Katie Pita, Sara B. Wickham, Emma L. Davis, Patrick Lauriault, Alexandra Johnson, Nhu Q. Le, Siobhan Mullally, Kyle Schang, Michaela M. A. Smitas‐Kraas, Elizabeth Wittmann, Andrew J. Trant
Forest restoration is a powerful tool that combats forest loss and mitigates climate change. Our review asks how climate change considerations are integrated into forest restoration. We asked: (1) How many articles about forest restoration practices discuss climate change; (2) has this changed over time; and (3) when climate change is mentioned, how is it considered? We used the framework created by Simonson et al. in 2021, which describes seven unique areas where practitioners can consider climate change impacts in their projects. These areas include adjusting species and location for projected changes to fitness, mitigating risks, and aligning practice with policy. We reviewed the literature through Web of Science and evaluated publications for inclusion of these considerations. We found that the number of publications about forest restoration projects has increased significantly since the early 2000s, exceeding 200 in 2021. The proportion of these including the terms “climate change” or “global warming,” has also increased (35% in 2021). Climate change concepts were only considered in what we defined as an “in‐depth” context in 83 of the 186 publications we reviewed (45%). However, the majority of publications (115 of 186, 61%) did incorporate at least one of the seven considerations, even if they did not satisfy our definition for in‐depth climate change consideration. Several articles discussed other considerations not described by Simonson et al. (2021), leading us to recommend adding an eighth criterion to their framework: consider place‐based communities and Indigenous Knowledge Holders' responses to climate change in forest restoration.
{"title":"How does restoration ecology consider climate change uncertainties in forested ecosystems?","authors":"Katie Pita, Sara B. Wickham, Emma L. Davis, Patrick Lauriault, Alexandra Johnson, Nhu Q. Le, Siobhan Mullally, Kyle Schang, Michaela M. A. Smitas‐Kraas, Elizabeth Wittmann, Andrew J. Trant","doi":"10.1111/rec.14265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14265","url":null,"abstract":"Forest restoration is a powerful tool that combats forest loss and mitigates climate change. Our review asks how climate change considerations are integrated into forest restoration. We asked: (1) How many articles about forest restoration practices discuss climate change; (2) has this changed over time; and (3) when climate change is mentioned, how is it considered? We used the framework created by Simonson et al. in 2021, which describes seven unique areas where practitioners can consider climate change impacts in their projects. These areas include adjusting species and location for projected changes to fitness, mitigating risks, and aligning practice with policy. We reviewed the literature through Web of Science and evaluated publications for inclusion of these considerations. We found that the number of publications about forest restoration projects has increased significantly since the early 2000s, exceeding 200 in 2021. The proportion of these including the terms “climate change” or “global warming,” has also increased (35% in 2021). Climate change concepts were only considered in what we defined as an “in‐depth” context in 83 of the 186 publications we reviewed (45%). However, the majority of publications (115 of 186, 61%) did incorporate at least one of the seven considerations, even if they did not satisfy our definition for in‐depth climate change consideration. Several articles discussed other considerations not described by Simonson et al. (2021), leading us to recommend adding an eighth criterion to their framework: consider place‐based communities and Indigenous Knowledge Holders' responses to climate change in forest restoration.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The evaluation of genetic diversity is important for the conservation of species. However, changes in genetic diversity during conservation are complex processes that depend on the characteristics of the species and environment. To evaluate the changes in genetic diversity from decline to recovery, we surveyed the coastal herb Calystegia soldanella in areas with varying degrees of non‐coastal plant invasion. First, to evaluate genetic diversity before the conservation measures, the spatial clonal structure of adults was investigated in a population invaded by non‐coastal plants. Second, to evaluate genetic diversity after the conservation measures, the regenerated individuals were investigated in the restoration plot. Moreover, to predict future genetic diversity without conservation measures, the effects of non‐coastal plant invasion on the production and genetic diversity of seeds were investigated using individuals from areas with various levels of non‐coastal plant invasion. In the adult population, 16 genets were identified in an 80 m × 4 m area. The maximum genet size was 30.3 m, suggesting the importance of clonal reproduction for population maintenance. In the restoration plots comprising 10 m × 10 m × 3 replicates, many seedlings (1.14 ramets/m2) emerged, resulting in high clonal diversity compared to that of the adult population. Therefore, the biomass and genetic diversity were rapidly restored at the beginning of the conservation practice. Non‐coastal plant invasion did not affect the genetic diversity of the seeds. However, it significantly reduced seed production. This suggests that non‐coastal plant invasion reduces sexual reproduction, resulting in the long‐term loss of genetic diversity.
