F. I. Ispizua Yamati, A. Barreto, Maurice Günder, C. Bauckhage, Anne-Katrin Mahlein
The most damaging foliar disease in sugar beet is Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by Cercospora beticola Sacc. The pathogen is expanding its territory due to climate conditions, generating the need for early and accurate detection to avoid yield losses. In Germany, monitoring and control strategies are based on visual field assessments, with the parameter disease incidence (DI). This parameter triggers warning systems when a threshold is achieved, and decision-making takes place for fungicide application. However, visual scoring is a time-consuming activity that requires well-trained personnel and is the principal bottleneck for CLS control. Digital technologies can support this process. Thus, the present work is based on two trial fields conducted and monitored in 2020 using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a multispectral camera. Image data were collected in time series during the vegetation period. Trials were sown with different sugar beet varieties; for field management, there was employed diverse fungicide strategies, and artificial inoculation took place in a spot manner. Parallel to the flight mission and additional assessment of DI, disease severity (DS) via KWS scale was collected by experts as so-called ground truth (GT). Combined with image-processing, it was possible to catalogize plants in field trials, identify them over time, and use them for training and testing models. A convolutional neural network (CNN) supported by cataloged data was trained to perform classification of the disease presence in time-series, and performance was evaluated. As the last image processing step, maps were generated showing site-specific distribution of the diseased plants in the field. Generated maps can serve as a basis for application maps in practical cultivation or the evaluation of variety performance in variety trials. The presented methodological approach provides high precision and sensitivity in CLS detection and offers the potential to automate processes of CLS monitoring for different application areas.
{"title":"Sensing the occurrence and dynamics of Cercospora leaf spot disease using UAV-supported image data and deep learning","authors":"F. I. Ispizua Yamati, A. Barreto, Maurice Günder, C. Bauckhage, Anne-Katrin Mahlein","doi":"10.36961/si28345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36961/si28345","url":null,"abstract":"The most damaging foliar disease in sugar beet is Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by Cercospora beticola Sacc. The pathogen is expanding its territory due to climate conditions, generating the need for early and accurate detection to avoid yield losses. In Germany, monitoring and control strategies are based on visual field assessments, with the parameter disease incidence (DI). This parameter triggers warning systems when a threshold is achieved, and decision-making takes place for fungicide application. However, visual scoring is a time-consuming activity that requires well-trained personnel and is the principal bottleneck for CLS control. Digital technologies can support this process. Thus, the present work is based on two trial fields conducted and monitored in 2020 using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a multispectral camera. Image data were collected in time series during the vegetation period. Trials were sown with different sugar beet varieties; for field management, there was employed diverse fungicide strategies, and artificial inoculation took place in a spot manner. Parallel to the flight mission and additional assessment of DI, disease severity (DS) via KWS scale was collected by experts as so-called ground truth (GT). Combined with image-processing, it was possible to catalogize plants in field trials, identify them over time, and use them for training and testing models. A convolutional neural network (CNN) supported by cataloged data was trained to perform classification of the disease presence in time-series, and performance was evaluated. As the last image processing step, maps were generated showing site-specific distribution of the diseased plants in the field. Generated maps can serve as a basis for application maps in practical cultivation or the evaluation of variety performance in variety trials. The presented methodological approach provides high precision and sensitivity in CLS detection and offers the potential to automate processes of CLS monitoring for different application areas.","PeriodicalId":54362,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Industry-Zuckerindustrie","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91120538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 2018, annual and perennial flower strips were integrated into sugar beet fields on the Südzucker AG’s experimental farm Kirschgartshausen (Baden-Württemberg/ Germany). To measure the effects of the flower strips on biodiversity as well as on beneficial insects and pests in comparison to the sugar beet field, standardized sweep-net samples were analyzed from May to September. The captured individuals were divided into four functional groups: pollinators, natural enemies, pests and other invertebrates. In the flower strips, 4.6 times more invertebrate biomass and 2.4 times more individuals were captured than in sugar beet fields. Pollinators were recorded almost exclusively in the flower strips. Natural enemies were 4.7 times more abundant in flower strips than in sugar beet fields and were also much more diverse there. In addition, the number of braconid wasps, chalcid wasps, ladybugs, and damsel bugs increased between 2018 and 2020. Potential pests were 1.4 times more abundant in the flower strips than in the sugar beet field, but in the flower strips mainly bugs and pollen beetles occurred, which are not relevant pests in sugar beet cultivation. Whereas cicadas, the main pest in sugar beet fields, were 3.7 times less abundant in the flower strips than in the sugar beet fields. Overall, flower strips increase biodiversity. Perennial, species-rich mixtures are particularly valuable. Subdivided flower strips with staggered maintenance that offer habitat and refuge for insects in every season have proven successful.
