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Singleton-based species names and fungal rarity: Does the number really matter? 基于单子的物种名称和真菌稀有性:数量真的重要吗?
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00137-2
Jonathan Cazabonne, Allison K. Walker, Jonathan Lesven, Danny Haelewaters
Fungi are among the least known organisms on earth, with an estimated number of species between 1.5 and 10 million. This number is expected to be refined, especially with increasing knowledge about microfungi in undersampled habitats and increasing amounts of data derived from environmental DNA sequencing. A significant proportion of newly generated sequences fail to match with already named species, and thus represent what has been referred to as fungal “dark taxa”. Due to the challenges associated with observing, identifying, and preserving sporophores, many macro- and microfungal species are only known from a single collection, specimen, isolate, and/or sequence—a singleton. Mycologists are consequently used to working with “rare” sequences and specimens. However, rarity and singleton phenomena lack consideration and valorization in fungal studies. In particular, the practice of publishing new fungal species names based on a single specimen remains a cause of debate. Here, we provide some elements of reflection on this issue in the light of the specificities of the fungal kingdom and global change context. If multiple independent sources of data support the existence of a new taxon, we encourage mycologists to proceed with formal description, irrespective of the number of specimens at hand. Although the description of singleton-based species may not be considered best practice, it does represent responsible science in the light of closing the Linnean biodiversity shortfall.
真菌是地球上已知最少的生物之一,估计物种数量在 150 万到 1000 万之间。预计这一数字还将进一步细化,特别是随着人们对取样不足的栖息地中的微真菌的了解越来越多,以及从环境 DNA 测序中获得的数据量越来越大。新产生的序列中有很大一部分无法与已命名的物种相匹配,因此被称为真菌 "暗类群"。由于在观察、鉴定和保存孢子囊方面存在挑战,许多大型和微型真菌物种只能从单一的采集物、标本、分离物和/或序列中获知--即单个物种。因此,真菌学家习惯于使用 "稀有 "序列和标本。然而,真菌研究中缺乏对稀有性和单子现象的考虑和重视。尤其是根据单一标本公布真菌新物种名称的做法仍然引起争论。在此,我们从真菌王国的特殊性和全球变化的背景出发,对这一问题进行了一些思考。如果有多个独立的数据来源支持一个新分类群的存在,我们鼓励真菌学家进行正式描述,无论手头的标本数量有多少。尽管对单个物种的描述可能不被认为是最佳做法,但从弥补林奈生物多样性不足的角度来看,这确实是一门负责任的科学。
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引用次数: 0
H3K4 methylation regulates development, DNA repair, and virulence in Mucorales. H3K4 甲基化调节粘菌的发育、DNA 修复和毒力。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00136-3
Macario Osorio-Concepción, Carlos Lax, Damaris Lorenzo-Gutiérrez, José Tomás Cánovas-Márquez, Ghizlane Tahiri, Eusebio Navarro, Ulrike Binder, Francisco Esteban Nicolás, Victoriano Garre

Mucorales are basal fungi that opportunistically cause a potentially fatal infection known as mucormycosis (black fungus disease), which poses a significant threat to human health due to its high mortality rate and its recent association with SARS-CoV-2 infections. On the other hand, histone methylation is a regulatory mechanism with pleiotropic effects, including the virulence of several pathogenic fungi. However, the role of epigenetic changes at the histone level never has been studied in Mucorales. Here, we dissected the functional role of Set1, a histone methyltransferase that catalyzes the methylation of H3K4, which is associated with the activation of gene transcription and virulence. A comparative analysis of the Mucor lusitanicus genome (previously known as Mucor circinelloides f. lusitanicus) identified only one homolog of Set1 from Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contains the typical SET domain. Knockout strains in the gene set1 lacked H3K4 monomethylation, dimethylation, and trimethylation enzymatic activities. These strains also showed a significant reduction in vegetative growth and sporulation. Additionally, set1 null strains were more sensitive to SDS, EMS, and UV light, indicating severe impairment in the repair process of the cell wall and DNA lesions and a correlation between Set1 and these processes. During pathogen-host interactions, strains lacking the set1 gene exhibited shortened polar growth within the phagosome and attenuated virulence both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that the histone methyltransferase Set1 coordinates several cell processes related to the pathogenesis of M. lusitanicus and may be an important target for future therapeutic strategies against mucormycosis.

