Timi L. Banke, Rune C. Steinfurth, Troels Lange, Paula Canal‐Vergés, Niels Svane, Mogens R. Flindt
In recent decades, mussel beds in the northern Atlantic and Scandinavia have declined rapidly in extent due to anthropogenic impacts, similar to many other marine habitats. In this study, a large‐scale restoration experiment was conducted to identify major challenges that arise during restoration efforts on shallow subtidal mussel beds. Suspension‐grown mussels (Mytilus edulis) were relayed in two different treatments either directly on bare bottom sandy sediments, or on coir nets (Net), used as a proxy for suitable byssal attachment substrate. The treatments were monitored for 1.5 years and coverage (%), biomass (WW), and population dynamics were quantified. Two main challenges of shallow bed restoration were identified: (1) Lack of suitable attachment substrate resulting in dislodgment of individuals during storm events. The Net treatment had significantly higher coverage and biomass of Mytilus at the end of the monitoring period, clearly demonstrating the importance of suitable substrate at physically exposed locations. (2) High mortality of juvenile mussels. Population dynamics revealed a high mortality of juvenile Mytilus, which resulted in almost complete loss of relayed Mytilus individuals less than 30 mm within the first season. This was most likely due to high meso‐predator densities, as a result of declining top‐predator populations. The high mortality of juvenile Mytilus prevented successful annual recruitment, thereby making the population unsustainable long‐term. Both challenges need to be addressed to create stable beds during restoration. Additionally, the experiment demonstrated the viability of using suspension‐grown Mytilus as a seed‐source when restoring mussel beds.
{"title":"Dislodgement and mortality challenges when restoring shallow mussel beds (Mytilus edulis) in a Danish estuary","authors":"Timi L. Banke, Rune C. Steinfurth, Troels Lange, Paula Canal‐Vergés, Niels Svane, Mogens R. Flindt","doi":"10.1111/rec.14160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14160","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, mussel beds in the northern Atlantic and Scandinavia have declined rapidly in extent due to anthropogenic impacts, similar to many other marine habitats. In this study, a large‐scale restoration experiment was conducted to identify major challenges that arise during restoration efforts on shallow subtidal mussel beds. Suspension‐grown mussels (<jats:italic>Mytilus edulis</jats:italic>) were relayed in two different treatments either directly on bare bottom sandy sediments, or on coir nets (Net), used as a proxy for suitable byssal attachment substrate. The treatments were monitored for 1.5 years and coverage (%), biomass (WW), and population dynamics were quantified. Two main challenges of shallow bed restoration were identified: (1) Lack of suitable attachment substrate resulting in dislodgment of individuals during storm events. The Net treatment had significantly higher coverage and biomass of <jats:italic>Mytilus</jats:italic> at the end of the monitoring period, clearly demonstrating the importance of suitable substrate at physically exposed locations. (2) High mortality of juvenile mussels. Population dynamics revealed a high mortality of juvenile <jats:italic>Mytilus</jats:italic>, which resulted in almost complete loss of relayed <jats:italic>Mytilus</jats:italic> individuals less than 30 mm within the first season. This was most likely due to high meso‐predator densities, as a result of declining top‐predator populations. The high mortality of juvenile <jats:italic>Mytilus</jats:italic> prevented successful annual recruitment, thereby making the population unsustainable long‐term. Both challenges need to be addressed to create stable beds during restoration. Additionally, the experiment demonstrated the viability of using suspension‐grown <jats:italic>Mytilus</jats:italic> as a seed‐source when restoring mussel beds.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140624196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Josh Norman, Dan Clark, Alan Henshaw, Rosalind M. Wright, Marco E. G. V. Cattaneo, Jonathan D. Bolland
Highly degraded lowland river ecosystems are of global concern to restoration practitioners. Hazardous anthropogenic structures, such as those used for water level management (i.e. pumping stations), present a mortality risk to fish and associated channelization, dredging, and removal of in-channel and riparian vegetation during winter dramatically reduces habitat availability. Paradoxically, fish seeking habitat for predator refuge in these systems can lead to ecological traps, that is, the undesired occupation of pumping stations. Artificial habitats installed upstream could provide safe alternative refuge, but the effectiveness of this restoration technique is poorly understood. Here, we uniquely quantified habitat occupancy and preference of a ubiquitous European freshwater fish (Rutilus rutilus) between an artificial reed bed and pumping station habitat, with access to open water in a tank experiment. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that fish preferred the pumping station when the artificial habitat was absent (baseline) and when it was introduced (pre-exclusion). Habitat management (exclusion from pumping station) was performed, during which artificial habitat occupancy was highest. When the pumping station was reintroduced (post-exclusion), pumping station occupancy probability decreased from 87.5% (pre-exclusion) to 3.7%, while artificial habitat occupancy probability increased from 18.4 to 87.9%. Therefore, our results demonstrate a preferential change in habitat occupancy of R. rutilus and suggest introducing artificial habitat alone may lead to restoration failures and ecological traps, stressing the need for habitat management to accompany artificial habitat restoration plans which aim to provide a safe alternative refuge for fish which occupy hazardous anthropogenic structures.