{"title":"Does decline and recovery process affect clonal and genetic diversity of a coastal plant population?","authors":"Yoshihiro Tsunamoto, Yoko Nishikawa, Takashi Shimamura, Yoshihisa Suyama, Ayumi Matsuo","doi":"10.1111/rec.14283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14283","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluation of genetic diversity is important for the conservation of species. However, changes in genetic diversity during conservation are complex processes that depend on the characteristics of the species and environment. To evaluate the changes in genetic diversity from decline to recovery, we surveyed the coastal herb <jats:italic>Calystegia soldanella</jats:italic> in areas with varying degrees of non‐coastal plant invasion. First, to evaluate genetic diversity before the conservation measures, the spatial clonal structure of adults was investigated in a population invaded by non‐coastal plants. Second, to evaluate genetic diversity after the conservation measures, the regenerated individuals were investigated in the restoration plot. Moreover, to predict future genetic diversity without conservation measures, the effects of non‐coastal plant invasion on the production and genetic diversity of seeds were investigated using individuals from areas with various levels of non‐coastal plant invasion. In the adult population, 16 genets were identified in an 80 m × 4 m area. The maximum genet size was 30.3 m, suggesting the importance of clonal reproduction for population maintenance. In the restoration plots comprising 10 m × 10 m × 3 replicates, many seedlings (1.14 ramets/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) emerged, resulting in high clonal diversity compared to that of the adult population. Therefore, the biomass and genetic diversity were rapidly restored at the beginning of the conservation practice. Non‐coastal plant invasion did not affect the genetic diversity of the seeds. However, it significantly reduced seed production. This suggests that non‐coastal plant invasion reduces sexual reproduction, resulting in the long‐term loss of genetic diversity.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pablo A. Meglioli, Juan A. Alvarez, Nerina B. Lana, Mariano A. Cony, Pablo E. Villagra
Afforestation with native trees can enhance the conversion of degraded saline lands into productive landscapes with considerable economic and environmental benefits. To identify the native salt‐resistant species for restoration, we investigated how salinity affects the growth and water status of sapling from two Neltuma species from the Monte region. We produced Neltuma flexuosa and Neltuma chilensis saplings using seeds harvested from native forests with multiple provenances (Fiambalá, Chilecito, Mogna, Pipanaco, Talampaya, and Andalgalá). We conducted a greenhouse trial in which 810 saplings of different species/provenance combination received one of three saline irrigations, that is, sodium chloride solutions of 0.01 (no stress), 0.10 (moderate stress), and 0.25 M (severe stress). We found that Neltuma saplings exhibited varying degrees of reduction in their growth (plant height and aboveground biomass) and water status (e.g., stomatal conductance and leaf water potential) traits with increasing salt stress. N. flexuosa‐Fiambalá and N. flexuosa‐Chilecito were the most tolerant and sensitive, respectively, while all provenances of N. chilensis showed intermediate tolerance to salinity. These results suggest that N. flexuosa displays highly variable plasticity to salt stress compared to N. chilensis, emphasizing the need to select appropriate provenances for afforestation in saline‐degraded areas.
