Gregory A. Cooper, Gabrielle A. Bolwerk, A. Joshua Leffler, Lora B. Perkins
Seed‐based restoration is dependent on seed germination, and poor germination can cause restoration failure. Many restoration failures can be attributed to a lack of knowledge of germination characteristics, species‐specific seed dormancy, or the effects of widely used herbicides on germination. White penstemon (Penstemon albidus) and Waxleaf penstemon (P. nitidus) are native to the Northern Great Plains region of North America, and increased germination of these species would contribute to improved restoration in the region. We performed two concurrent experiments to determine: (1) the germination requirements and dormancy class of these species; and (2) the effects of herbicides on germination. To determine germination requirements, we applied pretreatments (scarification, smoke, and KNO3) and three durations (2, 4, and 8 weeks) of cold and warm stratification. To test the effects of herbicides on germination, three commonly used herbicides (atrazine, trifluralin, and 2,4‐D) were applied at six concentrations (100, 50, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0% of the recommended field application rate). Germination characteristics indicate both species express physiological dormancy. Physiological dormancy denotes an embryo with low growth potential that is unable to overcome mechanical constraints but can be alleviated with proper temperature cues. Both species required cold stratification, with P. nitidus needing a longer period (8 weeks) than P. albidus (4 weeks). Final germination percentage of P. albidus decreased with higher doses of 2,4‐D but was not affected by atrazine or trifluralin. These experiments help to create protocol for the use of our study species, as well as other species, in restoration plantings.
以种子为基础的恢复工作取决于种子的萌发，萌发不良会导致恢复失败。许多恢复失败的原因可能是缺乏对萌芽特性的了解、物种特有的种子休眠或广泛使用的除草剂对萌芽的影响。白花五步蛇（Penstemon albidus）和蜡叶五步蛇（P. nitidus）原产于北美北部大平原地区，提高这些物种的发芽率将有助于改善该地区的恢复工作。我们同时进行了两项实验，以确定：(1) 这些物种的发芽要求和休眠等级；(2) 除草剂对发芽的影响。为了确定萌芽要求，我们进行了预处理（除痕、烟熏和 KNO3）和三种持续时间（2、4 和 8 周）的冷暖分层。为了测试除草剂对发芽的影响，我们施用了六种浓度的常用除草剂（阿特拉津、氟乐灵和 2,4-D）（建议田间施用量的 100%、50%、10%、1%、0.1% 和 0%）。发芽特征表明这两种植物都表现出生理休眠。生理休眠是指胚胎生长潜力低，无法克服机械限制，但可以通过适当的温度提示来缓解。两个物种都需要低温分层，其中 P. nitidus 需要的时间（8 周）比 P. albidus（4 周）长。2,4-D的剂量越高，白花前胡的最终发芽率越低，但阿特拉津或三氟拉林对其没有影响。这些实验有助于为我们研究的物种以及其他物种在恢复性种植中的使用制定规程。
{"title":"Seed dormancy, germination requirements, and implications of herbicides for Penstemon albidus and P. nitidus","authors":"Gregory A. Cooper, Gabrielle A. Bolwerk, A. Joshua Leffler, Lora B. Perkins","doi":"10.1111/rec.14228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14228","url":null,"abstract":"Seed‐based restoration is dependent on seed germination, and poor germination can cause restoration failure. Many restoration failures can be attributed to a lack of knowledge of germination characteristics, species‐specific seed dormancy, or the effects of widely used herbicides on germination. White penstemon (<jats:italic>Penstemon albidus</jats:italic>) and Waxleaf penstemon (<jats:italic>P. nitidus</jats:italic>) are native to the Northern Great Plains region of North America, and increased germination of these species would contribute to improved restoration in the region. We performed two concurrent experiments to determine: (1) the germination requirements and dormancy class of these species; and (2) the effects of herbicides on germination. To determine germination requirements, we applied pretreatments (scarification, smoke, and KNO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>) and three durations (2, 4, and 8 weeks) of cold and warm stratification. To test the effects of herbicides on germination, three commonly used herbicides (atrazine, trifluralin, and 2,4‐D) were applied at six concentrations (100, 50, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0% of the recommended field application rate). Germination characteristics indicate both species express physiological dormancy. Physiological dormancy denotes an embryo with low growth potential that is unable to overcome mechanical constraints but can be alleviated with proper temperature cues. Both species required cold stratification, with <jats:italic>P. nitidus</jats:italic> needing a longer period (8 weeks) than <jats:italic>P. albidus</jats:italic> (4 weeks). Final germination percentage of <jats:italic>P. albidus</jats:italic> decreased with higher doses of 2,4‐D but was not affected by atrazine or trifluralin. These experiments help to create protocol for the use of our study species, as well as other species, in restoration plantings.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141573028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pamela L. Nagler, Ibrahima Sall, Martha M. Gómez‐Sapiens, Karl W. Flessa, Armando Barreto‐Muñoz, Kamel Didan