{"title":"Ex situ experimentation to determine if introduced artificial habitat can provide alternative refuge to hazardous anthropogenic structures","authors":"Josh Norman, Dan Clark, Alan Henshaw, Rosalind M. Wright, Marco E. G. V. Cattaneo, Jonathan D. Bolland","doi":"10.1111/rec.14157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14157","url":null,"abstract":"Highly degraded lowland river ecosystems are of global concern to restoration practitioners. Hazardous anthropogenic structures, such as those used for water level management (i.e. pumping stations), present a mortality risk to fish and associated channelization, dredging, and removal of in-channel and riparian vegetation during winter dramatically reduces habitat availability. Paradoxically, fish seeking habitat for predator refuge in these systems can lead to ecological traps, that is, the undesired occupation of pumping stations. Artificial habitats installed upstream could provide safe alternative refuge, but the effectiveness of this restoration technique is poorly understood. Here, we uniquely quantified habitat occupancy and preference of a ubiquitous European freshwater fish (<i>Rutilus rutilus</i>) between an artificial reed bed and pumping station habitat, with access to open water in a tank experiment. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that fish preferred the pumping station when the artificial habitat was absent (baseline) and when it was introduced (pre-exclusion). Habitat management (exclusion from pumping station) was performed, during which artificial habitat occupancy was highest. When the pumping station was reintroduced (post-exclusion), pumping station occupancy probability decreased from 87.5% (pre-exclusion) to 3.7%, while artificial habitat occupancy probability increased from 18.4 to 87.9%. Therefore, our results demonstrate a preferential change in habitat occupancy of <i>R. rutilus</i> and suggest introducing artificial habitat alone may lead to restoration failures and ecological traps, stressing the need for habitat management to accompany artificial habitat restoration plans which aim to provide a safe alternative refuge for fish which occupy hazardous anthropogenic structures.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John Gould, Alex Callen, Chad Beranek, Colin McHenry
Invasive species pose a significant threat to global biodiversity, prompting the need for novel management strategies. We investigated the effect of pond placement in preventing colonization by Gambusia holbrooki, an invasive fish impacting amphibians, including the threatened green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea). Because Gambusia moves between aquatic systems during surface flow events, we aimed to determine whether constructing ponds on elevated plots devoid of fish was less likely to be colonized due to the absence of two-way water connectivity with sources from below. Over eight consecutive years, we monitored Gambusia presence at 50 ponds within an industrialized area of Kooragang Island, New South Wales, Australia, home to one of the largest extant subpopulations of L. aurea. This included 24 constructed ponds, 19 of which were on elevated plots, along with 26 historic ponds already present prior to the study. None of the ponds constructed on elevated plots were ever colonized by Gambusia during the study period, while most (three out of five) constructed at lower elevation and historical ponds (25 out of 26) were. Our findings indicate that the elevated plots acted as plateau safe havens, with elevation difference rather than proximity to Gambusia sources the key driver preventing colonization. These plateaus are now functioning as some of the only Gambusia-free breeding habitat for L. aurea in this area. This research highlights the role of landscape topography and intentional pond placement in safeguarding newly constructed wetlands from invasive fish, providing insights for wetland conservation and biodiversity protection.