{"title":"Flower strips in sugar beet cultivation enhance biodiversity and beneficial insects","authors":"S. Pfister, R. Oppermann","doi":"10.36961/si28346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36961/si28346","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2018, annual and perennial flower strips were integrated into sugar beet fields on the Südzucker AG’s experimental farm Kirschgartshausen (Baden-Württemberg/ Germany). To measure the effects of the flower strips on biodiversity as well as on beneficial insects and pests in comparison to the sugar beet field, standardized sweep-net samples were analyzed from May to September. The captured individuals were divided into four functional groups: pollinators, natural enemies, pests and other invertebrates. In the flower strips, 4.6 times more invertebrate biomass and 2.4 times more individuals were captured than in sugar beet fields. Pollinators were recorded almost exclusively in the flower strips. Natural enemies were 4.7 times more abundant in flower strips than in sugar beet fields and were also much more diverse there. In addition, the number of braconid wasps, chalcid wasps, ladybugs, and damsel bugs increased between 2018 and 2020. Potential pests were 1.4 times more abundant in the flower strips than in the sugar beet field, but in the flower strips mainly bugs and pollen beetles occurred, which are not relevant pests in sugar beet cultivation. Whereas cicadas, the main pest in sugar beet fields, were 3.7 times less abundant in the flower strips than in the sugar beet fields. Overall, flower strips increase biodiversity. Perennial, species-rich mixtures are particularly valuable. Subdivided flower strips with staggered maintenance that offer habitat and refuge for insects in every season have proven successful.","PeriodicalId":54362,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Industry-Zuckerindustrie","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79026286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The strategies for the future direction of agriculture in the EU and in Germany increasingly focus on climate and environmental protection. Catch crop cultivation may play a role in protecting soil, climate, water, and biodiversity. Data from a farm survey on sugar beet production in Germany between 2010 and 2019 were evaluated regarding the development of catch crop cultivation in connection with other production factors. The question was whether the cultivation of catch crops would support the intended environmental goals. It was investigated whether (1) fewer herbicides were used and (2) less nitrogen fertilizer was applied on fields with catch crops in comparison to fields without catch crops. The proportion of fields with catch crops before sugar beets has risen since greening was introduced as part of the EU’s common agricultural policy. Pesticide and nitrogen fertilizer applications were higher on fields with catch crops than on fields without. As these are results from a survey, it remains open why the use of herbicides and fertilizer in sugar beet cultivation is higher with than without catch crops. However, the results show that an increase in catch crop cultivation does not automatically have positive effects on the environment and climate. Sugar beet cultivation in practice should be further optimized in a targeted manner, so that greater benefits regarding environmental protection can be realized.
