Y. M. Carpio-Díaz, C. M. López-Orozco, R. Borja-Arrieta, Miguel Gutierrez-Estrada, I. S. Campos-Filho, S. Sfenthourakis, S. Taiti, Jhon César NEITA MORENO, Adriana Bermúdez, G. Navas S., M. E. Bichuette
The Armadillidae are the most diverse family within the Oniscidea, widely distributed around the world. To date, only seven species of the family are known from Colombia. After the examination of a collection from the Colombian departments of Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Magdalena, Risaralda, Santander, and Sucre, eight species were recognized as belonging to the genus Ctenorillo, of which six are considered to be new to Science: C. binomio n. sp., C. humboldti n. sp., C. mincaensis n. sp., C. orientalis n. sp., C. papagayoensis n. sp., and C. tayrona n. sp. Moreover, the distribution knowledge of C. dazai and C. tuberosus has expanded. Ctenorillo species in Colombia are predominantly distributed in Tropical Dry Forest areas, which is one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world. Considering the new taxa presented here, allied with other Oniscidea groups, there is an urgent need to raise the awareness level regarding the conservation status of this ecosystem in the country.
犰狳科是食蚁目中种类最多的科，广泛分布于世界各地。迄今为止，哥伦比亚仅有 7 个犰狳科物种。在对来自哥伦比亚大西洋省、玻利瓦尔省、塞萨尔省、马格达莱纳省、里萨拉尔达省、桑坦德省和苏克雷省的采集物进行研究后，有 8 个物种被认定属于栉水母属，其中 6 个物种被认为是科学界的新发现：C. binomio n. sp.、C. humboldti n. sp.、C. mincaensis n. sp.、C. orientalis n. sp.、C. papagayoensis n. sp.和 C. tayrona n. sp.。此外，C. dazai 和 C. tuberosus 的分布范围也有所扩大。哥伦比亚的Ctenorillo物种主要分布在热带干旱森林地区，这是世界上最濒危的生态系统之一。考虑到这里介绍的新分类群与其他Oniscidea类群的联系，迫切需要提高人们对该国这一生态系统保护状况的认识水平。
{"title":"The genus Ctenorillo Verhoeff, 1942 (Oniscidea, Armadillidae) from Colombia: new records, new species, and conservation comments","authors":"Y. M. Carpio-Díaz, C. M. López-Orozco, R. Borja-Arrieta, Miguel Gutierrez-Estrada, I. S. Campos-Filho, S. Sfenthourakis, S. Taiti, Jhon César NEITA MORENO, Adriana Bermúdez, G. Navas S., M. E. Bichuette","doi":"10.4081/tz.2023.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2023.141","url":null,"abstract":"The Armadillidae are the most diverse family within the Oniscidea, widely distributed around the world. To date, only seven species of the family are known from Colombia. After the examination of a collection from the Colombian departments of Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Magdalena, Risaralda, Santander, and Sucre, eight species were recognized as belonging to the genus Ctenorillo, of which six are considered to be new to Science: C. binomio n. sp., C. humboldti n. sp., C. mincaensis n. sp., C. orientalis n. sp., C. papagayoensis n. sp., and C. tayrona n. sp. Moreover, the distribution knowledge of C. dazai and C. tuberosus has expanded. Ctenorillo species in Colombia are predominantly distributed in Tropical Dry Forest areas, which is one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world. Considering the new taxa presented here, allied with other Oniscidea groups, there is an urgent need to raise the awareness level regarding the conservation status of this ecosystem in the country.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139197396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kwaslema Malle Hariohay, James Gasper Chagama, Alodia K. Machumu, Richard D. Lyamuya, Janemary Ntalwila, Jafari R. Kideghesho
Historically, humans have developed knowledge of how to exploit and use wildlife species for food, clothing, traditional healing, and other purposes. This study aimed to determine the scale and scope of the ethnozoological uses of wild animals in the Iraqw community, in northern Tanzania. The study used semi-structured face-to-face questionnaire interviews with 45 key respondents in Endagaw, Mewadan, and Ng’wandakw villages in Mbulu District, to acquire the required data. The results found that 28 wild animal species including mammals (13 species), birds (12), insects (1), fish (1), and reptiles (1) were used by Iraqw for different purposes. Most species (n=23) were used mainly for food, namely helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), African savanna hare (Lemus microtis) and Hildebrandt’s francolin (Francolinus hildebrandti), while other wild animals were used for medicine, traditional beliefs, and rituals. This study provides information on the historical human-nature relationships and a baseline for developing future conservation efforts in the region to protect wild fauna. We recommend similar studies on other traditions and/or modern usages of wildlife to improve protection worldwide and that actions be taken to heighten community awareness of ethnozoological uses of faunal resources to ensure retention of this knowledge for future generations.