{"title":"The only way is down: placing amphibian ponds on plateaux protects against Gambusia colonization","authors":"John Gould, Alex Callen, Chad Beranek, Colin McHenry","doi":"10.1111/rec.14159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14159","url":null,"abstract":"Invasive species pose a significant threat to global biodiversity, prompting the need for novel management strategies. We investigated the effect of pond placement in preventing colonization by <i>Gambusia holbrooki</i>, an invasive fish impacting amphibians, including the threatened green and golden bell frog (<i>Litoria aurea</i>). Because <i>Gambusia</i> moves between aquatic systems during surface flow events, we aimed to determine whether constructing ponds on elevated plots devoid of fish was less likely to be colonized due to the absence of two-way water connectivity with sources from below. Over eight consecutive years, we monitored <i>Gambusia</i> presence at 50 ponds within an industrialized area of Kooragang Island, New South Wales, Australia, home to one of the largest extant subpopulations of <i>L. aurea</i>. This included 24 constructed ponds, 19 of which were on elevated plots, along with 26 historic ponds already present prior to the study. None of the ponds constructed on elevated plots were ever colonized by <i>Gambusia</i> during the study period, while most (three out of five) constructed at lower elevation and historical ponds (25 out of 26) were. Our findings indicate that the elevated plots acted as plateau safe havens, with elevation difference rather than proximity to <i>Gambusia</i> sources the key driver preventing colonization. These plateaus are now functioning as some of the only <i>Gambusia</i>-free breeding habitat for <i>L. aurea</i> in this area. This research highlights the role of landscape topography and intentional pond placement in safeguarding newly constructed wetlands from invasive fish, providing insights for wetland conservation and biodiversity protection.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John P. Volpe, Eric S. Higgs, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Katie Barnhill, Conrad Brunk, Joan Dudney, Laura L. Govers, Richard J. Hobbs, Karen Keenleyside, Stephen D. Murphy, Philip J. Seddon, Jayce Sudweeks, Orkan Telhan, Sonia Voicescu
Anthropogenic activity has irreparably altered the ecological fabric of Earth. The emergence of ecological novelty from diverse drivers of change is an increasingly challenging dimension of ecosystem restoration. At the same time, the restorationist's tool kit continues to grow, including a variety of powerful and increasingly prevalent technologies. Thus, ecosystem restoration finds itself at the center of intersecting challenges. How should we respond to increasingly common emergence of environmental system states with little or no historical precedent, whilst considering the appropriate deployment of potentially consequential and largely untested interventions that may give rise to organisms, system states, and/or processes that are likewise without historical precedent? We use the term bionovelty to encapsulate these intersecting themes and examine the implications of bionovelty for ecological restoration.
{"title":"Bionovelty and ecological restoration","authors":"John P. Volpe, Eric S. Higgs, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Katie Barnhill, Conrad Brunk, Joan Dudney, Laura L. Govers, Richard J. Hobbs, Karen Keenleyside, Stephen D. Murphy, Philip J. Seddon, Jayce Sudweeks, Orkan Telhan, Sonia Voicescu","doi":"10.1111/rec.14152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14152","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic activity has irreparably altered the ecological fabric of Earth. The emergence of ecological novelty from diverse drivers of change is an increasingly challenging dimension of ecosystem restoration. At the same time, the restorationist's tool kit continues to grow, including a variety of powerful and increasingly prevalent technologies. Thus, ecosystem restoration finds itself at the center of intersecting challenges. How should we respond to increasingly common emergence of environmental system states with little or no historical precedent, whilst considering the appropriate deployment of potentially consequential and largely untested interventions that may give rise to organisms, system states, and/or processes that are likewise without historical precedent? We use the term <i>bionovelty</i> to encapsulate these intersecting themes and examine the implications of bionovelty for ecological restoration.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study established a planning framework for effective small‐scale urban wetland restoration by adapting an analytical template used for watershed‐scale projects. We evaluated the optimal water ponding scale and location for small urban wetland restoration. We calculated the achievable water ponding area in Oyama Wetland, Hokkaido, Japan, by the use of an artificial water supply and elevation differences without reliance on precipitation. The volume of infiltration into the sediments, a component of the water balance equation, was estimated during a temporary suspension of the artificial water supply, and the estimate was then validated by modeling the decrease of the water ponding area from 2008, before the introduction of the artificial water supply, with high reproducibility (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.68). The estimated attainable water ponding area was 1172 m2. We identified where a water ponding location could be most efficiently established through principal component and cluster analyses of groundwater level observation data collected from 2008 to 2010. Areas with high groundwater levels (first axis) and stable groundwater levels (second axis) accounted for approximately 73% of the cumulative contribution ratio. The calculated potentially achievable ponding area was consistent with the area achieved by the actual wetland restoration. This study shows how efficient and safe restoration of urban wetlands can be achieved with a dataset that volunteers and others can obtain independently. Long‐term data analysis using the adapted template allows for clear identification of discrepancies between desired reference conditions and current conditions, facilitating the setting of objectives that promote long‐term monitoring.