粘菌属是一种基生真菌,可机会性地引起一种潜在的致命感染,即粘孢子菌病(黑木耳病),由于其死亡率高以及最近与 SARS-CoV-2 感染的关联,该病对人类健康构成了重大威胁。另一方面,组蛋白甲基化是一种具有多效应的调控机制,包括几种致病真菌的毒力。然而,组蛋白水平的表观遗传变化在真菌中的作用却从未被研究过。在这里,我们剖析了组蛋白甲基转移酶 Set1 的功能作用,它能催化 H3K4 的甲基化,而 H3K4 与基因转录的激活和毒力有关。对卢氏粘菌(Mucor lusitanicus)基因组(以前称为 Mucor circinelloides f. lusitanicus)的比较分析发现,白色念珠菌和酿酒酵母中只有一种含有典型 SET 结构域的 Set1 同源物。基因 set1 的基因敲除菌株缺乏 H3K4 单甲基化、二甲基化和三甲基化酶活性。这些菌株的无性生长和孢子生成也明显减少。此外,set1 空位菌株对 SDS、EMS 和紫外线更敏感,表明细胞壁和 DNA 损伤的修复过程受到严重破坏,Set1 与这些过程之间存在相关性。在病原体与宿主相互作用过程中,缺乏 Set1 基因的菌株在吞噬体中的极性生长缩短,体外和体内的毒力减弱。我们的研究结果表明,组蛋白甲基转移酶Set1能协调与卢氏粘孢子虫发病机制相关的几个细胞过程,并可能成为未来针对粘孢子虫病治疗策略的一个重要靶点。
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引用次数: 0
Galleria mellonella in vitro model for chromoblastomycosis shows large differences in virulence between isolates. 在体外染色真菌病恒河猴模型中,不同分离株之间的毒力差异很大。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00134-5
Dongmei Shi, Zhiya Yang, Wanqing Liao, Chen Liu, Liang Zhao, Huilin Su, Xiaodong Wang, Huan Mei, Min Chen, Yinggai Song, Sybren de Hoog, Shuwen Deng

Background: Chromoblastomycosis is the World Health Organization (WHO)-recognized fungal implantation disease that eventually leads to severe mutilation. Cladophialophora carrionii (C. carrionii) is one of the agents. However, the pathogenesis of C. carrionii is not fully investigated yet.

Methods: We investigated the pathogenic potential of the fungus in a Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella) larvae infection model. Six strains of C. carrionii, and three of its environmental relative C. yegresii were tested. The G. mellonella model was also applied to determine antifungal efficacy of amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and terbinafine.

Results: All strains were able to infect the larvae, but virulence potentials were strain-specific and showed no correlation with clinical background of the respective isolate. Survival of larvae also varied with infection dose, and with growth speed and melanization of the fungus. Posaconazole and voriconazole exhibited best activity against Cladophialophora, followed by itraconazole and terbinafine, while limited efficacy was seen for amphotericin B.

Conclusion: Infection behavior deviates significantly between strains. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of tested strains only partly explained the limited treatment efficacy in vivo.

背景:着色真菌病是世界卫生组织(WHO)公认的真菌植入性疾病,最终会导致严重的肢体残缺。腐肉癣菌(Cladophialophora carrionii,C. carrionii)是病原体之一。然而,C. carrionii 的致病机理尚未得到充分研究:方法:我们研究了该真菌在麦角菌(G. mellonella)幼虫感染模型中的致病潜力。我们测试了六株 C. carrionii 真菌及其三株环境亲缘 C. yegresii 真菌。此外,还采用了G. mellonella模型来确定两性霉素B、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、泊沙康唑和特比萘芬的抗真菌效果:结果:所有菌株都能感染幼虫,但毒力潜能是菌株特异性的,与各自分离株的临床背景无关。幼虫的存活率也随感染剂量、生长速度和真菌黑化程度而变化。泊沙康唑和伏立康唑对栉水母的活性最好,其次是伊曲康唑和特比萘芬,而两性霉素 B 的效果有限:结论:不同菌株的感染行为差异很大。测试菌株的体外抗真菌敏感性只能部分解释体内治疗效果有限的原因。
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引用次数: 0
Funding for research on cryptococcal disease: an analysis based on the G-finder report. 隐球菌疾病研究经费:基于 G-finder 报告的分析。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-02 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00133-6
Iraine Duarte, Marcio L Rodrigues