{"title":"Salt tolerance of native trees relevant to the restoration of degraded landscapes in the Monte region, Argentina","authors":"Pablo A. Meglioli, Juan A. Alvarez, Nerina B. Lana, Mariano A. Cony, Pablo E. Villagra","doi":"10.1111/rec.14246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14246","url":null,"abstract":"Afforestation with native trees can enhance the conversion of degraded saline lands into productive landscapes with considerable economic and environmental benefits. To identify the native salt‐resistant species for restoration, we investigated how salinity affects the growth and water status of sapling from two <jats:italic>Neltuma</jats:italic> species from the Monte region. We produced <jats:italic>Neltuma flexuosa</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Neltuma chilensis</jats:italic> saplings using seeds harvested from native forests with multiple provenances (Fiambalá, Chilecito, Mogna, Pipanaco, Talampaya, and Andalgalá). We conducted a greenhouse trial in which 810 saplings of different species/provenance combination received one of three saline irrigations, that is, sodium chloride solutions of 0.01 (no stress), 0.10 (moderate stress), and 0.25 M (severe stress). We found that <jats:italic>Neltuma</jats:italic> saplings exhibited varying degrees of reduction in their growth (plant height and aboveground biomass) and water status (e.g., stomatal conductance and leaf water potential) traits with increasing salt stress. <jats:italic>N. flexuosa</jats:italic>‐Fiambalá and <jats:italic>N. flexuosa</jats:italic>‐Chilecito were the most tolerant and sensitive, respectively, while all provenances of <jats:italic>N. chilensis</jats:italic> showed intermediate tolerance to salinity. These results suggest that <jats:italic>N. flexuosa</jats:italic> displays highly variable plasticity to salt stress compared to <jats:italic>N. chilensis</jats:italic>, emphasizing the need to select appropriate provenances for afforestation in saline‐degraded areas.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In arid ecosystems, vegetation patches promote biological activity and ecosystem functioning through species interactions that mitigate adverse environmental impacts. However, overgrazing disrupts those interactions, contributing to desertification. We investigated livestock influence on spatial vegetation patterns through the modification of the frequency and type of associations (i.e. number of associated species within a vegetation patch) among types of successional species (i.e. early, intermediate, and late). We studied vegetation in nine rangelands with varying stocking rates (treatments) within the Monte Desert region. We postulated three hypotheses: (1) Grazing simplifies community structure, increasing the frequency of isolated individuals and reducing the association diversity among plant species; (2) competition between plants favors the associations among species with different ecological niche requirements, reducing competition, enhancing facilitation, and regulating the association frequency among species; (3) grazing modifies plant competition and patterns of association among species. We found that with increasing stocking rates, the frequency of isolated individuals increased while association diversity declined. Associations between species with dissimilar niche requirements (e.g. early–late) were more frequent than those with similar needs (e.g. early–early). Livestock grazing modified plant competition, leading to an increased frequency of associations among species with similar requirements. Therefore, the association frequency among types of species in these drylands clearly reflected the degradation process along a grazing gradient, aiding in understanding plant ecological interactions. The association frequency could be implemented as an indicator in diagnostic and monitoring stages of restoration processes.
{"title":"Frequency of association: a key indicator for assessing livestock grazing effects on dryland plant interactions, applicable in restoration","authors":"Mariana Tadey, Yamila Ivon Pelliza, Anahí Rocío Fernandez","doi":"10.1111/rec.14275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14275","url":null,"abstract":"In arid ecosystems, vegetation patches promote biological activity and ecosystem functioning through species interactions that mitigate adverse environmental impacts. However, overgrazing disrupts those interactions, contributing to desertification. We investigated livestock influence on spatial vegetation patterns through the modification of the frequency and type of associations (i.e. number of associated species within a vegetation patch) among types of successional species (i.e. early, intermediate, and late). We studied vegetation in nine rangelands with varying stocking rates (treatments) within the Monte Desert region. We postulated three hypotheses: (1) Grazing simplifies community structure, increasing the frequency of isolated individuals and reducing the association diversity among plant species; (2) competition between plants favors the associations among species with different ecological niche requirements, reducing competition, enhancing facilitation, and regulating the association frequency among species; (3) grazing modifies plant competition and patterns of association among species. We found that with increasing stocking rates, the frequency of isolated individuals increased while association diversity declined. Associations between species with dissimilar niche requirements (e.g. early–late) were more frequent than those with similar needs (e.g. early–early). Livestock grazing modified plant competition, leading to an increased frequency of associations among species with similar requirements. Therefore, the association frequency among types of species in these drylands clearly reflected the degradation process along a grazing gradient, aiding in understanding plant ecological interactions. The association frequency could be implemented as an indicator in diagnostic and monitoring stages of restoration processes.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tom Wijers, Oliver Klokman, Albertinka J. Murk, Jilles Sijbrandij, Alwin Hylkema
The die‐off of the long‐spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum in the 1980s highlighted its crucial role as a primary grazer in tropical western Atlantic coral reefs. However, natural recovery has been slow, exacerbated by a new die‐off in 2022. Interest in actively restoring D. antillarum populations has grown with the emergence of culture and rearing techniques. Restocking reefs with laboratory‐reared urchins shows potential for enhancing coral reef resilience by reducing algal cover and promoting coral settlement, but success rates vary. Predation and migration contribute to low retention rates, with distinguishing between them is challenging. In this study near Saba, Caribbean Netherlands, we released 200 laboratory‐reared D. antillarum on a reef and monitored for D. antillarum retention and potential D. antillarum predator presence and interaction for 35 days. Only 40% of the urchins were still present on the reef after day one. The Spanish hogfish Bodianus rufus was identified as the primary daytime predator, responsible for nine direct predation events. No nighttime predation was observed, but interaction with a batwing coral crab Carpilius corallinus was noted. These insights can help optimize future restocking attempts and emphasize the importance of assessing predator presence beforehand. Reefs with high abundances of predators such as Spanish hogfish should be avoided for D antillarum restocking. In addition, before being released, lab‐reared animals should be given time to acclimate to conditions in the wild by being placed in protected in situ cages. Here, they could also grow to larger sizes that are less vulnerable to predation.