{"title":"A data‐based approach to determining the optimal water ponding scale and zone for small urban wetland restoration","authors":"Naohisa Nakashima, Osamu Tsuji, Toshimi Muneoka, Masato Kimura","doi":"10.1111/rec.14154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14154","url":null,"abstract":"This study established a planning framework for effective small‐scale urban wetland restoration by adapting an analytical template used for watershed‐scale projects. We evaluated the optimal water ponding scale and location for small urban wetland restoration. We calculated the achievable water ponding area in Oyama Wetland, Hokkaido, Japan, by the use of an artificial water supply and elevation differences without reliance on precipitation. The volume of infiltration into the sediments, a component of the water balance equation, was estimated during a temporary suspension of the artificial water supply, and the estimate was then validated by modeling the decrease of the water ponding area from 2008, before the introduction of the artificial water supply, with high reproducibility (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.68). The estimated attainable water ponding area was 1172 m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>. We identified where a water ponding location could be most efficiently established through principal component and cluster analyses of groundwater level observation data collected from 2008 to 2010. Areas with high groundwater levels (first axis) and stable groundwater levels (second axis) accounted for approximately 73% of the cumulative contribution ratio. The calculated potentially achievable ponding area was consistent with the area achieved by the actual wetland restoration. This study shows how efficient and safe restoration of urban wetlands can be achieved with a dataset that volunteers and others can obtain independently. Long‐term data analysis using the adapted template allows for clear identification of discrepancies between desired reference conditions and current conditions, facilitating the setting of objectives that promote long‐term monitoring.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Driele S. A. Gonçalves, Patrícia C. Oliveira, Stela R. A. Gonçalves, Fernando A. O. Silveira, Alberto L. Teixido
Knowledge on seed ecology is foundational for effective seed‐based restoration including seedling production, direct seed sowing, topsoil transplant, and natural regeneration. Consequently, quantifying available knowledge and biases in seed‐based research allows practitioners to better plan and implement seed‐based restoration programs and identify research priorities. Using a systematic review comprising 45 papers, 401 species, and 2,415 case studies, we provide an overview of seed ecology research in the Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland. We identified geographic, taxonomic, and ecological biases, as well as knowledge gaps in seed functions including production, dispersal, dormancy, germination, predation, and stress tolerance. Studies concentrated near large cities resulting in extensive unexplored sites in central Pantanal, in Paraguay, and in Bolivia. Unexpectedly, the most studied species were conducted with dry‐fruited, terrestrial forbs, or shrubs with autochoric or zoochoric dispersal syndromes. Seed banks, stress tolerance, and dispersal were the most studied topics, whereas studies on dormancy and seedling establishment remain rare. We also found disproportionate research interest across the angiosperm tree of life with many examples of underrepresented and overrepresented families. Altogether, persistent knowledge gaps in seed‐based research in the Pantanal hinder upscaling restoration programs and consequently the likelihood of achieving the targets of UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration. We propose an integrated agenda consisting of a series of orchestrated actions to overcome such barriers, close biodiversity knowledge shortfalls, and promote successful large‐scale restoration programs in the Pantanal.