Along Mexico's arid Colorado River Delta, the riparian corridor lacks water due to a reduction in frequent flows, climate change, human infrastructure, and altered riparian landcover from disturbances to invasive species, fire, and high soil and water salinities, which have led to declines in riparian plant health in recent decades. Restoration efforts focusing on small plots have successfully revitalized habitat, which is the motivation for this research. Accurate estimations of water use by riparian vegetation are crucial in arid environments, where measuring actual evapotranspiration (ETa) poses a significant challenge in these narrow corridors. This study utilizes field‐validated remote sensing techniques to quantify ETa at restoration sites. Our methods are twofold; we use the Landsat‐8 two‐band Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI2) to monitor changes in vegetation greenness—a proxy of plant health—and we integrate EVI2 with potential evapotranspiration (ET) to calculate ETa. Our findings reveal a notable increase in vegetation greenness within the restoration sites over 9 years, with an average increase of 41.3%. Conversely, greenness in adjacent, unrestored control areas declined by 27.3%. The study also indicates a 22.1% increase in ETa in the restored areas, compared to a 30.8% reduction in the unrestored regions. Restored sites in reach 4 experienced ETa increases ranging from 9.2 to 12.2%, whereas their unrestored counterparts show a decline of 21.4%. Valuable estimates are provided of riparian greenness and water use that may assist natural resource managers who are tasked with allocating water and managing habitats within similar riparian corridors.
{"title":"Effect of water delivery and irrigation for riparian restoration in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico","authors":"Pamela L. Nagler, Ibrahima Sall, Martha M. Gómez‐Sapiens, Karl W. Flessa, Armando Barreto‐Muñoz, Kamel Didan","doi":"10.1111/rec.14226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14226","url":null,"abstract":"Along Mexico's arid Colorado River Delta, the riparian corridor lacks water due to a reduction in frequent flows, climate change, human infrastructure, and altered riparian landcover from disturbances to invasive species, fire, and high soil and water salinities, which have led to declines in riparian plant health in recent decades. Restoration efforts focusing on small plots have successfully revitalized habitat, which is the motivation for this research. Accurate estimations of water use by riparian vegetation are crucial in arid environments, where measuring actual evapotranspiration (ETa) poses a significant challenge in these narrow corridors. This study utilizes field‐validated remote sensing techniques to quantify ETa at restoration sites. Our methods are twofold; we use the Landsat‐8 two‐band Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI2) to monitor changes in vegetation greenness—a proxy of plant health—and we integrate EVI2 with potential evapotranspiration (ET) to calculate ETa. Our findings reveal a notable increase in vegetation greenness within the restoration sites over 9 years, with an average increase of 41.3%. Conversely, greenness in adjacent, unrestored control areas declined by 27.3%. The study also indicates a 22.1% increase in ETa in the restored areas, compared to a 30.8% reduction in the unrestored regions. Restored sites in reach 4 experienced ETa increases ranging from 9.2 to 12.2%, whereas their unrestored counterparts show a decline of 21.4%. Valuable estimates are provided of riparian greenness and water use that may assist natural resource managers who are tasked with allocating water and managing habitats within similar riparian corridors.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141550233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lydia N. Bailey, Anita Antoninka, Lara Kobelt, Boris Poff, Matthew A. Bowker
Dryland degradation is a global problem, destabilizing ecosystems and disrupting coupled human‐natural systems in arid regions. Degradation, caused by livestock grazing, wildfire, vehicles, construction, climate perturbances, and other surface disturbances, open space for invasive plants to establish while damaging soils, biological soil crusts (biocrusts), and vascular plant communities. Due to the scale of invasive plant infestations and the cost of mechanical control, invasive plants are commonly treated with herbicides, but little is known about the consequences of herbicides on biocrust. Biocrusts are communities of biota that aggregate the soil surface and provide ecosystem services, including mitigating soil erosion and fixing nitrogen, making biocrust a promising and emerging tool to counteract degradation. To test biocrust compatibility with standard herbicide treatments, we conducted a organisms (mosses and the lichens Placidium/Clavascidium and Enchylium). We found that response varied based on the herbicide mechanistic family, with the magnitude of response varying for biocrust organisms. Mosses treated with amino acid disrupters (glyphosate and imazapic) had 65–75% less health tissue area than controls after 3 months. Surprisingly, mosses treated with synthetic auxins (2,4‐D and aminopyralid) had a similar or slightly greater healthy area. Blue dye and surfactants had no effect on any tested biocrust organism. This greenhouse study suggests that through careful selection of herbicides, biocrust restoration could be simultaneously used with herbicide treatments of invasive plants to improve soil health.