{"title":"Low retention of restocked laboratory‐reared long‐spined sea urchins Diadema antillarum due to Spanish hogfish Bodianus rufus predation","authors":"Tom Wijers, Oliver Klokman, Albertinka J. Murk, Jilles Sijbrandij, Alwin Hylkema","doi":"10.1111/rec.14264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14264","url":null,"abstract":"The die‐off of the long‐spined sea urchin <jats:italic>Diadema antillarum</jats:italic> in the 1980s highlighted its crucial role as a primary grazer in tropical western Atlantic coral reefs. However, natural recovery has been slow, exacerbated by a new die‐off in 2022. Interest in actively restoring <jats:italic>D. antillarum</jats:italic> populations has grown with the emergence of culture and rearing techniques. Restocking reefs with laboratory‐reared urchins shows potential for enhancing coral reef resilience by reducing algal cover and promoting coral settlement, but success rates vary. Predation and migration contribute to low retention rates, with distinguishing between them is challenging. In this study near Saba, Caribbean Netherlands, we released 200 laboratory‐reared <jats:italic>D. antillarum</jats:italic> on a reef and monitored for <jats:italic>D. antillarum</jats:italic> retention and potential <jats:italic>D. antillarum</jats:italic> predator presence and interaction for 35 days. Only 40% of the urchins were still present on the reef after day one. The Spanish hogfish <jats:italic>Bodianus rufus</jats:italic> was identified as the primary daytime predator, responsible for nine direct predation events. No nighttime predation was observed, but interaction with a batwing coral crab <jats:italic>Carpilius corallinus</jats:italic> was noted. These insights can help optimize future restocking attempts and emphasize the importance of assessing predator presence beforehand. Reefs with high abundances of predators such as Spanish hogfish should be avoided for <jats:italic>D antillarum</jats:italic> restocking. In addition, before being released, lab‐reared animals should be given time to acclimate to conditions in the wild by being placed in protected in situ cages. Here, they could also grow to larger sizes that are less vulnerable to predation.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natalia Uribe‐Castañeda, Nia Morales, Jamie Loizzo, Joshua Patterson, Martin Main
Community engagement has been identified as a key component for successful conservation efforts. According to community members, key stakeholders, and coral reef restoration practitioners in the Seaflower Marine Protected Area (MPA), the most effective way to engage communities in coral reef restoration is by building local capacity. We used a mixed‐methods approach including interviews, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis, and surveys to assess strategies employed in the Seaflower MPA to involve local communities in coral reef restoration and the motivations and possible barriers that hinder community engagement. The community residing in the Seaflower MPA demonstrated awareness of the importance of coral reefs and their role in their livelihoods. They identified the main challenges to restoration as social dysfunctionality, administrative barriers, and environmental threats, along with a lack of opportunities for the community to participate in coral reef restoration. Our findings identified building trust, promoting equity, transparency, and accountability, fostering collaboration, and improving communication as essential to overcoming these challenges. Empowering local communities through capacity‐building initiatives such as educational programs, economic incentives, equity and inclusion measures, formal certifications, and local leadership would enhance support for coral reef restoration in the Seaflower MPA. In addition to building local capacity, our research identified the need for strategic planning, budgeting, and effective policies for enhancing community efforts in coral reef restoration.
