J. Alencar, Cecilia Ferreira de Mello, A. Guimarães, D. A. Maia, V. Balbino, M. Freitas, C. B. Marcondes
Aedes aegypti is almost completely restricted to human-modified environments, especially urban areas, and rarely invades forests. Ovitraps were utilized in a reserve (Bom Retiro) in Rio de Janeiro state. Eggs of A. aegypti, genetically not differentiable from those of urban mosquitoes, were obtained at a location more than 700 m inside the border of the forest and 900 m away from a trail at the entrance to the forest. The presence of A. aegypti in a primary forest indicates its ability to adapt to sylvatic environments in Brazil, suggesting great potential for the transmission of several arboviruses due to the difficulty in controlling these mosquitoes.
{"title":"The first detection of a population of Aedes aegypti in the Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","authors":"J. Alencar, Cecilia Ferreira de Mello, A. Guimarães, D. A. Maia, V. Balbino, M. Freitas, C. B. Marcondes","doi":"10.4081/tz.2020.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2020.70","url":null,"abstract":"Aedes aegypti is almost completely restricted to human-modified environments, especially urban areas, and rarely invades forests. Ovitraps were utilized in a reserve (Bom Retiro) in Rio de Janeiro state. Eggs of A. aegypti, genetically not differentiable from those of urban mosquitoes, were obtained at a location more than 700 m inside the border of the forest and 900 m away from a trail at the entrance to the forest. The presence of A. aegypti in a primary forest indicates its ability to adapt to sylvatic environments in Brazil, suggesting great potential for the transmission of several arboviruses due to the difficulty in controlling these mosquitoes.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70310784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thuy‐Yen Duong, Liem Tran, N. Nguyen, J. Jamaluddin, M. N. S. Azizah
Morphological-based species identification can be problematic for a comparative worldwide survey if taxonomic keys are limited and inconsistent, as illustrated in the family Mastacembelidae. This study combined DNA barcoding and morphological methods to test species identification of Mastacembelidae in the Mekong Delta with emphasis on taxonomic ambiguity of the precise identification of the fish locally known as chach bong. Fish specimens were collected from fishermen in different regions of the delta. Five presumed species within two genera were recorded. Samples were morphologically measured for morphometric and meristic traits. Representative samples of each species were sequenced at the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The number of dorsal fin spines and general morphological appearance are distinguishable among the five presumed species. However, morphometric measurements overlapped between Macrognathus semiocellatus and Macrognathus siamensis. K2P distances based on COI sequences among species were high, ranging from 12.4% to 18.7%. All individuals were separated into monophyletic groups of species, clustered into Mastacembelus and two Macrognathus lineages. Chach bong should be recognized as Mastacembelus favus and not Mastacembelus armatus as previously classified. No Mastacembelus armatus was recorded in the Mekong Delta. GenBank sequences of Mastacembelus armatus formed a sister relationship to Mastacembelus favus although both have the same range of number of dorsal fin spines and similar reticulated patterns on the body. Misidentification between these two species has been widely recorded in international databases of species taxonomy and DNA barcodes. Nonetheless, their genetic distance (12.4%) is higher than conspecific distances of samples from other regions, indicating the two species can be differentiated by DNA barcoding.