{"title":"Identifying herbicides compatible with biological soil crusts for land management: effects differ by mechanistic family","authors":"Lydia N. Bailey, Anita Antoninka, Lara Kobelt, Boris Poff, Matthew A. Bowker","doi":"10.1111/rec.14227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14227","url":null,"abstract":"Dryland degradation is a global problem, destabilizing ecosystems and disrupting coupled human‐natural systems in arid regions. Degradation, caused by livestock grazing, wildfire, vehicles, construction, climate perturbances, and other surface disturbances, open space for invasive plants to establish while damaging soils, biological soil crusts (biocrusts), and vascular plant communities. Due to the scale of invasive plant infestations and the cost of mechanical control, invasive plants are commonly treated with herbicides, but little is known about the consequences of herbicides on biocrust. Biocrusts are communities of biota that aggregate the soil surface and provide ecosystem services, including mitigating soil erosion and fixing nitrogen, making biocrust a promising and emerging tool to counteract degradation. To test biocrust compatibility with standard herbicide treatments, we conducted a organisms (mosses and the lichens <jats:italic>Placidium</jats:italic>/<jats:italic>Clavascidium</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Enchylium</jats:italic>). We found that response varied based on the herbicide mechanistic family, with the magnitude of response varying for biocrust organisms. Mosses treated with amino acid disrupters (glyphosate and imazapic) had 65–75% less health tissue area than controls after 3 months. Surprisingly, mosses treated with synthetic auxins (2,4‐D and aminopyralid) had a similar or slightly greater healthy area. Blue dye and surfactants had no effect on any tested biocrust organism. This greenhouse study suggests that through careful selection of herbicides, biocrust restoration could be simultaneously used with herbicide treatments of invasive plants to improve soil health.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141552994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mathias Adam, David J. Cooper, Renaud Jaunatre, Jean‐Christophe Clément, Stephanie Gaucherand
Worldwide wetland loss over the past 50 years has made wetland conservation a public policy priority, leading to an increase in wetland restoration programs. However, predicting long‐term restoration outcomes remains difficult. The monitoring of these programs rarely exceeds 5–10 years, forcing wetland managers to rely on short‐term success criteria that may be criticized by the scientific community. Our objective was to assess the significance of four short‐term success criteria (Carex ssp. shoot density, Salix ssp. survival, invasive species cover, and hydrologic dissimilarity to reference sites) used in a restoration program of 12 wetlands monitored for 5 years post‐restoration in predicting restoration outcomes 15 years post‐restoration. We defined the success of restoration efforts after 15 years using a cluster analysis‐based approach, and the clusters were described using principal coordinate analysis and Tukey's post hoc honest significant difference test. Finally, we assessed the pertinence of each short‐term success criteria in predicting long‐term restoration outcomes using Pearson correlation tests and spatial regressive models. Our results demonstrate that stress‐based short‐term success criteria can be reliable predictors of longer‐term success for communities with shallow water tables, whereas target‐species‐based short‐term success criteria are not. Hydrologic dissimilarity to the reference site was appropriate for willow‐sedge community outcome predictions, while invasive species cover was best for sedge community outcome predictions. For communities in drier habitats, such as the willow‐herb community, none of the tested short‐term success criteria were significant predictors of long‐term restoration outcomes, and further research is required to identify suitable short‐term success criteria.