{"title":"Community engagement in coral reef restoration in the Seaflower MPA, Colombia","authors":"Natalia Uribe‐Castañeda, Nia Morales, Jamie Loizzo, Joshua Patterson, Martin Main","doi":"10.1111/rec.14268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14268","url":null,"abstract":"Community engagement has been identified as a key component for successful conservation efforts. According to community members, key stakeholders, and coral reef restoration practitioners in the Seaflower Marine Protected Area (MPA), the most effective way to engage communities in coral reef restoration is by building local capacity. We used a mixed‐methods approach including interviews, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis, and surveys to assess strategies employed in the Seaflower MPA to involve local communities in coral reef restoration and the motivations and possible barriers that hinder community engagement. The community residing in the Seaflower MPA demonstrated awareness of the importance of coral reefs and their role in their livelihoods. They identified the main challenges to restoration as social dysfunctionality, administrative barriers, and environmental threats, along with a lack of opportunities for the community to participate in coral reef restoration. Our findings identified building trust, promoting equity, transparency, and accountability, fostering collaboration, and improving communication as essential to overcoming these challenges. Empowering local communities through capacity‐building initiatives such as educational programs, economic incentives, equity and inclusion measures, formal certifications, and local leadership would enhance support for coral reef restoration in the Seaflower MPA. In addition to building local capacity, our research identified the need for strategic planning, budgeting, and effective policies for enhancing community efforts in coral reef restoration.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charles W. Casper, Mary Ellyn DuPre, Morgan L. McLeod, Rebecca A. Bunn, John L. Maron, Philip W. Ramsey, Ylva Lekberg
Plant community ecology guides restoration of degraded lands, yet seed‐based restorations sometimes fail or result in unpredictable outcomes, necessitating a better understanding of community trajectory and stability. Western yarrow (Achillea millefolium) declined suddenly in two separate restoration projects after initial high relative abundance. To assess the potential role of soil pathogens, we surveyed plant and soil fungal communities in these restorations, and used an 8‐year‐old field experiment that crossed yarrow planted in varying densities with a fungicide treatment. Two greenhouse experiments then evaluated whether the suppressive effect in yarrow soil spread to native species used in restoration. Lower yarrow cover in a restoration project 5 years compared to 3 years after seeding coincided with higher relative abundance of fungal taxa that can cause disease, particularly Crown‐rot fungi (Paraphoma spp.). Paraphoma increased over time in experimental plots and coincided with yarrow decline. Decline onset was density‐dependent, occurring faster in plant communities where yarrow density was higher. Fungicide applications altered fungal pathogen communities and promoted yarrow cover relative to control plots. In the greenhouse, yarrow grew larger with fungicide, consistent with suppression of fungal pathogens. However, biomass of natives grown in yarrow‐conditioned soil was not affected by fungicides, suggesting pathogens did not spread. The rapid establishment and competitive nature of yarrow, followed by pathogen‐induced decline, make it an attractive early transitional “bridge species,” so long as its pathogens are species‐specific. Our results suggest negative plant‐soil feedback can drive rapid decline of individual species, and considering plant–soil feedback could improve restoration predictability.