{"title":"Catch crop cultivation – A contribution to the EU Green Deal","authors":"C. Ross, N. Stockfisch","doi":"10.36961/si28255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36961/si28255","url":null,"abstract":"The strategies for the future direction of agriculture in the EU and in Germany increasingly focus on climate and environmental protection. Catch crop cultivation may play a role in protecting soil, climate, water, and biodiversity. Data from a farm survey on sugar beet production in Germany between 2010 and 2019 were evaluated regarding the development of catch crop cultivation in connection with other production factors. The question was whether the cultivation of catch crops would support the intended environmental goals. It was investigated whether (1) fewer herbicides were used and (2) less nitrogen fertilizer was applied on fields with catch crops in comparison to fields without catch crops. The proportion of fields with catch crops before sugar beets has risen since greening was introduced as part of the EU’s common agricultural policy. Pesticide and nitrogen fertilizer applications were higher on fields with catch crops than on fields without. As these are results from a survey, it remains open why the use of herbicides and fertilizer in sugar beet cultivation is higher with than without catch crops. However, the results show that an increase in catch crop cultivation does not automatically have positive effects on the environment and climate. Sugar beet cultivation in practice should be further optimized in a targeted manner, so that greater benefits regarding environmental protection can be realized.","PeriodicalId":54362,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Industry-Zuckerindustrie","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76118929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virus yellows in sugar beet is caused by different virus species. Monitoring has shown that Beet yellows virus (BYV), Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), Beet chlorosis virus (BChV) are common and widespread, while Beet mosaic virus (BtMV) is less prevalent. The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is considered the main vector of these viruses. Sugar beet varieties with resistance or tolerance traits are currently not available to practical growers, therefore it is imperative to support breeding efforts with improved strategies to achieve virus resistance. For this purpose, a field test was established in which yield differences between susceptible and tolerant varieties can be generated by a 3% inoculation with BMYV-carrying aphids. A greenhouse bioassay has also been developed to distinguish susceptible and tolerant genotypes following BYV infection. Both assays pave the way for future use of natural resources such as wild forms and other breeding material to screen for virus resistance. In addition, molecular biology approaches are used to identify plant susceptibility factors of the plant-virus interaction, which will be knocked out via modern precision breeding methods to generate recessive virus resistance. Consequently, genotypes with naturally occurring mutations in the appropriate factors can be used for crossbreeding processes into elite breeding material.
{"title":"Virus Yellows in sugar beet – possibilities to achieve virus resistance","authors":"Roxana Hossain, M. Varrelmann","doi":"10.36961/si28160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36961/si28160","url":null,"abstract":"Virus yellows in sugar beet is caused by different virus species. Monitoring has shown that Beet yellows virus (BYV), Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), Beet chlorosis virus (BChV) are common and widespread, while Beet mosaic virus (BtMV) is less prevalent. The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is considered the main vector of these viruses. Sugar beet varieties with resistance or tolerance traits are currently not available to practical growers, therefore it is imperative to support breeding efforts with improved strategies to achieve virus resistance. For this purpose, a field test was established in which yield differences between susceptible and tolerant varieties can be generated by a 3% inoculation with BMYV-carrying aphids. A greenhouse bioassay has also been developed to distinguish susceptible and tolerant genotypes following BYV infection. Both assays pave the way for future use of natural resources such as wild forms and other breeding material to screen for virus resistance. In addition, molecular biology approaches are used to identify plant susceptibility factors of the plant-virus interaction, which will be knocked out via modern precision breeding methods to generate recessive virus resistance. Consequently, genotypes with naturally occurring mutations in the appropriate factors can be used for crossbreeding processes into elite breeding material.","PeriodicalId":54362,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Industry-Zuckerindustrie","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80224506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to international agreements, there is a requirement to reduce ammonia emissions in beet sugar factories and to comply with the specified limit values. After looking at the sources of ammonia emissions in sugar factories, various ways of reducing these emissions are shown. In case of carbonatation exhaust gases in addition to reducing emissions, there is also the option of extracting heat from the exhaust gases and using it for technological purposes, which reduces the total energy consumption.