{"title":"Wetland restoration: can short‐term success criteria predict long‐term outcomes?","authors":"Mathias Adam, David J. Cooper, Renaud Jaunatre, Jean‐Christophe Clément, Stephanie Gaucherand","doi":"10.1111/rec.14231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14231","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide wetland loss over the past 50 years has made wetland conservation a public policy priority, leading to an increase in wetland restoration programs. However, predicting long‐term restoration outcomes remains difficult. The monitoring of these programs rarely exceeds 5–10 years, forcing wetland managers to rely on short‐term success criteria that may be criticized by the scientific community. Our objective was to assess the significance of four short‐term success criteria (<jats:italic>Carex</jats:italic> ssp. shoot density, <jats:italic>Salix</jats:italic> ssp. survival, invasive species cover, and hydrologic dissimilarity to reference sites) used in a restoration program of 12 wetlands monitored for 5 years post‐restoration in predicting restoration outcomes 15 years post‐restoration. We defined the success of restoration efforts after 15 years using a cluster analysis‐based approach, and the clusters were described using principal coordinate analysis and Tukey's post hoc honest significant difference test. Finally, we assessed the pertinence of each short‐term success criteria in predicting long‐term restoration outcomes using Pearson correlation tests and spatial regressive models. Our results demonstrate that stress‐based short‐term success criteria can be reliable predictors of longer‐term success for communities with shallow water tables, whereas target‐species‐based short‐term success criteria are not. Hydrologic dissimilarity to the reference site was appropriate for willow‐sedge community outcome predictions, while invasive species cover was best for sedge community outcome predictions. For communities in drier habitats, such as the willow‐herb community, none of the tested short‐term success criteria were significant predictors of long‐term restoration outcomes, and further research is required to identify suitable short‐term success criteria.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141550234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Restoration researchers and practitioners alike advocate for novel restoration approaches, informed by ecological theories and principles, to enhance the likelihood of meeting restoration goals. Forested wetland restoration has historically focused on creating abiotic conditions that support the tolerance thresholds of desired species, but the stress gradient hypothesis provides guidance for potential new strategies that use biotic interactions to ameliorate stressful abiotic conditions. In this study, we tested whether multi‐species planting approaches can be used to enhance the survival and growth of a target restoration tree species, Bald cypress, along multiple abiotic gradients. We conducted a fully factorial controlled greenhouse experiment which manipulated above‐ and belowground interactions between two species (Bald cypress and Soft rush), as well as light availability and depth of inundation. Our findings showed that co‐planting Bald cypress seedlings with Soft rush did not increase tree biomass production or growth metrics (e.g. stem height and leaf area) under any exposed stress combination. Importantly, we found that full‐sun irradiance negatively impacted functional traits associated with the tree seedlings' health and ability to photosynthesize. Our findings are important for consideration by practitioners as light is rarely the focus of wetland ecosystem restoration and degraded forested wetlands or restoration sites often have open canopies.
{"title":"Can multi‐species plantings alleviate abiotic stressors to enhance Bald cypress restoration?","authors":"Victoria S. Ellis, Taylor M. Sloey","doi":"10.1111/rec.14215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14215","url":null,"abstract":"Restoration researchers and practitioners alike advocate for novel restoration approaches, informed by ecological theories and principles, to enhance the likelihood of meeting restoration goals. Forested wetland restoration has historically focused on creating abiotic conditions that support the tolerance thresholds of desired species, but the stress gradient hypothesis provides guidance for potential new strategies that use biotic interactions to ameliorate stressful abiotic conditions. In this study, we tested whether multi‐species planting approaches can be used to enhance the survival and growth of a target restoration tree species, Bald cypress, along multiple abiotic gradients. We conducted a fully factorial controlled greenhouse experiment which manipulated above‐ and belowground interactions between two species (Bald cypress and Soft rush), as well as light availability and depth of inundation. Our findings showed that co‐planting Bald cypress seedlings with Soft rush did not increase tree biomass production or growth metrics (e.g. stem height and leaf area) under any exposed stress combination. Importantly, we found that full‐sun irradiance negatively impacted functional traits associated with the tree seedlings' health and ability to photosynthesize. Our findings are important for consideration by practitioners as light is rarely the focus of wetland ecosystem restoration and degraded forested wetlands or restoration sites often have open canopies.