{"title":"Seeding the Pantanal: orchestrating research to overcome restoration barriers in the world's largest tropical wetland","authors":"Driele S. A. Gonçalves, Patrícia C. Oliveira, Stela R. A. Gonçalves, Fernando A. O. Silveira, Alberto L. Teixido","doi":"10.1111/rec.14148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14148","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge on seed ecology is foundational for effective seed‐based restoration including seedling production, direct seed sowing, topsoil transplant, and natural regeneration. Consequently, quantifying available knowledge and biases in seed‐based research allows practitioners to better plan and implement seed‐based restoration programs and identify research priorities. Using a systematic review comprising 45 papers, 401 species, and 2,415 case studies, we provide an overview of seed ecology research in the Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland. We identified geographic, taxonomic, and ecological biases, as well as knowledge gaps in seed functions including production, dispersal, dormancy, germination, predation, and stress tolerance. Studies concentrated near large cities resulting in extensive unexplored sites in central Pantanal, in Paraguay, and in Bolivia. Unexpectedly, the most studied species were conducted with dry‐fruited, terrestrial forbs, or shrubs with autochoric or zoochoric dispersal syndromes. Seed banks, stress tolerance, and dispersal were the most studied topics, whereas studies on dormancy and seedling establishment remain rare. We also found disproportionate research interest across the angiosperm tree of life with many examples of underrepresented and overrepresented families. Altogether, persistent knowledge gaps in seed‐based research in the Pantanal hinder upscaling restoration programs and consequently the likelihood of achieving the targets of UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration. We propose an integrated agenda consisting of a series of orchestrated actions to overcome such barriers, close biodiversity knowledge shortfalls, and promote successful large‐scale restoration programs in the Pantanal.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephanie Hernandez, Josh Dorrough, Laure-Elise Ruoso, James Brazill-Boast, Kate Newman, Ian Oliver, Roel Plant
The global trend in offsetting for no-net-loss (NNL) is increasing, focusing on protecting high-condition habitats and restoring degraded ones. Australia's New South Wales (NSW) Biodiversity Offset Scheme (BOS) promotes active restoration (AR; reconstruction of missing ecosystem properties, AR) on offset sites. We examined (1) the adoption of AR under the BOS, and (2) practical constraints and attitudes toward AR. Records of management actions on 138 proposed offset sites revealed that AR was proposed for 19.3% (12,180 ha) of the total offset area (67,310 ha). For areas with a low-moderate condition score (26,528 ha), AR was proposed for only 27.3% (7248 ha), despite these being the areas where it would be most likely to be necessary. A survey of 111 individuals involved in offsetting policy and restoration revealed that while 76% agreed AR was necessary for NNL, financial constraints were seen as a major barrier. A structural equation model indicated that positive attitudes toward AR rules and AR as a social imperative were strongly linked to agreement on the necessity of AR for NNL outcomes. Our results indicate that attitudes could influence the adoption of AR on offset sites, even in cases where policies are explicitly designed to provide financial incentives for AR, as exemplified in the context of NSW.