Members of the genus Cryptococcus are the causative agents of cryptococcal meningitis, a disease mainly associated with HIV-induced immunosuppression. Patients with cryptococcal meningitis are at a serious risk of death. Most patients suffering from cryptococcosis belong to neglected populations. With reduced support for research, new therapies are unlikely to emerge. In this essay, we used the Policy Cures/G-finder platform as a reference database for funding research on cryptococcal disease. Funding for cryptococcal research started being tracked by G-finder in 2013 and has continued to appear in the annual reports ever since. In total, 15 institutions were reported as major funders for research on cryptococcal disease over the years. The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) was the main funder, followed by the UK's Wellcome Trust. The annual analysis suggested slow yearly growth in funding from 2013 to 2021. The development of new tools to prevent and fight cryptococcal disease is urgent but requires improved funding.

隐球菌属成员是隐球菌性脑膜炎的致病菌,这种疾病主要与艾滋病毒引起的免疫抑制有关。隐球菌脑膜炎患者面临严重的死亡风险。大多数隐球菌病患者属于被忽视的人群。由于对研究的支持减少,新疗法不太可能出现。在本文中,我们将政策治疗/G-finder 平台作为隐球菌病研究资金的参考数据库。G-finder 从 2013 年开始跟踪隐球菌研究的资金情况,此后一直在年度报告中出现。多年来,共有 15 家机构被报告为隐球菌病研究的主要资助者。美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)是主要资助者,其次是英国威康信托基金会。年度分析表明,从2013年到2021年,资金每年都在缓慢增长。开发预防和抗击隐球菌疾病的新工具迫在眉睫,但需要更多资金。
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引用次数: 0
Rust HUBB: DNA barcode-based identification of Pucciniales. Rust HUBB:基于 DNA 条形码的 Pucciniales 鉴定。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-25 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00132-7
Patricia Kaishian, Christopher R K Layug, Mark Anderson, Diane R Berg, M Catherine Aime

Rust fungi (Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) are a species-rich (ca. 8000 species), globally distributed order of obligate plant pathogens. Rust species are host-specific, and as a group they cause disease on many of our most economically and/or ecologically significant plants. As such, the ability to accurately and rapidly identify these fungi is of particular interest to mycologists, botanists, agricultural scientists, farmers, quarantine officials, and associated stakeholders. However, the complexities of the rust life cycle, which may include production of up to five different spore types and alternation between two unrelated host species, have made standard identifications, especially of less-documented spore states or alternate hosts, extremely difficult. The Arthur Fungarium (PUR) at Purdue University is home to one of the most comprehensive collections of rust fungi in the world. Using material vouchered in PUR supplemented with fresh collections we generated DNA barcodes of the 28S ribosomal repeat from > 3700 rust fungal specimens. Barcoded material spans 120 genera and > 1100 species, most represented by several replicate sequences. Barcodes and associated metadata are hosted in a publicly accessible, BLAST searchable database called Rust HUBB (Herbarium-based Universal Barcode Blast) and will be continuously updated.