{"title":"Ethnozoological uses of wild animals among the Iraqw in Northern Tanzania","authors":"Kwaslema Malle Hariohay, James Gasper Chagama, Alodia K. Machumu, Richard D. Lyamuya, Janemary Ntalwila, Jafari R. Kideghesho","doi":"10.4081/tz.2023.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2023.131","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, humans have developed knowledge of how to exploit and use wildlife species for food, clothing, traditional healing, and other purposes. This study aimed to determine the scale and scope of the ethnozoological uses of wild animals in the Iraqw community, in northern Tanzania. The study used semi-structured face-to-face questionnaire interviews with 45 key respondents in Endagaw, Mewadan, and Ng’wandakw villages in Mbulu District, to acquire the required data. The results found that 28 wild animal species including mammals (13 species), birds (12), insects (1), fish (1), and reptiles (1) were used by Iraqw for different purposes. Most species (n=23) were used mainly for food, namely helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), African savanna hare (Lemus microtis) and Hildebrandt’s francolin (Francolinus hildebrandti), while other wild animals were used for medicine, traditional beliefs, and rituals. This study provides information on the historical human-nature relationships and a baseline for developing future conservation efforts in the region to protect wild fauna. We recommend similar studies on other traditions and/or modern usages of wildlife to improve protection worldwide and that actions be taken to heighten community awareness of ethnozoological uses of faunal resources to ensure retention of this knowledge for future generations.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hla Naing, Todd K. Fuller, P. Sievert, T. Randhir, Saw Htoo Tha Po, Saw Htun, Than Myint
We assessed habitat occupancy and distribution of principal tiger (Panthera tigris) ungulate prey species to assess factors affecting their occurrence and their potential contribution to low tiger presence in the core part of the Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, in northern Myanmar. We surveyed for signs on 1,651 km of transects partitioned into 554 sampling units between November 2007 and May 2008. By incorporating seven environmental and four social covariates, we predicted habitat occupancy rates of 0.76 for gaur (Bos gaurus), 0.91 for sambar (Rusa unicolor), 0.57 for wild pigs (Sus scrofa), and 0.89 for northern red muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis). Overall, shorter Euclidean distances to ranger stations and trails, decreased stream density, and broadleaved evergreen/semi-deciduous forest and relatively rare rain-fed cropland habitat occurrence positively influenced prey habitat occupancy; conversely, shorter Euclidean distances to villages, roads, and streams, higher elevations, and occurrence of mixed broadleaved and needle-leaved forest habitat negatively influenced occupancy. In addition, Euclidean distance to ranger stations, trails, and roads positively affected species detections, whereas shorter Euclidean distance to villages and streams, high elevations, and high precipitation negatively affected detections. Results indicated that all four prey species were relatively well-distributed through the Sanctuary core area, but comparisons with indices of abundance elsewhere suggest that prey density was low and would not likely support many tigers.