{"title":"Application and attitudes: active restoration in the context of biodiversity offsetting","authors":"Stephanie Hernandez, Josh Dorrough, Laure-Elise Ruoso, James Brazill-Boast, Kate Newman, Ian Oliver, Roel Plant","doi":"10.1111/rec.14149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14149","url":null,"abstract":"The global trend in offsetting for no-net-loss (NNL) is increasing, focusing on protecting high-condition habitats and restoring degraded ones. Australia's New South Wales (NSW) Biodiversity Offset Scheme (BOS) promotes active restoration (AR; reconstruction of missing ecosystem properties, AR) on offset sites. We examined (1) the adoption of AR under the BOS, and (2) practical constraints and attitudes toward AR. Records of management actions on 138 proposed offset sites revealed that AR was proposed for 19.3% (12,180 ha) of the total offset area (67,310 ha). For areas with a low-moderate condition score (26,528 ha), AR was proposed for only 27.3% (7248 ha), despite these being the areas where it would be most likely to be necessary. A survey of 111 individuals involved in offsetting policy and restoration revealed that while 76% agreed AR was necessary for NNL, financial constraints were seen as a major barrier. A structural equation model indicated that positive attitudes toward AR rules and AR as a social imperative were strongly linked to agreement on the necessity of AR for NNL outcomes. Our results indicate that attitudes could influence the adoption of AR on offset sites, even in cases where policies are explicitly designed to provide financial incentives for AR, as exemplified in the context of NSW.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brynne E. Lazarus, Matthew J. Germino, Marie‐Anne de Graaff
Community‐type conversions, such as replacement of perennials by exotic annual grasses in semiarid desert communities, are occurring due to plant invasions that often create positive plant–soil feedbacks, which favor invaders and make restoration of native perennials difficult. Exotic annual grass control measures, such as pre‐emergent herbicides, can also alter soil ecosystems directly or indirectly (i.e. via the plant community), yet there are few studies on the topic in natural, non‐cropped landscapes. We asked how spray treatments applied to soil post‐fire with the intention of inhibiting invasive annual grasses (such as Bromus tectorum L.) and releasing existing native perennial grasses affected soil resources, a microbial process, and invertebrates in three climatically varied sagebrush steppe sites. Spray treatments included chemical herbicides (imazapic and rimsulfuron) that strongly affected plant communities and a bioherbicide (Pseudomonas fluorescens strain D7) that did not. Chemical herbicides increased soil mineral nitrogen in proportion to their negative effects on plant cover for 2 years after treatments in all sites and increased soil water and net N mineralization (measured at one site) but did not affect total carbon, nitrogen, or organic matter. Invertebrate responses to herbicides varied by site, and invertebrates increased with chemical herbicides at the highest, wettest site. We show that herbicide treatments can exacerbate pulses of mineral nutrients, which previous studies have shown can weaken ecosystem resistance to invasion. Thus, restoration strategies that increase the likelihood that desired plants can capture mineralized nutrients after herbicide application will likely be more successful.
{"title":"Nontarget effects of pre‐emergent herbicides and a bioherbicide on soil resources, processes, and communities","authors":"Brynne E. Lazarus, Matthew J. Germino, Marie‐Anne de Graaff","doi":"10.1111/rec.14140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14140","url":null,"abstract":"Community‐type conversions, such as replacement of perennials by exotic annual grasses in semiarid desert communities, are occurring due to plant invasions that often create positive plant–soil feedbacks, which favor invaders and make restoration of native perennials difficult. Exotic annual grass control measures, such as pre‐emergent herbicides, can also alter soil ecosystems directly or indirectly (i.e. via the plant community), yet there are few studies on the topic in natural, non‐cropped landscapes. We asked how spray treatments applied to soil post‐fire with the intention of inhibiting invasive annual grasses (such as <jats:italic>Bromus tectorum</jats:italic> L.) and releasing existing native perennial grasses affected soil resources, a microbial process, and invertebrates in three climatically varied sagebrush steppe sites. Spray treatments included chemical herbicides (imazapic and rimsulfuron) that strongly affected plant communities and a bioherbicide (<jats:italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</jats:italic> strain D7) that did not. Chemical herbicides increased soil mineral nitrogen in proportion to their negative effects on plant cover for 2 years after treatments in all sites and increased soil water and net N mineralization (measured at one site) but did not affect total carbon, nitrogen, or organic matter. Invertebrate responses to herbicides varied by site, and invertebrates increased with chemical herbicides at the highest, wettest site. We show that herbicide treatments can exacerbate pulses of mineral nutrients, which previous studies have shown can weaken ecosystem resistance to invasion. Thus, restoration strategies that increase the likelihood that desired plants can capture mineralized nutrients after herbicide application will likely be more successful.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brittany P. Wilburn, Kirk Raper, Kenneth B. Raposa, Andrew B. Gray, Thomas J. Mozdzer, Elizabeth B. Watson