锈菌(Pucciniales,Basidiomycota)是一种物种丰富(约 8000 种)、分布于全球的强制性植物病原体。锈菌具有宿主特异性,作为一个群体,它们会对许多最具经济和/或生态意义的植物造成病害。因此,真菌学家、植物学家、农业科学家、农民、检疫官员和相关利益方都对准确、快速地识别这些真菌的能力特别感兴趣。然而,锈病的生命周期非常复杂,可能会产生多达五种不同的孢子类型,并在两种互不相关的寄主物种之间交替出现,这使得标准鉴定,尤其是对记录较少的孢子状态或交替寄主的鉴定极为困难。普渡大学的亚瑟真菌标本馆(PUR)是世界上收藏锈病真菌最全面的标本馆之一。利用 PUR 中的凭证材料和新鲜采集物,我们从超过 3700 份锈病真菌标本中生成了 28S 核糖体重复的 DNA 条形码。条形码材料涵盖 120 个属和超过 1100 个种,其中大多数都有多个重复序列。条形码和相关元数据已存入一个名为 Rust HUBB(基于标本馆的通用条形码 Blast)的可公开访问的 BLAST 搜索数据库中,并将不断更新。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular phylogenetics of the Ophiocordyceps sinensis-species complex lineage (Ascomycota, Hypocreales), with the discovery of new species and predictions of species distribution. 中华麦角菌种群(子囊菌目,下囊菌科)的分子系统学,发现新物种并预测物种分布。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-10 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00131-8
Yongdong Dai, Siqi Chen, Yuanbing Wang, Yao Wang, Zhuliang Yang, Hong Yu

Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a famous traditional Chinese medicine adapted to the alpine environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent regions. Clarification of the species diversity of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its relatives could expand the traditional medicinal resources and provide insights into the speciation and adaptation. The study is prompted by the discovery of a new species, O. megala, described here from a biodiversity hotspot in the Hengduan Mountains, China. Combined morphological, ecological, and phylogenetic evidence supports its distinctiveness from O. sinensis, O. xuefengensis, and O. macroacicularis. Additionally, based on the phylogenetic construction of Ophiocordyceps, a special clade was focused phylogenetically on the more closely related O. sinensis complex, which was defined as the O. sinensis- species complex lineage. A total of 10 species were currently confirmed in this lineage. We made a comprehensive comparison of the sexual/asexual morphological structures among this species complex, distinguishing their common and distinctive features. Furthermore, using the method of species distribution modelling, we studied the species ocurrences in relation to climatic, edaphic, and altitudinal variables for the eight species in the O. sinensis-species complex, and determined that their potential distribution could extend from the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Xuefeng Mountains without isolating barrier. Thus, the biodiversity corridor hypothesis was proposed around the O. sinensis-species complex. Our study highlights the phylogeny, species diversity, and suitable distribution of the O. sinensis-species complex lineage, which should have a positive implication for the resource discovery and adaptive evolution of this unique and valuable group.