{"title":"Dry-season habitat occupancy by ungulate tiger prey in the Hukaung Valley of northern Myanmar","authors":"Hla Naing, Todd K. Fuller, P. Sievert, T. Randhir, Saw Htoo Tha Po, Saw Htun, Than Myint","doi":"10.4081/tz.2023.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2023.124","url":null,"abstract":"We assessed habitat occupancy and distribution of principal tiger (Panthera tigris) ungulate prey species to assess factors affecting their occurrence and their potential contribution to low tiger presence in the core part of the Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, in northern Myanmar. We surveyed for signs on 1,651 km of transects partitioned into 554 sampling units between November 2007 and May 2008. By incorporating seven environmental and four social covariates, we predicted habitat occupancy rates of 0.76 for gaur (Bos gaurus), 0.91 for sambar (Rusa unicolor), 0.57 for wild pigs (Sus scrofa), and 0.89 for northern red muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis). Overall, shorter Euclidean distances to ranger stations and trails, decreased stream density, and broadleaved evergreen/semi-deciduous forest and relatively rare rain-fed cropland habitat occurrence positively influenced prey habitat occupancy; conversely, shorter Euclidean distances to villages, roads, and streams, higher elevations, and occurrence of mixed broadleaved and needle-leaved forest habitat negatively influenced occupancy. In addition, Euclidean distance to ranger stations, trails, and roads positively affected species detections, whereas shorter Euclidean distance to villages and streams, high elevations, and high precipitation negatively affected detections. Results indicated that all four prey species were relatively well-distributed through the Sanctuary core area, but comparisons with indices of abundance elsewhere suggest that prey density was low and would not likely support many tigers.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44577045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chelsea Morton, C. Nielsen, A. Carver, N. Correa, Yiscel S. Yanguez
The field of wildlife rescue and rehabilitation continues to grow as human expansion increases the rate of deforestation in Latin America. Sloths (Bradypus spp. and Choloepus spp.) are often admitted to rescue centers throughout Latin America due to their poor dispersal abilities and vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts. Although post-release monitoring is fundamental to measuring the success of wildlife rescue programs, few studies have assessed the outcomes of releasing hand-reared sloths back into the wild. We studied the ecology of rehabilitated and relocated Hoffmann’s two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) in central Panamá during 2019- 2020. Eleven two-toed sloths rescued from the wild were hand-reared in captivity for 727±193 days and then radiomarked, placed in an outdoor 500 m2 soft-release enclosure for 3 months, and released in a nearby national park. While in the softrelease enclosure, two-toed sloths spent 80.0% of their time resting and became active and more alert in the evening (p=0.01). Upon release into the wild, two-toed sloths traveled a mean linear distance of 82.3±21.6 m and a mean distance of 25.6±9.5 m between successive radiolocations. The mean home range size was 2.92±1.19 ha, with females occupying larger areas than males. Two-toed sloths used trees with a smaller dbh than available (p≤0.001; p≤0.015) and selected trees with dense crowns and ≥50% lianas. Eight mortalities were recorded, with predation and natural causes being the main causes of mortality. Monthly survival was 0.72±0.14 and did not differ (p≤0.30) between males (1.00±0.00) and females (0.44±0.22). Rehabilitated two-toed sloths exhibited behavioral and space use patterns similar to wild two-toed sloths, with the exception of having lower survival rates following release in the wild. Our study provides information that can be useful in evaluating the efficacy of sloth rescue and rehabilitation programs throughout Latin America.