{"title":"Unravelling taxonomic ambiguity of the Mastacembelidae in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam) through DNA barcoding and morphological approaches","authors":"Thuy‐Yen Duong, Liem Tran, N. Nguyen, J. Jamaluddin, M. N. S. Azizah","doi":"10.4081/tz.2020.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2020.72","url":null,"abstract":"Morphological-based species identification can be problematic for a comparative worldwide survey if taxonomic keys are limited and inconsistent, as illustrated in the family Mastacembelidae. This study combined DNA barcoding and morphological methods to test species identification of Mastacembelidae in the Mekong Delta with emphasis on taxonomic ambiguity of the precise identification of the fish locally known as chach bong. Fish specimens were collected from fishermen in different regions of the delta. Five presumed species within two genera were recorded. Samples were morphologically measured for morphometric and meristic traits. Representative samples of each species were sequenced at the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The number of dorsal fin spines and general morphological appearance are distinguishable among the five presumed species. However, morphometric measurements overlapped between Macrognathus semiocellatus and Macrognathus siamensis. K2P distances based on COI sequences among species were high, ranging from 12.4% to 18.7%. All individuals were separated into monophyletic groups of species, clustered into Mastacembelus and two Macrognathus lineages. Chach bong should be recognized as Mastacembelus favus and not Mastacembelus armatus as previously classified. No Mastacembelus armatus was recorded in the Mekong Delta. GenBank sequences of Mastacembelus armatus formed a sister relationship to Mastacembelus favus although both have the same range of number of dorsal fin spines and similar reticulated patterns on the body. Misidentification between these two species has been widely recorded in international databases of species taxonomy and DNA barcodes. Nonetheless, their genetic distance (12.4%) is higher than conspecific distances of samples from other regions, indicating the two species can be differentiated by DNA barcoding.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46772133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. A. Rajaonarivelo, A. Andrianarimisa, M. J. Raherilalao, S. Goodman
Data on the vertical distribution and ecological requirements of forest birds in western Madagascar are poorly documented. Strata use of forest-dwelling birds associated with vegetation structure and daily temperature patterns was examined in the dry deciduous forest of Kirindy. Six line transects of 1000 m each were used to survey birds and linear sampling to quantify vegetation structure. Data loggers were employed to record differences in temperature across vertical forest strata. A total of 3468 observations of 37 bird species were recorded. In the early morning, birds called frequently and used the canopy, at mid-day, when temperature in the upper strata increased on average around 7oC, they tended to descend along a vertical gradient to the denser vegetation of the understory, presumably to avoid heat stress. In the case of largerbodied canopy birds, they occupied the mid-story during the heat of the day. Regardless of the time of the day, the mid-story was widely used by forest birds for feeding, roosting, and preening. These results demonstrate the sensitivity and vertical movements of birds to varying environmental conditions and provide new information on the ecology of Malagasy dry forest-dwelling birds.
{"title":"Vertical distribution and daily patterns of birds in the dry deciduous forests of central western Madagascar","authors":"J. A. Rajaonarivelo, A. Andrianarimisa, M. J. Raherilalao, S. Goodman","doi":"10.4081/tz.2020.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2020.66","url":null,"abstract":"Data on the vertical distribution and ecological requirements of forest birds in western Madagascar are poorly documented. Strata use of forest-dwelling birds associated with vegetation structure and daily temperature patterns was examined in the dry deciduous forest of Kirindy. Six line transects of 1000 m each were used to survey birds and linear sampling to quantify vegetation structure. Data loggers were employed to record differences in temperature across vertical forest strata. A total of 3468 observations of 37 bird species were recorded. In the early morning, birds called frequently and used the canopy, at mid-day, when temperature in the upper strata increased on average around 7oC, they tended to descend along a vertical gradient to the denser vegetation of the understory, presumably to avoid heat stress. In the case of largerbodied canopy birds, they occupied the mid-story during the heat of the day. Regardless of the time of the day, the mid-story was widely used by forest birds for feeding, roosting, and preening. These results demonstrate the sensitivity and vertical movements of birds to varying environmental conditions and provide new information on the ecology of Malagasy dry forest-dwelling birds.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43467681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bats emerge from their day roost after dusk and different factors can affect the timing of departure, return, and duration of nocturnal activities. This study provides information on the time of emergence and return of an endemic Malagasy fruit bat, Rousettus madagascariensis, in a cave located in the Réserve Spéciale d’Ankarana, northern Madagascar. Individuals were captured in a narrow passage between the roost and cave exit and capture time for each individual was noted. Variation according to sex, age, and body condition, as well as the influence of season, and the sunset and sunrise time were analyzed. During the dry season, individuals started to emerge at 1913 hours and returned to the cave generally by 0505 hours; the duration of time outside the cave during the dry season was higher in adult females (0952 hours) followed by subadult males (0937 hours), sub-adult females (0931 hours), and adult males (0910 hours). During the wet season, individuals exited at 1926 hours and returned at 0351 hours; as in the dry season, adult females spent more time outside the cave (0833 hours), than sub-adult females (0800 hours), and adult males (0752 hours). The period of emergence varied according to the age and sex classes, and time of predawn return associated with the previous nocturnal activity. The period of return was influenced by season, and age and sex classes. Such information is useful to quantify shifts in bat ecology, especially for endemic species with limited distribution or those playing an important role in ecosystem services.