{"title":"Reduction of ammonia emissions and use of carbonatation vapors in sugar factories","authors":"Harald Schindler, V. Hoffmann, Manfred Hermanns","doi":"10.36961/si28159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36961/si28159","url":null,"abstract":"Due to international agreements, there is a requirement to reduce ammonia emissions in beet sugar factories and to comply with the specified limit values. After looking at the sources of ammonia emissions in sugar factories, various ways of reducing these emissions are shown. In case of carbonatation exhaust gases in addition to reducing emissions, there is also the option of extracting heat from the exhaust gases and using it for technological purposes, which reduces the total energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":54362,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Industry-Zuckerindustrie","volume":"236 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74482697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juice clarification is integral to the sugar-manufacturing process and determines the quality of clarified juice which is subsequently processed to produce sugar. Clarification performance is defined largely by turbidity of the clarified juice, but the presence of soluble impurities, colour and colour precursors, polysaccharides and proteins influence heat-transfer performance of evaporators and evaporating crystallizers, the crystallisation performance in evaporating crystallizers and the achievable yield and quality of sugar. The conventional defecation process is inadequate to remove these nonsucrose impurities, and the gradual worldwide transition to green-cane harvesting is introducing greater levels of impurities into the cane supply. As a result, the clarification station is now having to deal with not only the endogenous impurities (e.g. stalk impurities) but also the trash (leaves and tops) impurities. This paper reviews work that has been conducted over the years to remove these impurities and presents future research directions that should improve clarification performance. Examples of future research directions include development of multi-functional nanoparticles to significantly improve impurity removal; processing strategies to enhance precipitation of proteins and polysaccharides; and ballasting and adsorbent agents.
{"title":"Current perspective and future research directions on defecation clarification for the manufacture of raw sugar","authors":"Cumhur Hakan Bakir, D. Rackemann, W. Doherty","doi":"10.36961/si28060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36961/si28060","url":null,"abstract":"Juice clarification is integral to the sugar-manufacturing process and determines the quality of clarified juice which is subsequently processed to produce sugar. Clarification performance is defined largely by turbidity of the clarified juice, but the presence of soluble impurities, colour and colour precursors, polysaccharides and proteins influence heat-transfer performance of evaporators and evaporating crystallizers, the crystallisation performance in evaporating crystallizers and the achievable yield and quality of sugar. The conventional defecation process is inadequate to remove these nonsucrose impurities, and the gradual worldwide transition to green-cane harvesting is introducing greater levels of impurities into the cane supply. As a result, the clarification station is now having to deal with not only the endogenous impurities (e.g. stalk impurities) but also the trash (leaves and tops) impurities. This paper reviews work that has been conducted over the years to remove these impurities and presents future research directions that should improve clarification performance. Examples of future research directions include development of multi-functional nanoparticles to significantly improve impurity removal; processing strategies to enhance precipitation of proteins and polysaccharides; and ballasting and adsorbent agents.","PeriodicalId":54362,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Industry-Zuckerindustrie","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85861775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The raw juice as obtained by juice extraction of sugar beet cossettes contains dissolved and insoluble impurities (nonsugars) which need to be removed as much as possible to enable a cost-effective production of the wanted quality of white crystal sugar. The most commonly used purification approach of beet raw juice is the so-called classical liming process. The aim and principles of the different successive process steps in juice purification will be outlined in this paper. The purification principles comprise several chemical-physical reactions of particular nonsugars in the juice which are initiated at first by the addition of milk of lime to the raw juice in preliming and main liming. Through injection of the carbon dioxide produced in the lime kiln in the 1st carbonatation calcium ions precipitate as calcium carbonate, which is then used as filter aid to remove by sedimentation and/or filtration the formed slurry. The remaining surplus of lime salts are finally removed in the 2nd carbonatation which after filtration results in a clear thin juice.