Thin layer sediment placement (TLP) is used to build elevation in marshes, counteracting effects of subsidence and sea level rise. However, TLP success may vary due to plant stress associated with reductions in nutrient availability and hydrologic flushing or through the creation of acid sulfate soils. This study examined the influence of sediment grain size and soil amendments on plant growth, soil and porewater characteristics, and greenhouse gas exchange for three key U.S. salt marsh plants: Spartina alterniflora (synonym Sporobolus alterniflorus), Spartina patens (synonym Sporobolus pumilus), and Salicornia pacifica. We found that bioavailable nitrogen concentrations (measured as extractable NH4+‐N) and porewater pH and salinity were inversely related to grain size, while soil redox was more reducing in finer sediments. This suggests that utilizing finer sediments in TLP projects will result in a more reduced environment with higher nutrient availability, while larger grain sized sediments will be better flushed and oxygenated. We further found that grain size had a significant effect on vegetation biomass allocation and rates of gas exchange, although these effects were species‐specific. We found that soil amendments (biochar and compost) did not subsidize plant growth but were associated with increases in soil respiration and methane emissions. Biochar amendments were additionally ineffective in ameliorating acid sulfate conditions. This study uncovers complex interactions between sediment type and vegetation, emphasizing the limitations of soil amendments. The findings aid restoration project managers in making informed decisions regarding sediment type, target vegetation, and soil amendments for successful TLP projects.
{"title":"Promoting success in thin layer sediment placement: effects of sediment grain size and amendments on salt marsh plant growth and greenhouse gas exchange","authors":"Brittany P. Wilburn, Kirk Raper, Kenneth B. Raposa, Andrew B. Gray, Thomas J. Mozdzer, Elizabeth B. Watson","doi":"10.1111/rec.14141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14141","url":null,"abstract":"Thin layer sediment placement (TLP) is used to build elevation in marshes, counteracting effects of subsidence and sea level rise. However, TLP success may vary due to plant stress associated with reductions in nutrient availability and hydrologic flushing or through the creation of acid sulfate soils. This study examined the influence of sediment grain size and soil amendments on plant growth, soil and porewater characteristics, and greenhouse gas exchange for three key U.S. salt marsh plants: <jats:italic>Spartina alterniflora</jats:italic> (synonym <jats:italic>Sporobolus alterniflorus</jats:italic>), <jats:italic>Spartina patens</jats:italic> (synonym <jats:italic>Sporobolus pumilus</jats:italic>), and <jats:italic>Salicornia pacifica.</jats:italic> We found that bioavailable nitrogen concentrations (measured as extractable NH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub><jats:sup>+</jats:sup>‐N) and porewater pH and salinity were inversely related to grain size, while soil redox was more reducing in finer sediments. This suggests that utilizing finer sediments in TLP projects will result in a more reduced environment with higher nutrient availability, while larger grain sized sediments will be better flushed and oxygenated. We further found that grain size had a significant effect on vegetation biomass allocation and rates of gas exchange, although these effects were species‐specific. We found that soil amendments (biochar and compost) did not subsidize plant growth but were associated with increases in soil respiration and methane emissions. Biochar amendments were additionally ineffective in ameliorating acid sulfate conditions. This study uncovers complex interactions between sediment type and vegetation, emphasizing the limitations of soil amendments. The findings aid restoration project managers in making informed decisions regarding sediment type, target vegetation, and soil amendments for successful TLP projects.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elisa Brewster‐Salmones, Juan Manuel Díaz‐García, Fabiola López‐Barrera
Direct sowing of acorns is a technique for oak forest restoration, however, high seed predation by mammals can occur and cost‐effective alternatives to protect acorns are therefore required. The present study evaluated the protection provided by chili peppers (Capsicum annuum and Capsicum pubescens) to acorns of Quercus germana, an endangered endemic oak tree of the cloud forests. Greenhouse and field experiments were established to evaluate the effect of chili peppers on acorn removal, germination, and seedling emergence. These processes were related to the prevalent microhabitat characteristics where the acorns were introduced, and the fauna that consumed chili peppers and acorns was identified using camera traps. In the greenhouse trial, more seedlings emerged from acorns covered by fruits of C. pubescens (65.71 ± 8.14) and C. annuum (57.14 ± 8.49%) compared to unprotected acorns (31.43 ± 7.96%). Contrary to expectation, acorn removal in the field was greater using C. pubescens than the unprotected acorns, particularly in microsites with lower tree cover and higher grass dominance. Acorn removal was similar to chili pepper treatments. These results are explained by the camera trap records, which showed bird species consuming Capsicum fruits, thus exposing the acorns to subsequent removal and/or consumption by rodents. The studied Capsicum fruits had no negative effect on acorn germination and seedling emergence under greenhouse conditions, and future practices could, therefore, involve the use of different techniques to prevent the discovery of chili peppers by birds; for example, using green chili peppers for camouflage, or hiding them under litter or herbaceous vegetation.