蝙蝠在黄昏后从白天的栖息地出来，不同的因素会影响它们离开、返回的时间和夜间活动的持续时间。本研究提供了马达加斯加特有果蝠Rousettus Madagascar的出现和返回时间的信息，这些果蝠出现和返回的时间位于马达加斯加北部ankarana的rsamserve spciale d 'Ankarana的一个洞穴。在栖息地和洞穴出口之间的狭窄通道中捕获个体，并记录每个个体的捕获时间。分析了不同性别、年龄、体质的差异，以及季节、日出日落时间的影响。在旱季，个体在1913小时开始出现，一般在0505小时返回洞穴;旱季出穴时间以雌成虫(0952 h)居多，其次为雄亚成虫(0937 h)、雌亚成虫(0931 h)和雄成虫(0910 h)。在雨季，个体于1926时离开，于0351时返回;与旱季一样，成年雌性在洞穴外停留的时间(0833小时)比亚成年雌性(0800小时)和成年雄性(0752小时)要长。出现的时间根据年龄和性别等级而不同，黎明前返回的时间与之前的夜间活动有关。回归时间受季节、年龄、性别等因素的影响。这些信息有助于量化蝙蝠生态的变化，特别是对于分布有限的特有物种或在生态系统服务中发挥重要作用的物种。
{"title":"Timing of emergence and cave return, and duration of nocturnal activity in an endemic Malagasy fruit bat","authors":"Riana V. Ramanantsalama, S. Goodman","doi":"10.4081/TZ.2020.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/TZ.2020.68","url":null,"abstract":"Bats emerge from their day roost after dusk and different factors can affect the timing of departure, return, and duration of nocturnal activities. This study provides information on the time of emergence and return of an endemic Malagasy fruit bat, Rousettus madagascariensis, in a cave located in the Réserve Spéciale d’Ankarana, northern Madagascar. Individuals were captured in a narrow passage between the roost and cave exit and capture time for each individual was noted. Variation according to sex, age, and body condition, as well as the influence of season, and the sunset and sunrise time were analyzed. During the dry season, individuals started to emerge at 1913 hours and returned to the cave generally by 0505 hours; the duration of time outside the cave during the dry season was higher in adult females (0952 hours) followed by subadult males (0937 hours), sub-adult females (0931 hours), and adult males (0910 hours). During the wet season, individuals exited at 1926 hours and returned at 0351 hours; as in the dry season, adult females spent more time outside the cave (0833 hours), than sub-adult females (0800 hours), and adult males (0752 hours). The period of emergence varied according to the age and sex classes, and time of predawn return associated with the previous nocturnal activity. The period of return was influenced by season, and age and sex classes. Such information is useful to quantify shifts in bat ecology, especially for endemic species with limited distribution or those playing an important role in ecosystem services.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45004895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Hema, Yaya Ouattara, Maomarco Abdoul Ismael Tou, G. Amori, Mamadou Karama, L. Luiselli
Adult sex ratios and age structures are important wildlife population parameters, but they have been poorly investigated in ungulate species in West African savannahs. We used line transects to investigate these parameters in 11 ungulates from a protected area in south-western Burkina Faso during the period 2010-2018. We created an empirical model of “detectability” for each species based on its main ecological characteristics (habitat and group size) and body size, and then compared the observed interannual inconsistency in sex ratios and age structures with the a priori detectability score. Six out of 11 species showed low interannual inconsistency in sex ratio and age structure. In 82% of the study species, however, the predicted detectability score matched the observed score, with two exceptions being Tragelaphus scriptus and Sincerus caffer.