{"title":"Negative plant–soil feedback influences a dominant seeded species, Western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), in grassland restoration","authors":"Charles W. Casper, Mary Ellyn DuPre, Morgan L. McLeod, Rebecca A. Bunn, John L. Maron, Philip W. Ramsey, Ylva Lekberg","doi":"10.1111/rec.14271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14271","url":null,"abstract":"Plant community ecology guides restoration of degraded lands, yet seed‐based restorations sometimes fail or result in unpredictable outcomes, necessitating a better understanding of community trajectory and stability. Western yarrow (<jats:italic>Achillea millefolium</jats:italic>) declined suddenly in two separate restoration projects after initial high relative abundance. To assess the potential role of soil pathogens, we surveyed plant and soil fungal communities in these restorations, and used an 8‐year‐old field experiment that crossed yarrow planted in varying densities with a fungicide treatment. Two greenhouse experiments then evaluated whether the suppressive effect in yarrow soil spread to native species used in restoration. Lower yarrow cover in a restoration project 5 years compared to 3 years after seeding coincided with higher relative abundance of fungal taxa that can cause disease, particularly Crown‐rot fungi (<jats:italic>Paraphoma</jats:italic> spp.). <jats:italic>Paraphoma</jats:italic> increased over time in experimental plots and coincided with yarrow decline. Decline onset was density‐dependent, occurring faster in plant communities where yarrow density was higher. Fungicide applications altered fungal pathogen communities and promoted yarrow cover relative to control plots. In the greenhouse, yarrow grew larger with fungicide, consistent with suppression of fungal pathogens. However, biomass of natives grown in yarrow‐conditioned soil was not affected by fungicides, suggesting pathogens did not spread. The rapid establishment and competitive nature of yarrow, followed by pathogen‐induced decline, make it an attractive early transitional “bridge species,” so long as its pathogens are species‐specific. Our results suggest negative plant‐soil feedback can drive rapid decline of individual species, and considering plant–soil feedback could improve restoration predictability.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ima C. G. Vieira, André Giles, Mário M. do Espírito Santo, Rita C. G. Mesquita, Daniel L. M. Vieira, Paulo Massoca, Milena F. Rosenfield, Ana L. M. Albernaz, Danilo R. A. de Almeida, Gil Vieira, Juliana Schietti, Marciel Ferreira, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Catarina C. Jakovac
Environmental legislation requires well‐defined concepts, criteria, and indicators to support its effective implementation and provide legal security to the diverse stakeholders involved. The Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL) establishes the obligation to restore native vegetation in protected areas within rural properties. This federal law is regulated and implemented by each state through its own Environmental Compliance Program (Programa de Regularização Ambiental [PRA], in Portuguese). Landowners must register their land, indicate whether native vegetation needs to be restored (i.e. if there is an environmental debt), and submit a restoration plan to the state government for analysis, validation, and approval. Due to the high cost of forest restoration, natural regeneration has most likely become a viable strategy for Amazonian landowners to meet their environmental debts. However, according to disturbance intensity, frequency, and duration, natural regeneration will not always succeed. In this context, we analyzed the PRAs of the seven main Amazonian states to assess the status of their implementation, identify how natural regeneration is defined and approached in the law, and evaluate whether improvements in the law are needed to ensure effective restoration to accomplish the NVPL.
环境立法需要定义明确的概念、标准和指标，以支持其有效实施，并为不同的利益相关者提供法律保障。原生植被保护法》（NVPL）规定了在农村财产保护区内恢复原生植被的义务。各州通过各自的环境合规计划（Programa de Regularização Ambiental [PRA]，葡萄牙语）来管理和实施这项联邦法律。土地所有者必须对其土地进行登记，说明是否需要恢复原生植被（即是否存在环境债务），并向州政府提交恢复计划，以供分析、验证和批准。由于森林恢复成本高昂，自然再生很可能成为亚马逊土地所有者偿还环境债务的可行策略。然而，根据干扰强度、频率和持续时间，自然再生并不总是成功的。在此背景下，我们分析了亚马逊七个主要州的 PRAs，以评估其实施状况，确定法律中如何定义和处理自然再生，并评估是否需要改进法律以确保有效恢复，从而实现 NVPL。
{"title":"Governance and policy constraints of natural forest regeneration in the Brazilian Amazon","authors":"Ima C. G. Vieira, André Giles, Mário M. do Espírito Santo, Rita C. G. Mesquita, Daniel L. M. Vieira, Paulo Massoca, Milena F. Rosenfield, Ana L. M. Albernaz, Danilo R. A. de Almeida, Gil Vieira, Juliana Schietti, Marciel Ferreira, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Catarina C. Jakovac","doi":"10.1111/rec.14272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14272","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental legislation requires well‐defined concepts, criteria, and indicators to support its effective implementation and provide legal security to the diverse stakeholders involved. The Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL) establishes the obligation to restore native vegetation in protected areas within rural properties. This federal law is regulated and implemented by each state through its own Environmental Compliance Program (Programa de Regularização Ambiental [PRA], in Portuguese). Landowners must register their land, indicate whether native vegetation needs to be restored (i.e. if there is an environmental debt), and submit a restoration plan to the state government for analysis, validation, and approval. Due to the high cost of forest restoration, natural regeneration has most likely become a viable strategy for Amazonian landowners to meet their environmental debts. However, according to disturbance intensity, frequency, and duration, natural regeneration will not always succeed. In this context, we analyzed the PRAs of the seven main Amazonian states to assess the status of their implementation, identify how natural regeneration is defined and approached in the law, and evaluate whether improvements in the law are needed to ensure effective restoration to accomplish the NVPL.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily Galloway, Paul A. Price, Emily Grman, Jonathan T. Bauer