直接播种橡子是恢复橡树林的一项技术，但哺乳动物会大量捕食种子，因此需要成本效益高的替代品来保护橡子。本研究评估了辣椒（Capsicum annuum 和 Capsicum pubescens）对云雾林中濒危特有橡树 Quercus germana 橡子的保护作用。通过温室和田间试验，评估了辣椒对橡子脱落、发芽和出苗的影响。这些过程与引入橡子的地方普遍存在的微生境特征有关，并使用相机陷阱识别了食用辣椒和橡子的动物。在温室试验中，与未受保护的橡子（31.43 ± 7.96%）相比，被 C. pubescens（65.71 ± 8.14）和 C. annuum（57.14 ± 8.49%）果实覆盖的橡子出苗更多。与预期相反，在田间使用 C. pubescens 的橡子去除率高于未受保护的橡子，特别是在树木覆盖率较低和草地较多的微地。橡子清除率与辣椒处理相似。这些结果可以用相机陷阱记录来解释，相机陷阱记录显示鸟类消耗辣椒果实，从而使橡子随后被啮齿动物清除和/或消耗。在温室条件下，所研究的辣椒果实对橡子的发芽和幼苗的萌发没有负面影响，因此，未来的做法可能包括使用不同的技术来防止辣椒被鸟类发现；例如，使用绿色辣椒进行伪装，或将辣椒藏在乱石堆或草本植物下。
{"title":"Spicing up oak forest restoration: a preliminary report of the protective use of chili peppers in direct seeding of acorns","authors":"Elisa Brewster‐Salmones, Juan Manuel Díaz‐García, Fabiola López‐Barrera","doi":"10.1111/rec.14146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14146","url":null,"abstract":"Direct sowing of acorns is a technique for oak forest restoration, however, high seed predation by mammals can occur and cost‐effective alternatives to protect acorns are therefore required. The present study evaluated the protection provided by chili peppers (<jats:italic>Capsicum annuum</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Capsicum pubescens</jats:italic>) to acorns <jats:italic>of Quercus germana</jats:italic>, an endangered endemic oak tree of the cloud forests. Greenhouse and field experiments were established to evaluate the effect of chili peppers on acorn removal, germination, and seedling emergence. These processes were related to the prevalent microhabitat characteristics where the acorns were introduced, and the fauna that consumed chili peppers and acorns was identified using camera traps. In the greenhouse trial, more seedlings emerged from acorns covered by fruits of <jats:italic>C. pubescens</jats:italic> (65.71 ± 8.14) and <jats:italic>C. annuum</jats:italic> (57.14 ± 8.49%) compared to unprotected acorns (31.43 ± 7.96%). Contrary to expectation, acorn removal in the field was greater using <jats:italic>C. pubescens</jats:italic> than the unprotected acorns, particularly in microsites with lower tree cover and higher grass dominance. Acorn removal was similar to chili pepper treatments. These results are explained by the camera trap records, which showed bird species consuming <jats:italic>Capsicum</jats:italic> fruits, thus exposing the acorns to subsequent removal and/or consumption by rodents. The studied <jats:italic>Capsicum</jats:italic> fruits had no negative effect on acorn germination and seedling emergence under greenhouse conditions, and future practices could, therefore, involve the use of different techniques to prevent the discovery of chili peppers by birds; for example, using green chili peppers for camouflage, or hiding them under litter or herbaceous vegetation.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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