{"title":"Line-transect data may not produce reliable estimates of interannual sex-ratio and age structure variation in West African savannah ungulates","authors":"E. Hema, Yaya Ouattara, Maomarco Abdoul Ismael Tou, G. Amori, Mamadou Karama, L. Luiselli","doi":"10.4081/tz.2020.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2020.67","url":null,"abstract":"Adult sex ratios and age structures are important wildlife population parameters, but they have been poorly investigated in ungulate species in West African savannahs. We used line transects to investigate these parameters in 11 ungulates from a protected area in south-western Burkina Faso during the period 2010-2018. We created an empirical model of “detectability” for each species based on its main ecological characteristics (habitat and group size) and body size, and then compared the observed interannual inconsistency in sex ratios and age structures with the a priori detectability score. Six out of 11 species showed low interannual inconsistency in sex ratio and age structure. In 82% of the study species, however, the predicted detectability score matched the observed score, with two exceptions being Tragelaphus scriptus and Sincerus caffer.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/tz.2020.67","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41563749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recently described catfish trichomycterid genus Cambeva comprises about 25 valid species, occurring mostly in river basins of south-eastern and southern Brazil. Fifteen species are endemic to the Parana river basin, of which three are endemic to the Paranapanema river drainage. Herein we describe a fourth new species, Cambeva guareiensis n. sp., known only from the Guarei river. Cambeva guareiensis is similar to C. brachykechenos, C. cubataonis, C. diabola, C. davisi, C. diatropoporos, C. pascuali, C. poikilos and C. stawiarski by having a colour pattern consisting of dark brown spots scattered on the flank and can be differentiated by an exclusive combination of characters, including: the shape of the autopalatine; number of branchiostegal, anal-fin, dorsal-fin, dorsal and ventral caudal procurrent, and pectoral-fin rays; number of interopercular and opercular odontodes; number of vertebrae; and, insertion of anal fin, pelvic fin and urogenital papillae. This study indicates the potential for discovering a greater still unknown trichomycterid species diversity in the Parana river basin.
最近发现的Cambeva鲶鱼属(trichomycterid genus Cambeva)约有25种，主要分布在巴西东南部和南部的河流流域。15种是巴拉那河流域特有的，其中3种是巴拉那河流域特有的。本文描述了仅在瓜雷河发现的第四个新种——Cambeva guareiensis n. sp.。瓜瑞山蛙与brachykechenos、cubataonis、C. diabola、C. davisi、C. diatropoporos、C. pascuali、C. poikilo和C. stawiarski的相似之处是，其颜色模式由分散在侧面的深棕色斑点组成，可以通过一系列特征的独特组合来区分，包括:自喙的形状;鳃鳍，肛鳍，背鳍，背侧和腹侧尾鳍和胸鳍鳐的数目;眼间齿状突数;脊椎骨数;插入肛鳍，骨盆鳍和泌尿生殖乳头。这项研究表明，在巴拉那河流域发现更大的尚不为人知的毛虫物种多样性的潜力。
{"title":"A new species of the catfish genus Cambeva from the Paranapanema river drainage, southeastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)","authors":"A. Katz, W. Costa","doi":"10.4081/tz.2020.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2020.63","url":null,"abstract":"The recently described catfish trichomycterid genus Cambeva comprises about 25 valid species, occurring mostly in river basins of south-eastern and southern Brazil. Fifteen species are endemic to the Parana river basin, of which three are endemic to the Paranapanema river drainage. Herein we describe a fourth new species, Cambeva guareiensis n. sp., known only from the Guarei river. Cambeva guareiensis is similar to C. brachykechenos, C. cubataonis, C. diabola, C. davisi, C. diatropoporos, C. pascuali, C. poikilos and C. stawiarski by having a colour pattern consisting of dark brown spots scattered on the flank and can be differentiated by an exclusive combination of characters, including: the shape of the autopalatine; number of branchiostegal, anal-fin, dorsal-fin, dorsal and ventral caudal procurrent, and pectoral-fin rays; number of interopercular and opercular odontodes; number of vertebrae; and, insertion of anal fin, pelvic fin and urogenital papillae. This study indicates the potential for discovering a greater still unknown trichomycterid species diversity in the Parana river basin.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/tz.2020.63","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47778605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dear readers and subscribers, starting from Volume 33 (2020), Tropical Zoology will have a new publisher. The journal, owned by the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), was born in 1966 as Monitore zoologico italiano Supplemento... [read]
亲爱的读者和订阅者，从第33卷(2020年)开始，《热带动物学》将有一个新的出版商。该杂志由意大利国家科学院(CNR)所有，于1966年诞生，当时名为《意大利动物学公报》(Monitore zoologico italiano supplement)。(读)