{"title":"Post-release ecology of rehabilitated Hoffmann’s two-toed sloths in Panamá","authors":"Chelsea Morton, C. Nielsen, A. Carver, N. Correa, Yiscel S. Yanguez","doi":"10.4081/tz.2023.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2023.118","url":null,"abstract":"The field of wildlife rescue and rehabilitation continues to grow as human expansion increases the rate of deforestation in Latin America. Sloths (Bradypus spp. and Choloepus spp.) are often admitted to rescue centers throughout Latin America due to their poor dispersal abilities and vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts. Although post-release monitoring is fundamental to measuring the success of wildlife rescue programs, few studies have assessed the outcomes of releasing hand-reared sloths back into the wild. We studied the ecology of rehabilitated and relocated Hoffmann’s two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) in central Panamá during 2019- 2020. Eleven two-toed sloths rescued from the wild were hand-reared in captivity for 727±193 days and then radiomarked, placed in an outdoor 500 m2 soft-release enclosure for 3 months, and released in a nearby national park. While in the softrelease enclosure, two-toed sloths spent 80.0% of their time resting and became active and more alert in the evening (p=0.01). Upon release into the wild, two-toed sloths traveled a mean linear distance of 82.3±21.6 m and a mean distance of 25.6±9.5 m between successive radiolocations. The mean home range size was 2.92±1.19 ha, with females occupying larger areas than males. Two-toed sloths used trees with a smaller dbh than available (p≤0.001; p≤0.015) and selected trees with dense crowns and ≥50% lianas. Eight mortalities were recorded, with predation and natural causes being the main causes of mortality. Monthly survival was 0.72±0.14 and did not differ (p≤0.30) between males (1.00±0.00) and females (0.44±0.22). Rehabilitated two-toed sloths exhibited behavioral and space use patterns similar to wild two-toed sloths, with the exception of having lower survival rates following release in the wild. Our study provides information that can be useful in evaluating the efficacy of sloth rescue and rehabilitation programs throughout Latin America.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48980843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A positive correlation between cave size and bat diversity has been recorded by some authors for different cave areas in South America. We analyzed published and otherwise available data from three Brazilian karst areas and phytogeography domains, including NE and SE Atlantic Forest and Cerrado (savannah-like vegetation), encompassing a wide range of cave sizes. We found no such correlation, as expected in view of previous observations by researchers and speleologists. We discuss the ecological implications of different ways to measure bat diversity, i.e. the accumulative number of species (sequential use of caves) vs. the number of species at a given occasion (species in actual cohabitation) vs. bat abundance (numbers of individuals), as well as speleological topics related to the concept of caves (based on an anthropomorphic definition, not applicable to other species), the problems of estimating topographic variables such as cave area and volume, and the value of including cave temperatures in the analyses. Multiple interacting variables may influence the composition of cave bat communities and bat species richness and abundance. The most important ones would be the density of caves in a given area (related to lithology – calcareous vs. siliciclastic caves), regional climates, and degree of preservation of epigean habitat. Cave morphology, number and size of entrances, and presence of water bodies, as well as interactions with other species, must also be considered. In conclusion, as a general statement for tropical and subtropical bats, cave size (in the human sense) by itself does not matter, except perhaps for one-off situations. Finally, a brief overview of the diversity of cave bats in Brazil is presented.
{"title":"Does size matter? Bat diversity and the use of rock shelters in Brazil","authors":"E. Trajano, M. Etges","doi":"10.4081/tz.2022.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2022.108","url":null,"abstract":"A positive correlation between cave size and bat diversity has been recorded by some authors for different cave areas in South America. We analyzed published and otherwise available data from three Brazilian karst areas and phytogeography domains, including NE and SE Atlantic Forest and Cerrado (savannah-like vegetation), encompassing a wide range of cave sizes. We found no such correlation, as expected in view of previous observations by researchers and speleologists. We discuss the ecological implications of different ways to measure bat diversity, i.e. the accumulative number of species (sequential use of caves) vs. the number of species at a given occasion (species in actual cohabitation) vs. bat abundance (numbers of individuals), as well as speleological topics related to the concept of caves (based on an anthropomorphic definition, not applicable to other species), the problems of estimating