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The frequency of severe wildfires is on the rise in the Mediterranean Basin as a result of climate change and land abandonment. Recurrent wildfires may retard or impede ecosystem recovery, frequently requiring the implementation of restoration practices. In that context, a post‐fire deer exclusion experiment was conducted in a Mediterranean mixed forest ecosystem with high population densities of deer species (Fallow deer and Red deer). A deer exclusion area was established as a form of restoration intervention to promote post‐fire vegetation recovery. We surveyed plant species during the second and third springs after fire in both deer‐excluded and deer‐allowed areas in order to detect changes in the community. We analyzed the plant species composition, species diversity, and structure of herbaceous and woody plant communities. We also compared the frequency of annual and perennial herb species, functional groups, and post‐fire plant regeneration strategies. The main differences were due to differences between springs rather than of deer‐excluded and deer‐allowed plots. Deer consumed both woody and herbaceous species, favoring the assemblage of herbaceous over woody species. Deer favored the establishment of annual forbs, including unpalatable and/or exotic species, while limiting the abundance of graminoids. Observed deer impacts could have been magnified during the second spring by a drought. Our study demonstrates that deer exclusion can be an effective restoration practice for promoting post‐fire herbaceous regeneration in forests with significant densities of wild ungulates, although seasonal effects may override restoration practice effects.
{"title":"Deer exclusion is necessary to promote post‐fire herbaceous regeneration in the understorey of a Mediterranean forest","authors":"Andreu Cera, Miguel N. Bugalho, Filipe X. Catry","doi":"10.1111/rec.14208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14208","url":null,"abstract":"The frequency of severe wildfires is on the rise in the Mediterranean Basin as a result of climate change and land abandonment. Recurrent wildfires may retard or impede ecosystem recovery, frequently requiring the implementation of restoration practices. In that context, a post‐fire deer exclusion experiment was conducted in a Mediterranean mixed forest ecosystem with high population densities of deer species (Fallow deer and Red deer). A deer exclusion area was established as a form of restoration intervention to promote post‐fire vegetation recovery. We surveyed plant species during the second and third springs after fire in both deer‐excluded and deer‐allowed areas in order to detect changes in the community. We analyzed the plant species composition, species diversity, and structure of herbaceous and woody plant communities. We also compared the frequency of annual and perennial herb species, functional groups, and post‐fire plant regeneration strategies. The main differences were due to differences between springs rather than of deer‐excluded and deer‐allowed plots. Deer consumed both woody and herbaceous species, favoring the assemblage of herbaceous over woody species. Deer favored the establishment of annual forbs, including unpalatable and/or exotic species, while limiting the abundance of graminoids. Observed deer impacts could have been magnified during the second spring by a drought. Our study demonstrates that deer exclusion can be an effective restoration practice for promoting post‐fire herbaceous regeneration in forests with significant densities of wild ungulates, although seasonal effects may override restoration practice effects.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pre‐emergent herbicides can reduce the abundance of invasive annual plants, but they can also harm native plants, particularly annuals or perennial seedlings, including seeds planted during restoration. We assessed the effects of imazapic and indaziflam on invasive target and nontarget native plants in the Great Basin, a region with extensive invasive annual grasses. We tested nontarget effects on native annual forbs in an agricultural field previously used to grow native annual forbs, which contained a large seed bank. We seeded perennial grass (Elymus elymoides) at multiple depths to determine susceptibility and resistance. Herbicides were applied at full and reduced rates to mimic the effect of litter in natural systems. We observed reductions in most non‐native species in all treatments, but also extensive reductions of native annual forbs, although these were offset at lower application rates, and some species (e.g. Amsinckia tessellata and Microsteris gracilis) were less susceptible than others. Herbicides, particularly indaziflam, reduced E. elymoides emergence, but planting seeds at 2–3 cm depths improved emergence, particularly for imazapic, with 15–68% greater emergence than seeds planted at 1 cm. We suggest surveys for native annual forbs and resistant invaders before applying herbicides and field testing to determine whether reduced rates could provide weed control while maintaining annual forbs. We suggest planting E. elymoides at 2–3 cm when applying herbicides, an approach that may be effective for other species. Herbicide use can be an effective tool, but our results indicate that mitigation of nontarget effects will be needed to maintain native plant diversity.