冬虫夏草是适应青藏高原及其邻近地区高寒环境的名贵中药材。厘清中华麦冬及其近缘种的物种多样性,可以拓展传统药材资源,并为物种的演化和适应性研究提供启示。本研究的起因是在中国横断山脉的生物多样性热点地区发现了一个新物种--O. megala。综合形态学、生态学和系统发育证据,该物种有别于O. sinensis、O. xuefengensis和O. macroacicularis。此外,根据冬虫夏草的系统发育结构,在与冬虫夏草亲缘关系更近的中华冬虫夏草复合体上建立了一个特殊支系,并将其定义为中华冬虫夏草-种复合体系。目前该支系中共有 10 个物种。我们对这一物种群的有性/无性形态结构进行了全面比较,区分了它们的共同特征和不同特征。此外,我们还利用物种分布模型的方法,研究了O. sinensis物种群中8个物种的出现与气候、土壤和海拔变量的关系,确定了它们的潜在分布范围可以从青藏高原东南部延伸到雪峰山,且没有隔离屏障。因此,提出了围绕中华鸥种群的生物多样性走廊假说。我们的研究强调了中华鸥种群的系统发育、物种多样性和适宜分布,这对这一独特而珍贵的类群的资源发现和适应性进化具有积极意义。
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引用次数: 0
MycoNews 2023: Editorial, news, reports, awards, personalia, and book news MycoNews 2023:社论、新闻、报告、奖项、人物和图书新闻
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-024-00139-8
David L. Hawksworth
This fifth annual edition of MycoNews starts with an editorial on the critical importance of International Mycological Congresses (IMCs) to the health of mycology. Items on Counting down to IMC12, the State of the World’s Plants and Fungi 2023, and progress towards Improving nomenclatural stability in medically important fungi follow. Reports are provided of several mycological meetings in 2023: the Asian Mycological Congress, XIX Congress of European Mycologists, a meeting of European Mycological Groups and Societies, the XI Latin American Mycological Congress, Westerdijk Spring Symposium on Fungal Evolution, the Brazilian Society of Mycology, the Annual Meeting of the Mycological Society of China, and the Fifth Iranian Mycological Congress. Information is provided on how to make nominations for the various IMA Awards due to be presented at IMC12 in August, the new Future is Fungi Award launched in 2023, and the Adel-Azeem and Stamets Award for work on Psilocybe in Africa. The Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Awards for 2023 were made to Andrey Yurkov and Cathie Aime and the citations to those awards are provided. We include tributes to the passing of two eminent mycologists, Lorelei Norvell and Takashi Matsushima, and also send birthday greetings to Bryce Kendrick who turned 90, and Maria Ławrynowicz, Yu Li, and Anthony Whalley who all became octogenarians. Reviews of seven mycological books published in 2022–2023 are included in the Book News section.
第五期《真菌学新闻》(MycoNews)以一篇关于国际真菌学大会(IMC)对真菌学健康发展至关重要的社论开篇。随后是关于第十二届国际菌物大会倒计时、2023年世界植物和真菌状况以及在提高医学上重要真菌的命名稳定性方面取得的进展。报告还介绍了 2023 年的几个真菌学会议:亚洲真菌学大会、第十九届欧洲真菌学家大会、欧洲真菌学团体和学会会议、第十一届拉丁美洲真菌学大会、Westerdijk 真菌进化春季研讨会、巴西真菌学学会、中国真菌学学会年会和第五届伊朗真菌学大会。会议还介绍了如何为将于 8 月举行的第十二届国际真菌大会(IMC12)上颁发的各种国际真菌大会奖、2023 年新设立的 "未来是真菌奖 "以及为表彰非洲茜草菌研究工作而设立的阿德尔-阿泽姆奖(Adel-Azeem)和斯坦梅茨奖(Stamets Award)进行提名。安德烈-尤尔科夫(Andrey Yurkov)和凯茜-艾梅(Cathie Aime)获得了 2023 年度韦斯特迪克真菌生物多样性研究所奖,并提供了获奖证书。我们对两位杰出的真菌学家罗蕾莱-诺维尔(Lorelei Norvell)和松岛隆(Takashi Matsushima)的逝世表示哀悼,并向年满 90 岁的布莱斯-肯德瑞克(Bryce Kendrick),以及年过八旬的玛丽亚-罗夫诺维茨(Maria Ławrynowicz)、李瑜(Yu Li)和安东尼-沃利(Anthony Whalley)致以生日问候。图书新闻 "部分收录了对 2022-2023 年出版的七本真菌学书籍的评论。
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引用次数: 0
Seasonality and intensity of airborne Boletus-type spores in relation to land use and weather pattern 空气传播的牛肝菌类孢子的季节性和强度与土地利用和天气模式的关系
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00135-4
Magdalena Wójcik, Idalia Kasprzyk
Forests are a natural source of airborne bolete spores. The timing of sporulation and its intensity as well as the dispersal of airborne spores and in consequence their concentrations depend in particular on the type of land use determining the availability of matter on which they develop and on meteorological factors. The aim of this study was to perform a spatial and temporal analysis of the occurrence of Boletus-type spores in the warm temperate climate of the Northern Hemisphere. An assumption was made that the spore concentrations depend on the type of land cover and weather conditions. The volumetric method was applied to investigate differences in spore concentrations and using spore traps installed at different heights and at locations with different land cover types. Boletus-type spores occurred in the air at high concentrations in late summer and in the autumn. The season start dates and maximum concentrations did not differ significantly between sites and seasons, but the season intensity varied. Higher spore concentrations were usually found in the region with a larger proportion of green areas, including forests. An analysis of the diurnal cycles showed that within 24 h spore concentration reached high levels twice, which was especially noticeable in ground level monitoring. Air temperature and air humidity were the main weather factors affecting the occurrence of airborne spores. This research indicates that when studying the effects of different factors on the concentration of airborne basidiospores, many environmental elements should be analyzed, including the characteristics of habitats in which basidiomycetes grow. Climate, weather, geobotany, and land use type should be taken into account in analysis and interpretation of aeromycological phenomena.
森林是空气中牛肝菌孢子的天然来源。分生孢子的时间、强度、空气传播孢子的散布及其浓度尤其取决于土地利用类型,而土地利用类型决定了分生孢子赖以生存的物质的可用性,同时也取决于气象因素。本研究的目的是对北半球暖温带气候中出现的牛肝菌类孢子进行时空分析。假设孢子浓度取决于土地覆盖类型和天气条件。采用体积法研究孢子浓度的差异,并使用安装在不同高度和不同土地覆被类型地点的孢子捕获器。在夏末和秋季,空气中的牛肝菌类孢子浓度较高。不同地点和季节的季节开始日期和最高浓度没有显著差异,但季节强度不同。孢子浓度较高的地区通常绿化面积较大,包括森林。对昼夜周期的分析表明,24 小时内孢子浓度两次达到较高水平,这在地面监测中尤为明显。气温和空气湿度是影响空气中孢子出现的主要天气因素。这项研究表明,在研究不同因素对空气中玄武岩孢子浓度的影响时,应分析许多环境因素,包括玄武岩菌生长的生境特征。在分析和解释气生真菌现象时,应考虑气候、天气、地理植物学和土地利用类型。
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引用次数: 0
The genomes of Scedosporium between environmental challenges and opportunism. 在环境挑战和机会主义之间的塞多孢子的基因组。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00128-3
Francesco Venice, Federica Spina, Domenico Davolos, Stefano Ghignone, Giovanna Cristina Varese