topographic variables such as cave area and volume, and the value of including cave temperatures in the analyses. Multiple interacting variables may influence the composition of cave bat communities and bat species richness and abundance. The most important ones would be the density of caves in a given area (related to lithology – calcareous vs. siliciclastic caves), regional climates, and degree of preservation of epigean habitat. Cave morphology, number and size of entrances, and presence of water bodies, as well as interactions with other species, must also be considered. In conclusion, as a general statement for tropical and subtropical bats, cave size (in the human sense) by itself does not matter, except perhaps for one-off situations. Finally, a brief overview of the diversity of cave bats in Brazil is presented.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49019862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Dahomey Gap in West Africa is a human-derived savannah-like vegetation zone interspersed by patches of moist forest, with large rainforest blocks at both West (Upper Guinean Forest) and East (Lower Guinean Forest) of its limits. Togo is a tiny country situated in the middle of the Dahomey Gap. In this paper, a biogeographic analysis of the composition of the mammalian fauna of Togo is presented, by classifying each species on the basis of five distinct ecological distribution patterns. The greatest proportion of species were Pan-African (88.0%). Excluding the Pan-African species from the analysis, the mammalian fauna appeared to be affiliated similarly to both Upper Guinean and Lower Guinean Forest blocks. Only three endemic species were observed, all of them being rodents: Cryptomys zechi (Batyergidae), Funisciurus substriatus (Sciuridae), and Leimacomys buettneri (Muridae). Considering only the multispecies genera, the great majority did not show any barrier effect by the Dahomey Gap on their own species, as all of them did occur on both sides of Togo. A barrier effect by the Dahomey Gap was uncovered in 8 genera; overall, the Dahomey Gap apparently showed a barrier effect on 28.6% of the multispecies genera. It is emphasized that the full understanding of the role of the Dahomey Gap as a biogeographic barrier and of its island forests as centers of endemism is impeded by the lack of biogeographic reviews and meta-analyses on the composition of faunal and floral groups of the entire region.
{"title":"Biogeographic analysis of the composition of the mammalian fauna of Togo (West Africa)","authors":"G. Amori, G. Segniagbeto, L. Luiselli","doi":"10.4081/tz.2022.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2022.121","url":null,"abstract":"The Dahomey Gap in West Africa is a human-derived savannah-like vegetation zone interspersed by patches of moist forest, with large rainforest blocks at both West (Upper Guinean Forest) and East (Lower Guinean Forest) of its limits. Togo is a tiny country situated in the middle of the Dahomey Gap. In this paper, a biogeographic analysis of the composition of the mammalian fauna of Togo is presented, by classifying each species on the basis of five distinct ecological distribution patterns. The greatest proportion of species were Pan-African (88.0%). Excluding the Pan-African species from the analysis, the mammalian fauna appeared to be affiliated similarly to both Upper Guinean and Lower Guinean Forest blocks. Only three endemic species were observed, all of them being rodents: Cryptomys zechi (Batyergidae), Funisciurus substriatus (Sciuridae), and Leimacomys buettneri (Muridae). Considering only the multispecies genera, the great majority did not show any barrier effect by the Dahomey Gap on their own species, as all of them did occur on both sides of Togo. A barrier effect by the Dahomey Gap was uncovered in 8 genera; overall, the Dahomey Gap apparently showed a barrier effect on 28.6% of the multispecies genera. It is emphasized that the full understanding of the role of the Dahomey Gap as a biogeographic barrier and of its island forests as centers of endemism is impeded by the lack of biogeographic reviews and meta-analyses on the composition of faunal and floral groups of the entire region.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42169939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Riana V. Ramanantsalama, J. Ganzhorn, Judith Vololona, S. Goodman
Among frugivorous vertebrates, the nutritional composition of consumed fruits often needs supplementing by other food types, such as leaves, pollen or invertebrates, to meet dietary requirements. The endemic Malagasy fruit bat, Rousettus madagascariensis (Pteropodidae), actively feeds on their dipteran fly ectoparasites, principally of the family Nycteribiidae and Streblidae, during grooming activities. Since bat flies take blood meals from their hosts, the consumption of these flies by bats might represent a mechanism of recycling and reducing the loss of important nutritional components, such as minerals or proteins and fatty acids. The contribution of these ectoparasites to the diet of R. madagascariensis is 4–10% of the daily protein requirements. This is an important proportion for a species considered to be exclusively frugivorous.