萌芽前除草剂可以减少入侵一年生植物的数量，但也会伤害本地植物，尤其是一年生或多年生幼苗，包括在恢复期间种植的种子。我们评估了咪鲜胺和茚虫威对大盆地入侵目标植物和非目标本地植物的影响，该地区有大量入侵的一年生禾本科植物。我们在一块曾用于种植本地一年生草本植物的农田中测试了非目标植物对本地一年生草本植物的影响，这块农田中有大量的种子库。我们在多个深度播种了多年生草（Elymus elymoides），以确定其敏感性和抗性。除草剂的施用量为全量和减量，以模拟自然系统中垃圾的影响。我们观察到，在所有处理中，大多数非本地物种的数量都有所减少，但本地一年生草本植物的数量也有大量减少，不过在施用量较低时，这些减少的数量会被抵消，而且有些物种（如 Amsinckia tessellata 和 Microsteris gracilis）对除草剂的敏感性低于其他物种。除草剂，尤其是茚虫威，会降低 E. elymoides 的出苗率，但在 2-3 厘米深处播种会提高出苗率，尤其是咪鲜胺，其出苗率比在 1 厘米处播种的种子高 15-68% 。我们建议在施用除草剂前调查本地一年生草本植物和抗性入侵植物，并进行实地测试，以确定降低用药量是否能在控制杂草的同时保留一年生草本植物。我们建议在施用除草剂时，在 2-3 厘米处种植 E. elymoides，这种方法可能对其他物种有效。使用除草剂可能是一种有效的工具，但我们的研究结果表明，要保持本地植物的多样性，就必须减轻非目标影响。
{"title":"Nontarget effects of herbicides on annual forbs and seeded grass in the Great Basin, United States, are partially offset by planting depth and application rate","authors":"Laura C. Shriver, John Tull, Elizabeth A. Leger","doi":"10.1111/rec.14218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14218","url":null,"abstract":"Pre‐emergent herbicides can reduce the abundance of invasive annual plants, but they can also harm native plants, particularly annuals or perennial seedlings, including seeds planted during restoration. We assessed the effects of imazapic and indaziflam on invasive target and nontarget native plants in the Great Basin, a region with extensive invasive annual grasses. We tested nontarget effects on native annual forbs in an agricultural field previously used to grow native annual forbs, which contained a large seed bank. We seeded perennial grass (<jats:italic>Elymus elymoides</jats:italic>) at multiple depths to determine susceptibility and resistance. Herbicides were applied at full and reduced rates to mimic the effect of litter in natural systems. We observed reductions in most non‐native species in all treatments, but also extensive reductions of native annual forbs, although these were offset at lower application rates, and some species (e.g. <jats:italic>Amsinckia tessellata</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Microsteris gracilis</jats:italic>) were less susceptible than others. Herbicides, particularly indaziflam, reduced <jats:italic>E. elymoides</jats:italic> emergence, but planting seeds at 2–3 cm depths improved emergence, particularly for imazapic, with 15–68% greater emergence than seeds planted at 1 cm. We suggest surveys for native annual forbs and resistant invaders before applying herbicides and field testing to determine whether reduced rates could provide weed control while maintaining annual forbs. We suggest planting <jats:italic>E. elymoides</jats:italic> at 2–3 cm when applying herbicides, an approach that may be effective for other species. Herbicide use can be an effective tool, but our results indicate that mitigation of nontarget effects will be needed to maintain native plant diversity.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tree hollows are an important resource for cavity‐nesting birdlife. When large, old trees are removed from a landscape, nest boxes are often installed as part of restoration efforts to replace lost natural cavities. If nest boxes are to be successful conservation tools, non‐target species, particularly competitive and predatory species, need to be prevented from entering nest boxes. Several different modifications to nest boxes aimed at excluding non‐target species have been trialed in previous studies. We tested the effectiveness of reducing the entrance diameter of nest boxes to exclude non‐target species in Southeast Queensland, Australia. We used restrictor plates to reduce the entrance diameter of nest boxes from 90 to 60 and 50 mm and compared the wildlife occupancy of nest boxes with these three entrance diameters. We found that Common brushtail possums, a predator of cavity‐nesting birds and eggs, were significantly less likely to occupy nest boxes with reduced entrance diameters and were excluded from nest boxes with a 50‐mm entrance diameter. Squirrel gliders occupied nest boxes with all three entrance diameters. Introduced species, namely the Common myna and the European honeybee, also occupied nest boxes with restrictor plates. Installation of nest boxes with reduced entrance diameters is a simple and effective strategy to exclude brushtail possums from nest boxes. However, a reduced entrance diameter cannot exclude other non‐target species, and we suggest that other exclusion strategies should be used in conjunction with reduced entrance diameters to increase the occupation of nest boxes by native birds.