Emerging fungal pathogens are a global challenge for humankind. Many efforts have been made to understand the mechanisms underlying pathogenicity in bacteria, and OMICs techniques are largely responsible for those advancements. By contrast, our limited understanding of opportunism and antifungal resistance is preventing us from identifying, limiting and interpreting the emergence of fungal pathogens. The genus Scedosporium (Microascaceae) includes fungi with high tolerance to environmental pollution, whilst some species can be considered major human pathogens, such as Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium boydii. However, unlike other fungal pathogens, little is known about the genome evolution of these organisms. We sequenced two novel genomes of Scedosporium aurantiacum and Scedosporium minutisporum isolated from extreme, strongly anthropized environments. We compared all the available Scedosporium and Microascaceae genomes, that we systematically annotated and characterized ex novo in most cases. The genomes in this family were integrated in a Phylum-level comparison to infer the presence of putative, shared genomic traits in filamentous ascomycetes with pathogenic potential. The analysis included the genomes of 100 environmental and clinical fungi, revealing poor evolutionary convergence of putative pathogenicity traits. By contrast, several features in Microascaceae and Scedosporium were detected that might have a dual role in responding to environmental challenges and allowing colonization of the human body, including chitin, melanin and other cell wall related genes, proteases, glutaredoxins and magnesium transporters. We found these gene families to be impacted by expansions, orthologous transposon insertions, and point mutations. With RNA-seq, we demonstrated that most of these anciently impacted genomic features responded to the stress imposed by an antifungal compound (voriconazole) in the two environmental strains S. aurantiacum MUT6114 and S. minutisporum MUT6113. Therefore, the present genomics and transcriptomics investigation stands on the edge between stress resistance and pathogenic potential, to elucidate whether fungi were pre-adapted to infect humans. We highlight the strengths and limitations of genomics applied to opportunistic human pathogens, the multifactoriality of pathogenicity and resistance to drugs, and suggest a scenario where pressures other than anthropic contributed to forge filamentous human pathogens.