{"title":"Principles of juice purification","authors":"J. D. Bruijn","doi":"10.36961/si28059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36961/si28059","url":null,"abstract":"The raw juice as obtained by juice extraction of sugar beet cossettes contains dissolved and insoluble impurities (nonsugars) which need to be removed as much as possible to enable a cost-effective production of the wanted quality of white crystal sugar. The most commonly used purification approach of beet raw juice is the so-called classical liming process. The aim and principles of the different successive process steps in juice purification will be outlined in this paper. The purification principles comprise several chemical-physical reactions of particular nonsugars in the juice which are initiated at first by the addition of milk of lime to the raw juice in preliming and main liming. Through injection of the carbon dioxide produced in the lime kiln in the 1st carbonatation calcium ions precipitate as calcium carbonate, which is then used as filter aid to remove by sedimentation and/or filtration the formed slurry. The remaining surplus of lime salts are finally removed in the 2nd carbonatation which after filtration results in a clear thin juice.","PeriodicalId":54362,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Industry-Zuckerindustrie","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81936201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard Manthey, C. Kenter, Daniela Laufer, E. Ladewig
Die Wertprüfungen beim Bundessortenamt (BSA) vor der Zulassung und die weitere Testung der zugelassenen Sorten über den Koordinierungsausschuss am Institut für Zuckerrübenforschung (IfZ) und die regionalen Arbeitsgemeinschaften bilden das integrierte Sortenprüfsystem Zuckerrübe. Durch die enge Zusammenarbeit von BSA, IfZ, Zuckerwirtschaft und Züchtungsunternehmen können kurzfristig flexible Lösungen für neue Fragestellungen erarbeitet und Zulassungen von Sorten mit innovativen Eigenschaften beim BSA ermöglicht werden. Der Schlüssel zur erfolgreichen Nutzung der Sortenleistung im Zuckerrübenanbau ist die neutrale Bewertung und Beratung auf Basis valider Versuchsergebnisse mit hoher Schätzgenauigkeit. Die hohe Qualität und der Umfang der Sortenversuche sind dafür entscheidende Voraussetzungen und im integrierten Sortenprüfsystem bei Zuckerrüben beispielhaft gelöst. Eine Feststellung der Identität von in Deutschland zugelassenen Sorten im Saatgutverkehr ist sichergestellt. Bei Sorten, die in anderen EU-Ländern zugelassen wurden, ist dies jedoch nur mit erheblicher Zeitverzögerung möglich und eine sichere Identifizierung ist deutlich erschwert.
{"title":"Das integrierte Sortenprüfsystem Zuckerrübe – Wachsen mit den Herausforderungen","authors":"Richard Manthey, C. Kenter, Daniela Laufer, E. Ladewig","doi":"10.36961/si28061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36961/si28061","url":null,"abstract":"Die Wertprüfungen beim Bundessortenamt (BSA) vor der Zulassung und die weitere Testung der zugelassenen Sorten über den Koordinierungsausschuss am Institut für Zuckerrübenforschung (IfZ) und die regionalen Arbeitsgemeinschaften bilden das integrierte Sortenprüfsystem Zuckerrübe. Durch die enge Zusammenarbeit von BSA, IfZ, Zuckerwirtschaft und Züchtungsunternehmen können kurzfristig flexible Lösungen für neue Fragestellungen erarbeitet und Zulassungen von Sorten mit innovativen Eigenschaften beim BSA ermöglicht werden. Der Schlüssel zur erfolgreichen Nutzung der Sortenleistung im Zuckerrübenanbau ist die neutrale Bewertung und Beratung auf Basis valider Versuchsergebnisse mit hoher Schätzgenauigkeit. Die hohe Qualität und der Umfang der Sortenversuche sind dafür entscheidende Voraussetzungen und im integrierten Sortenprüfsystem bei Zuckerrüben beispielhaft gelöst. Eine Feststellung der Identität von in Deutschland zugelassenen Sorten im Saatgutverkehr ist sichergestellt. Bei Sorten, die in anderen EU-Ländern zugelassen wurden, ist dies jedoch nur mit erheblicher Zeitverzögerung möglich und eine sichere Identifizierung ist deutlich erschwert.","PeriodicalId":54362,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Industry-Zuckerindustrie","volume":"155 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89661805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The stability of the sucrose molecule and the firmness of the tissue structure in the cossettes are of major concern when optimizing the operating conditions for the extraction system. For a given extraction system the retention time is more or less fixed, but the actual pH values and temperatures to be set across the system largely determine the extent to which both sugar gets lost by hydrolysis and the cossette structure deteriorates, particularly by dissolution of pectin. Furthermore, potential sugar loss by microbial infection in the extraction system needs to be controlled too. The influence of the pH value and temperature on these undesirable chemical and microbial reactions will be outlined in this paper, including the consequences for the subsequent processing steps. It can be concluded that the recommended optimal pH values and temperatures for operating the extraction system are a compromise between good and bad.