{"title":"Reducing nest box entrance diameter impacts mammal occupancy","authors":"Alexander Hendry, Andrew M. Rogers, Salit Kark","doi":"10.1111/rec.14211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14211","url":null,"abstract":"Tree hollows are an important resource for cavity‐nesting birdlife. When large, old trees are removed from a landscape, nest boxes are often installed as part of restoration efforts to replace lost natural cavities. If nest boxes are to be successful conservation tools, non‐target species, particularly competitive and predatory species, need to be prevented from entering nest boxes. Several different modifications to nest boxes aimed at excluding non‐target species have been trialed in previous studies. We tested the effectiveness of reducing the entrance diameter of nest boxes to exclude non‐target species in Southeast Queensland, Australia. We used restrictor plates to reduce the entrance diameter of nest boxes from 90 to 60 and 50 mm and compared the wildlife occupancy of nest boxes with these three entrance diameters. We found that Common brushtail possums, a predator of cavity‐nesting birds and eggs, were significantly less likely to occupy nest boxes with reduced entrance diameters and were excluded from nest boxes with a 50‐mm entrance diameter. Squirrel gliders occupied nest boxes with all three entrance diameters. Introduced species, namely the Common myna and the European honeybee, also occupied nest boxes with restrictor plates. Installation of nest boxes with reduced entrance diameters is a simple and effective strategy to exclude brushtail possums from nest boxes. However, a reduced entrance diameter cannot exclude other non‐target species, and we suggest that other exclusion strategies should be used in conjunction with reduced entrance diameters to increase the occupation of nest boxes by native birds.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141532646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedro G. Pañella, Anaclara Guido, Marcelo Pereira, Felipe Lezama
Current trends in agricultural intensification lead to degraded grasslands, requiring their restoration through native species reintroduction. Various techniques are available for harvesting seeds from donor sites. However, little is known about their performance in South American C3/C4 mixed grasslands, where studies are scarce. Their particular species composition and phenology, with different flowering periods, require specific harvest strategies. We evaluated mechanical seed harvest in a northern Uruguay grassland, part of Río de la Plata grasslands. Performance of two mechanical harvest methods (seed‐stripper and dry hay) was compared in two harvest seasons (late‐spring and mid‐summer). The evaluation considered the quantity and identity of harvested seeds, and their germination in a greenhouse. Hand collections were made to assess standing seed yield. For each seed mixture, efficiency of mechanical harvests (number of seeds and seedlings compared to hand collection), proportion of germinated seeds, species transfer relative to donor site, and composition were calculated. Results revealed trade‐offs between harvests: seed‐stripper in late‐spring presented low seed collection efficiency (2% for seeds, 5% for seedlings) and species richness (43% transfer), but high seed germination (64%), showing selectivity toward winter species; seed‐stripper in mid‐summer and dry hay in both seasons showed high seed collection efficiency (42–154% for seeds, 26–50% for seedlings) and species richness (65–80% transfer), resembling donor site, albeit lower seed germination (9–20%). Seed‐stripper performance varied between seasons, while dry hay remained consistently effective. These results are pioneering for grassland restoration in Uruguay, encouraging future studies to focus on establishment in the field.