{"title":"A new home for Tropical Zoology","authors":"S. Taiti","doi":"10.4081/tz.2020.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/tz.2020.64","url":null,"abstract":"Dear readers and subscribers, starting from Volume 33 (2020), Tropical Zoology will have a new publisher. The journal, owned by the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), was born in 1966 as Monitore zoologico italiano Supplemento... [read]","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44181587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03946975.2019.1682352
Susan Zaluski, L. Soanes, J. A. Bright, Atoya George, P. Jodice, K. Meyer, N. Woodfield‐Pascoe, J. Green
Tracking of seabirds has been used to identify foraging hotspots, migratory routes and to assess at-sea threats facing populations. One such threat is the potential negative interaction between seabirds and fisheries through incidental by-catch. In 2012, 60 magnificent frigatebirds Fregata magnificens were found dead, entangled in fishing line, at the globally important breeding site in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). To assess the potential relationship between foraging behaviour and fishing activity, data loggers were deployed on breeding magnificent frigatebirds to record foraging movements. In addition, a survey of local fishers was conducted to assess the scale of incidental by-catch. We recorded 28 complete foraging trips from GPS and GPS-GSM loggers, and 1758 PTT locations. Birds travelled up to 3.3–1067 km from their breeding colony and entered the waters of 10 neighbouring territories. A high percentage of fishers (93% n = 28) reported catching at least one seabird annually, of which the most common were magnificent frigatebirds and brown boobies Sula leucogaster. There are estimated to be at least 1112 vessels in the recreational and artisanal fishing fleets of BVI and its neighbouring islands. Thus, this substantial fishery may have potentially profound effects on seabird populations in the region.
{"title":"Potential threats facing a globally important population of the magnificent frigatebird Fregata magnificens","authors":"Susan Zaluski, L. Soanes, J. A. Bright, Atoya George, P. Jodice, K. Meyer, N. Woodfield‐Pascoe, J. Green","doi":"10.1080/03946975.2019.1682352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2019.1682352","url":null,"abstract":"Tracking of seabirds has been used to identify foraging hotspots, migratory routes and to assess at-sea threats facing populations. One such threat is the potential negative interaction between seabirds and fisheries through incidental by-catch. In 2012, 60 magnificent frigatebirds Fregata magnificens were found dead, entangled in fishing line, at the globally important breeding site in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). To assess the potential relationship between foraging behaviour and fishing activity, data loggers were deployed on breeding magnificent frigatebirds to record foraging movements. In addition, a survey of local fishers was conducted to assess the scale of incidental by-catch. We recorded 28 complete foraging trips from GPS and GPS-GSM loggers, and 1758 PTT locations. Birds travelled up to 3.3–1067 km from their breeding colony and entered the waters of 10 neighbouring territories. A high percentage of fishers (93% n = 28) reported catching at least one seabird annually, of which the most common were magnificent frigatebirds and brown boobies Sula leucogaster. There are estimated to be at least 1112 vessels in the recreational and artisanal fishing fleets of BVI and its neighbouring islands. Thus, this substantial fishery may have potentially profound effects on seabird populations in the region.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":"32 1","pages":"188 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03946975.2019.1682352","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49388715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03946975.2019.1681851
T. Hawes
This paper examines and describes web decorating behavior by juveniles of the orb-weaving spider, Trichonephila antipodiana. Decorations consist of a three-dimensional ‘tube’ of silk line scaffolding within which detritus, prey items and moult exuviae are laid perpendicular to the web plane, extending from the central sticky web forward and backward to the dorsal and ventral barrier webs. Complementarity with barrier web construction, combined with the vulnerability of this ontogenetic stage, suggest that the primary function of the decorations is as an anti-predator device. Various lines of evidence support the view that the fundamental structural purpose of the decorations is perpendicular extension: (1) median web residency time was significantly greater for juveniles with decorations ≥ 1 cm in size; (2) detritus was the primary contributor to decoration length; and (3) examination of the in-laying technique for prey inclusions found them to be ‘unnecessarily’ dismembered and stretched out along the decorative plane. Although there is probably some degree of interdependence between predator avoidance and prey catching success, extension as a property fits most consistently within a defensive interpretation of function in so far as it confers either distance from and/or interference with predators.