{"title":"Bat flies: source of supplement nutrients for an endemic Malagasy fruit bat","authors":"Riana V. Ramanantsalama, J. Ganzhorn, Judith Vololona, S. Goodman","doi":"10.4081/tz.2022.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2022.107","url":null,"abstract":"Among frugivorous vertebrates, the nutritional composition of consumed fruits often needs supplementing by other food types, such as leaves, pollen or invertebrates, to meet dietary requirements. The endemic Malagasy fruit bat, Rousettus madagascariensis (Pteropodidae), actively feeds on their dipteran fly ectoparasites, principally of the family Nycteribiidae and Streblidae, during grooming activities. Since bat flies take blood meals from their hosts, the consumption of these flies by bats might represent a mechanism of recycling and reducing the loss of important nutritional components, such as minerals or proteins and fatty acids. The contribution of these ectoparasites to the diet of R. madagascariensis is 4–10% of the daily protein requirements. This is an important proportion for a species considered to be exclusively frugivorous.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48762755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ario, Wahyu Murdyatmaka, Awang Gitayana, Gendut Hariyanto
We report the first observation of the mating behavior of the endangered Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) from Gunung Malabar Protected Forest in West Java and Alas Purwo National Park in East Java. We recorded the mating process of the Javan leopard using a camera trap on 20 November 2014 and 22 September 2020. We consider this to be the first record in the wild in Indonesia.
{"title":"First record of rare mating behavior of Javan leopard Panthera pardus melas in Indonesia","authors":"A. Ario, Wahyu Murdyatmaka, Awang Gitayana, Gendut Hariyanto","doi":"10.4081/tz.2022.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2022.120","url":null,"abstract":"We report the first observation of the mating behavior of the endangered Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) from Gunung Malabar Protected Forest in West Java and Alas Purwo National Park in East Java. We recorded the mating process of the Javan leopard using a camera trap on 20 November 2014 and 22 September 2020. We consider this to be the first record in the wild in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49559221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tropical savannah ecosystems are characterized by extensive grasslands with more or less sparse trees and thickets, and are threatened globally by anthropogenic forces. These grassland habitats house a rich and diversified fauna assemblage, with some of its conspicuous elements (for instance, small mammals) that have not been sufficiently investigated so far. In this paper, we meta-analyze the literature data available on the community structure and diversity patterns of shrews and rodents in West African savannahs. Overall, 10,197 small mammal individuals belonging to 111 species of Rodentia and 55 species of Soricomorpha were found in the various studies carried out in the countries covered by the present study. Studies using a combination of methods (e.g., live trapping, pitfalls, cover boards, visual encounter) detected more species in both Soricomorpha and Rodentia, and there was a positive survey (=trap ⁄ night) effort effect on the species richness in rodents. GLM models showed (i) that there was also no effect of trapping design (transect versus grid) on species richness per site, (ii) in both rodents and soricomorphs, the number of savannah species by country depended on the total species richness of that given country, but there was no effect of the relative surface covered by savannahs in that country. The number of sympatric species per site was 2.73± 1.7 (range = 1-7) in Soricomorpha and 6.33 ± 3.8 (range 1-15) in Rodentia. Dominance index was significantly different among countries, with Nigeria having lower values than all other countries and Ghana, Benin and Sierra Leone had significantly highest values. The conservation implications of the observed patterns are discussed.