{"title":"First steps in restoring Río de la Plata grasslands: the importance of harvest method and season","authors":"Pedro G. Pañella, Anaclara Guido, Marcelo Pereira, Felipe Lezama","doi":"10.1111/rec.14219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14219","url":null,"abstract":"Current trends in agricultural intensification lead to degraded grasslands, requiring their restoration through native species reintroduction. Various techniques are available for harvesting seeds from donor sites. However, little is known about their performance in South American C<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>/C<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> mixed grasslands, where studies are scarce. Their particular species composition and phenology, with different flowering periods, require specific harvest strategies. We evaluated mechanical seed harvest in a northern Uruguay grassland, part of Río de la Plata grasslands. Performance of two mechanical harvest methods (seed‐stripper and dry hay) was compared in two harvest seasons (late‐spring and mid‐summer). The evaluation considered the quantity and identity of harvested seeds, and their germination in a greenhouse. Hand collections were made to assess standing seed yield. For each seed mixture, efficiency of mechanical harvests (number of seeds and seedlings compared to hand collection), proportion of germinated seeds, species transfer relative to donor site, and composition were calculated. Results revealed trade‐offs between harvests: seed‐stripper in late‐spring presented low seed collection efficiency (2% for seeds, 5% for seedlings) and species richness (43% transfer), but high seed germination (64%), showing selectivity toward winter species; seed‐stripper in mid‐summer and dry hay in both seasons showed high seed collection efficiency (42–154% for seeds, 26–50% for seedlings) and species richness (65–80% transfer), resembling donor site, albeit lower seed germination (9–20%). Seed‐stripper performance varied between seasons, while dry hay remained consistently effective. These results are pioneering for grassland restoration in Uruguay, encouraging future studies to focus on establishment in the field.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141519272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Just, Bradley Albert, Simone Pedrini, Shane Turner, Kingsley Dixon
This study investigates the germination requirements of 12 plant species native to the Argyle region of the east Kimberley, a biodiverse monsoonal tropical region characterized by high temperatures, high evaporation, and episodic seasonal rainfall. The research involved quality assessment of mature seeds, followed by dormancy alleviation and laboratory‐based germination to determine the responses of seeds to a range of temperatures (5–40°C) in terms of germination speed (T10), mean germination time, and maximum germination proportion. Data were then modeled to calculate the optimal temperature to support germination for each species. The results showed that germination rapidly commences in response to a wide range of temperatures typical of the wet season (November–February) in the east Kimberley, though germination for most species was still high (>50%) after exposure to temperatures as low as 15°C. Mean optimal temperature for germination across all species was 25.8 ± 1.5°C, with minimal variation between most species, the exception being Dodonaea physocarpa, which preferred cooler temperatures (Topt = 14.0°C). The speed of germination was also rapid (T10 = 1–3 days) across all species at the optimal germination temperature. The findings suggest that temperature is not a limiting factor for germination in this region and that the onset and intensity of the wet season are the most significant factors determining successful germination, emergence, and seedling establishment. The study underscores the importance of species‐specific understanding of environmental temperatures required for seed germination in seed‐based restoration efforts and informs the planning of direct seeding works, thus enhancing restoration outcomes.
{"title":"Hot and fast: seed ecology for restoration relevant species in the Argyle region of the east Kimberley, Australia","authors":"Michael Just, Bradley Albert, Simone Pedrini, Shane Turner, Kingsley Dixon","doi":"10.1111/rec.14201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14201","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the germination requirements of 12 plant species native to the Argyle region of the east Kimberley, a biodiverse monsoonal tropical region characterized by high temperatures, high evaporation, and episodic seasonal rainfall. The research involved quality assessment of mature seeds, followed by dormancy alleviation and laboratory‐based germination to determine the responses of seeds to a range of temperatures (5–40°C) in terms of germination speed (T10), mean germination time, and maximum germination proportion. Data were then modeled to calculate the optimal temperature to support germination for each species. The results showed that germination rapidly commences in response to a wide range of temperatures typical of the wet season (November–February) in the east Kimberley, though germination for most species was still high (>50%) after exposure to temperatures as low as 15°C. Mean optimal temperature for germination across all species was 25.8 ± 1.5°C, with minimal variation between most species, the exception being <jats:italic>Dodonaea physocarpa</jats:italic>, which preferred cooler temperatures (Topt = 14.0°C). The speed of germination was also rapid (T10 = 1–3 days) across all species at the optimal germination temperature. The findings suggest that temperature is not a limiting factor for germination in this region and that the onset and intensity of the wet season are the most significant factors determining successful germination, emergence, and seedling establishment. The study underscores the importance of species‐specific understanding of environmental temperatures required for seed germination in seed‐based restoration efforts and informs the planning of direct seeding works, thus enhancing restoration outcomes.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141519270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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