{"title":"A spider that decorates its web perpendicular to the web plane","authors":"T. Hawes","doi":"10.1080/03946975.2019.1681851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2019.1681851","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines and describes web decorating behavior by juveniles of the orb-weaving spider, Trichonephila antipodiana. Decorations consist of a three-dimensional ‘tube’ of silk line scaffolding within which detritus, prey items and moult exuviae are laid perpendicular to the web plane, extending from the central sticky web forward and backward to the dorsal and ventral barrier webs. Complementarity with barrier web construction, combined with the vulnerability of this ontogenetic stage, suggest that the primary function of the decorations is as an anti-predator device. Various lines of evidence support the view that the fundamental structural purpose of the decorations is perpendicular extension: (1) median web residency time was significantly greater for juveniles with decorations ≥ 1 cm in size; (2) detritus was the primary contributor to decoration length; and (3) examination of the in-laying technique for prey inclusions found them to be ‘unnecessarily’ dismembered and stretched out along the decorative plane. Although there is probably some degree of interdependence between predator avoidance and prey catching success, extension as a property fits most consistently within a defensive interpretation of function in so far as it confers either distance from and/or interference with predators.","PeriodicalId":54409,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Zoology","volume":"32 1","pages":"202 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03946975.2019.1681851","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45687642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03946975.2019.1680077
Aaron Manga Mongombe, E. B. Bakwo Fils, J. Tamesse
Altitudinal distribution and composition of biodiversity are a major current focus in ecology and biogeography, as they provide valuable insights into how biotic communities respond to changing ecological and climatic conditions. In this study, we document bat species richness and abundance along an elevational gradient on Mount Cameroon from sea level to 2,400 m a.s.l. Bats were mist netted in four elevational ranges corresponding to four montane vegetation types: disturbed lowland forest (0–800 m a.s.l.), disturbed sub-montane forest (801–1,600 m a.s.l.), montane forest (1,601–1,800 m a.s.l.), montane scrub (1,801–2,400 m a.s.l.), during the dry and the rainy season from November 2016 to July 2018. Forty-nine days of fieldwork resulted in the capture of 566 bats belonging to six families, 17 genera and 20 species. Species richness peaked at 475 m a.s.l. and decreased at higher elevations. The vast majority of bats captured were frugivorous bats (93.99%). We also observed a difference in species that characterize lower elevations, disturbed habitats (<1,600 m a.s.l.) (including Eidolon helvum, Epomops franqueti, Megaloglossus woermanni, Micropteropus pusillus, Nanonycteris veldkampii) and those that characterize higher elevations with primary vegetation (1,601–2,400 m a.s.l.) (including Lissonycteris angolensis and Rousettus aegyptiacus). Our data indicate that some species are much more likely to be affected by ongoing anthropogenic disturbances than others because of their spatial limitation and restrictions in ecological preferences. Our data also contributes to a better description of the bat fauna of Mount Cameroon including how species are distributed at higher altitude and different montane vegetation types.
生物多样性的海拔分布和组成是生态学和生物地理学目前的一个主要焦点，因为它们为生物群落如何应对不断变化的生态和气候条件提供了宝贵的见解。在这项研究中，我们记录了从海平面到2400米的喀麦隆山海拔梯度上蝙蝠物种的丰富度和丰度 m a.s.l.蝙蝠分布在四个海拔范围内，对应于四种山地植被类型：受干扰的低地森林（0-800 m a.s.l.），受干扰的亚山地森林（801–1600 m a.s.l.），山地森林（1601–1800 m a.s.l.），山地灌丛（1801-2400 m a.s.l.），在2016年11月至2018年7月的旱季和雨季。经过49天的实地调查，共捕获了566只蝙蝠，分属6科17属20种。物种丰富度达到475种的峰值 m a.s.l.，在海拔较高时下降。捕获的绝大多数蝙蝠是食草蝙蝠（93.99%）。我们还观察到，在低海拔、栖息地受到干扰的物种中存在差异（<1600 m a.s.l.）（包括Eidolon helvum、Epomops franketi、Megaloglossus woermanni、Micropteropus pusilulu、Nanonycteris veldkampii），以及那些具有原生植被的高海拔地区（1601-2400 m a.s.l.）（包括安哥拉利松线虫（Lissonycteris angolensis）和埃及鲁塞图斯（Rousettus aegyptiacus））。我们的数据表明，由于空间限制和生态偏好的限制，一些物种比其他物种更容易受到持续的人为干扰的影响。我们的数据也有助于更好地描述喀麦隆山的蝙蝠动物群，包括物种如何分布在更高的海拔和不同的山地植被类型。
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