological point of view. The phylogenetic relationships within the G.curtisii complex were analyzed using sequence data from ITS, tef1, rpb1, and rpb2 regions. A total of six clades were resolved within the G.curtisii complex, that corresponds to G.curtisii, G.myanmarense, G.ravenelii, G.sichuanense, Ganoderma sp. from Costa Rica, and a clade comprising several collections previously named G.curtisii from Mexico, described here as Ganodermamexicurtisii sp. nov. Furthermore, G.meredithiae is confirmed as a synonym of G.curtisii.