新出现的真菌病原体是人类面临的全球性挑战。人们已经做出了许多努力来了解细菌致病性的机制,而组学技术在很大程度上促成了这些进步。相比之下,我们对机会主义和抗真菌耐药性的有限理解阻碍了我们识别、限制和解释真菌病原体的出现。Scedosporium (Microascaceae)属包括对环境污染具有高耐受性的真菌,而一些物种可以被认为是主要的人类病原体,如apiospermum Scedosporium apiospermum和Scedosporium boydii。然而,与其他真菌病原体不同,人们对这些生物体的基因组进化知之甚少。我们对两个从极端、强烈人化环境中分离出来的aurantiacum和minutisporum的新基因组进行了测序。我们比较了所有可用的Scedosporium和Microascaceae基因组,在大多数情况下,我们系统地注释和表征了从头开始。在门水平的比较中整合了该家族的基因组,以推断具有致病潜力的丝状子囊菌中存在假定的共享基因组特征。该分析包括100种环境和临床真菌的基因组,揭示了假定的致病性特征的进化趋同性差。相比之下,在Microascaceae和Scedosporium中发现了一些可能在应对环境挑战和允许人体定植方面具有双重作用的特征,包括几丁质、黑色素和其他细胞壁相关基因、蛋白酶、glutaredoxins和镁转运蛋白。我们发现这些基因家族受到扩增、同源转座子插入和点突变的影响。通过RNA-seq,研究人员证实,在两种环境菌株S. aurantiacum MUT6114和S. minutisporum MUT6113中,大多数这些古老的受影响的基因组特征对抗真菌化合物(伏立康唑)施加的胁迫有反应。因此,目前的基因组学和转录组学研究站在抗逆性和致病性之间的边缘,以阐明真菌是否预先适应感染人类。我们强调了基因组学应用于机会性人类病原体的优势和局限性,致病性和耐药性的多因素性,并提出了一种非人为压力导致丝状人类病原体形成的情景。
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引用次数: 0
Detection and isolation of a new member of Burkholderiaceae-related endofungal bacteria from Saksenaea boninensis sp. nov., a new thermotolerant fungus in Mucorales. Mucorales耐高温真菌Saksenaea boninensis sp. nov.中burkholderacae相关内真菌新成员的检测与分离。
IF 5.4 1区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00129-2
Yusuke Takashima, Kohei Yamamoto, Yousuke Degawa, Yong Guo, Tomoyasu Nishizawa, Hiroyuki Ohta, Kazuhiko Narisawa

Thermotolerance in Mucorales (Mucoromycotina) is one of the factors to be opportunistic pathogens, causing mucormycosis. Among thermotolerant mucoralean fungi, Burkholderiaceae-related endobacteria (BRE) are rarely found and the known range of hosts is limited to Rhizopus spp. The phylogenetic divergence of BRE has recently expanded in other fungal groups such as Mortierellaceae spp. (Mortierellomycotina); however, it remains unexplored in Mucorales. Here, we found a thermotolerant mucoralean fungus obtained from a litter sample collected from Haha-jima Island in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan. The fungus was morphologically, phylogenetically, and physiologically characterized and proposed as a new species, Saksenaea boninensis sp. nov. Besides the fungal taxonomy, we also found the presence of BRE in isolates of this species by diagnostic PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene from mycelia, fluorescence microscopic observations, and isolation of the bacterium in pure culture. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of BRE revealed that it is distinct from all known BRE. The discovery of a culturable BRE lineage in the genus Saksenaea will add new insight into the evolutional origin of mucoralean fungus-BRE associations and emphasize the need to pay more attention to endofungal bacteria potentially associated with isolates of thermotolerant mucoralean fungi causing mucormycosis.

毛霉菌属(Mucoromycotina)的耐热性是条件致病菌引起毛霉病的因素之一。在耐高温的粘膜真菌中,burkholderacae -related endobacteria (BRE)很少被发现,已知的宿主范围仅限于根霉属(Rhizopus spp), BRE的系统发育分化最近在其他真菌类群如Mortierellaceae spp (Mortierellomycotina);然而,它在Mucorales仍未被探索。在这里,我们从日本小笠原(小笠原)群岛哈哈哈岛的凋落物样本中发现了一种耐热的粘膜真菌。在形态学、系统发育和生理学上对该真菌进行了鉴定,并提出作为一个新种,Saksenaea boninensis sp. 11 .除真菌分类外,我们还通过菌丝16S rRNA基因的诊断性PCR扩增、荧光显微镜观察和纯培养分离发现该菌株存在BRE。对BRE的16S rRNA基因进行系统发育分析,发现它与所有已知的BRE不同。在Saksenaea属中可培养的BRE谱系的发现将为mucoralean真菌-BRE关联的进化起源提供新的见解,并强调需要更多地关注可能与引起毛霉病的耐高温mucoralean真菌分离株相关的内真菌细菌。
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Ima Fungus
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