{"title":"Patterns of diversity, species richness and community structure in West African savannah small mammals (rodents and shrews)","authors":"G. Amori, Ermellina di Bagno, L. Luiselli","doi":"10.4081/tz.2021.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2021.110","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical savannah ecosystems are characterized by extensive grasslands with more or less sparse trees and thickets, and are threatened globally by anthropogenic forces. These grassland habitats house a rich and diversified fauna assemblage, with some of its conspicuous elements (for instance, small mammals) that have not been sufficiently investigated so far. In this paper, we meta-analyze the literature data available on the community structure and diversity patterns of shrews and rodents in West African savannahs. Overall, 10,197 small mammal individuals belonging to 111 species of Rodentia and 55 species of Soricomorpha were found in the various studies carried out in the countries covered by the present study. Studies using a combination of methods (e.g., live trapping, pitfalls, cover boards, visual encounter) detected more species in both Soricomorpha and Rodentia, and there was a positive survey (=trap ⁄ night) effort effect on the species richness in rodents. GLM models showed (i) that there was also no effect of trapping design (transect versus grid) on species richness per site, (ii) in both rodents and soricomorphs, the number of savannah species by country depended on the total species richness of that given country, but there was no effect of the relative surface covered by savannahs in that country. The number of sympatric species per site was 2.73± 1.7 (range = 1-7) in Soricomorpha and 6.33 ± 3.8 (range 1-15) in Rodentia. Dominance index was significantly different among countries, with Nigeria having lower values than all other countries and Ghana, Benin and Sierra Leone had significantly highest values. The conservation implications of the observed patterns are discussed.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49165930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gojjam Tenaw Abraham, D. Mammo, Gezahegn Degefe Teferedegn
Theropithecus gelada is the primate species endemic to the central and northwestern highlands of Ethiopia and is the only extant species of the genus Theropithecus. Diurnal activity patterns and feeding behavior of geladas were studied at Kundi, Ankober district, Ethiopia from August 2017 to March 2018 to cover both wet and dry seasons. Scan sampling method was employed to study the activity patterns and feeding behavior of geladas in the study area. Activity scans were collected at 15-minutes intervals for up to 5 minutes duration from 0700 to 1730h. During each scan, individuals were recorded as performing one of the following behaviors: feeding, moving, resting, playing, aggression, grooming, sexual activity and others. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used in data analysis. During the wet season geladas spent grooming 20%, playing 19%, 14% resting, feeding 12%, other activity 11%, moving 9% and 3% in aggression. Geladas spent 27% feeding, 21% moving, 13% other activities, 12% aggression, 7% grooming, 7% playing and 4% resting during the dry season. There were significant differences in all activity time budgets between seasons except other activities. The total time spent feeding on grass blades and cereals were 25.5% and 23.5% in the study area, respectively. There was a significant difference between the age and sex classes of geladas in their activity time budgets. Eleven species of plants were recorded as the food of geladas in this study area. This study provides baseline information on the behavioral ecology of geladas outside protected areas.
{"title":"Diurnal activity patterns and feeding ecology of geladas (Theropithecus gelada) in Ankober District at Kundi, North Shewa, Ethiopia","authors":"Gojjam Tenaw Abraham, D. Mammo, Gezahegn Degefe Teferedegn","doi":"10.4081/tz.2021.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2021.79","url":null,"abstract":"Theropithecus gelada is the primate species endemic to the central and northwestern highlands of Ethiopia and is the only extant species of the genus Theropithecus. Diurnal activity patterns and feeding behavior of geladas were studied at Kundi, Ankober district, Ethiopia from August 2017 to March 2018 to cover both wet and dry seasons. Scan sampling method was employed to study the activity patterns and feeding behavior of geladas in the study area. Activity scans were collected at 15-minutes intervals for up to 5 minutes duration from 0700 to 1730h. During each scan, individuals were recorded as performing one of the following behaviors: feeding, moving, resting, playing, aggression, grooming, sexual activity and others. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used in data analysis. During the wet season geladas spent grooming 20%, playing 19%, 14% resting, feeding 12%, other activity 11%, moving 9% and 3% in aggression. Geladas spent 27% feeding, 21% moving, 13% other activities, 12% aggression, 7% grooming, 7% playing and 4% resting during the dry season. There were significant differences in all activity time budgets between seasons except other activities. The total time spent feeding on grass blades and cereals were 25.5% and 23.5% in the study area, respectively. There was a significant difference between the age and sex classes of geladas in their activity time budgets. Eleven species of plants were recorded as the food of geladas in this study area. This study provides baseline information on the behavioral ecology of geladas outside protected areas.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48319741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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