{"title":"Chemistry and microbiology in sugar extraction","authors":"J. D. Bruijn","doi":"10.36961/si27541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36961/si27541","url":null,"abstract":"The stability of the sucrose molecule and the firmness of the tissue structure in the cossettes are of major concern when optimizing the operating conditions for the extraction system. For a given extraction system the retention time is more or less fixed, but the actual pH values and temperatures to be set across the system largely determine the extent to which both sugar gets lost by hydrolysis and the cossette structure deteriorates, particularly by dissolution of pectin. Furthermore, potential sugar loss by microbial infection in the extraction system needs to be controlled too. The influence of the pH value and temperature on these undesirable chemical and microbial reactions will be outlined in this paper, including the consequences for the subsequent processing steps. It can be concluded that the recommended optimal pH values and temperatures for operating the extraction system are a compromise between good and bad.","PeriodicalId":54362,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Industry-Zuckerindustrie","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78455153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three sugar beet pulp samples, which were dried by different methods (drum-dried, steam-dried, and shelf-dried), were prepared and hot water extractions (90 °C, 6 h) were performed to compare the pectic polysaccharide yield. The steam-dried pulp yielded 34.1 g of pectic polysaccharides per 100 g of dry matter. This represented about twice the yield of the other techniques, with a recovery of about 60% of the estimated amount contained in the raw material. The pectic polysaccharide obtained from the steam-dried pulp by hot water extraction and dialysis contained larger amount of arabinose (32.4 g/ 100 g solids) as constituent sugars than that of commercial beet pectin. The weight-average molecular mass was 175 kDa, which was lower than that of commercial beet pectin (538 kDa) and most of the extracted feruloyl group were bound to this polysaccharide. These characteristics were similar to those of pectic polysaccharides obtained previously by autoclave extraction from wet beet pulp. It was presumed that the pectic polysaccharides contained in sugar beet pulp were partially hydrolyzed and solubilized under pressurized and high temperature conditions (0.25–0.3 MPa, 150–180 °C) during steam drying, making them easier to extract. Using steam-dried pulp as a raw material, feruloylated arabinan-rich pectic polysaccharides can be efficiently obtained by hot water extraction under non-pressurized conditions without acid addition.
{"title":"Steam drying markedly increases the solubility of feruloylated arabinan-rich pectic polysaccharide in sugar beet pulp","authors":"TatsuyaTatsuya Abe, T. Nagura, H. Uchino","doi":"10.36961/si27544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36961/si27544","url":null,"abstract":"Three sugar beet pulp samples, which were dried by different methods (drum-dried, steam-dried, and shelf-dried), were prepared and hot water extractions (90 °C, 6 h) were performed to compare the pectic polysaccharide yield. The steam-dried pulp yielded 34.1 g of pectic polysaccharides per 100 g of dry matter. This represented about twice the yield of the other techniques, with a recovery of about 60% of the estimated amount contained in the raw material.\u0000The pectic polysaccharide obtained from the steam-dried pulp by hot water extraction and dialysis contained larger amount of arabinose (32.4 g/ 100 g solids) as constituent sugars than that of commercial beet pectin. The weight-average molecular mass was 175 kDa, which was lower than that of commercial beet pectin (538 kDa) and most of the extracted feruloyl group were bound to this polysaccharide. These characteristics were similar to those of pectic polysaccharides obtained previously by autoclave extraction from wet beet pulp. It was presumed that the pectic polysaccharides contained in sugar beet pulp were partially hydrolyzed and solubilized under pressurized and high temperature conditions (0.25–0.3 MPa, 150–180 °C) during steam drying, making them easier to extract. Using steam-dried pulp as a raw material, feruloylated arabinan-rich pectic polysaccharides can be efficiently obtained by hot water extraction under non-pressurized conditions without acid addition.","PeriodicalId":54362,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Industry-Zuckerindustrie","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75164746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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