Soil microbial mutualists like rhizobia bacteria can promote the establishment of rare, late‐successional legumes. Despite restoration efforts, these mutualists are often absent in the microbiome. Therefore, restoring this mutualism by directly inoculating rare legumes with rhizobia mutualists may increase plant establishment. We inoculated seedlings of Amorpha canescens, Dalea purpurea, and Lespedeza capitata with three strains of species‐specific rhizobia each to investigate how this mutualism would promote growth in the field and in the greenhouse. Because many herbaceous plants are vulnerable to herbivory, we used exclosures for half of our field transplantations to prevent mammalian herbivory. We did not find that rhizobia bacteria directly promoted the growth of our legumes in the field but rather that herbivory and environmental conditions overwhelmed the effects of the rhizobia. Of the plants transplanted, only 17.78% of 180 survived to the end of the growing season, all of which were protected from herbivory. Survival at the end of the growing season was also greater in the northern, drier end of the field site. In the second growing season, plants were more likely to survive in the exclosure treatment, while only four recovered in the open treatment. In the greenhouse, we found increased nodulation with inoculations, supporting the hypothesis that species‐specific mutualists are absent from restoration sites. Though several recent studies have shown that restoring mutualistic interactions has the potential to dramatically improve the outcomes of ecological restoration, our results show that protecting rare species from herbivory after transplantation might achieve greater gains in establishment.
{"title":"Rare legumes are missing mutualists, but herbivory and environmental filtering are more important determinants of reintroduction success","authors":"Emily Galloway, Paul A. Price, Emily Grman, Jonathan T. Bauer","doi":"10.1111/rec.14278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14278","url":null,"abstract":"Soil microbial mutualists like rhizobia bacteria can promote the establishment of rare, late‐successional legumes. Despite restoration efforts, these mutualists are often absent in the microbiome. Therefore, restoring this mutualism by directly inoculating rare legumes with rhizobia mutualists may increase plant establishment. We inoculated seedlings of <jats:italic>Amorpha canescens</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Dalea purpurea</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Lespedeza capitata</jats:italic> with three strains of species‐specific rhizobia each to investigate how this mutualism would promote growth in the field and in the greenhouse. Because many herbaceous plants are vulnerable to herbivory, we used exclosures for half of our field transplantations to prevent mammalian herbivory. We did not find that rhizobia bacteria directly promoted the growth of our legumes in the field but rather that herbivory and environmental conditions overwhelmed the effects of the rhizobia. Of the plants transplanted, only 17.78% of 180 survived to the end of the growing season, all of which were protected from herbivory. Survival at the end of the growing season was also greater in the northern, drier end of the field site. In the second growing season, plants were more likely to survive in the exclosure treatment, while only four recovered in the open treatment. In the greenhouse, we found increased nodulation with inoculations, supporting the hypothesis that species‐specific mutualists are absent from restoration sites. Though several recent studies have shown that restoring mutualistic interactions has the potential to dramatically improve the outcomes of ecological restoration, our results show that protecting rare species from herbivory after transplantation might achieve greater gains in establishment.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mediterranean‐climate shrublands are key biodiversity hotspots and carbon storage pools, but are increasingly threatened by climate change, non‐native species, and altered fire regimes. Fires are important to historic shrubland disturbance cycles but can also promote non‐native plants, which may limit post‐fire native shrub recovery. Increasing drought with climate change could also reduce post‐fire shrub regeneration. I developed a stochastic, individual‐based demographic model (IBM) for the native shrub Artemisia californica, parameterized from an experimental removal of non‐native annuals after a 2013 fire in southern California. The IBM simulated A. californica recovery for 7 years after fire under different rainfall conditions (drought or pre‐drought) and non‐native removal strategies (from no years to all 7 years). Drought lowered A. californica canopy volume 7 years after fire by 90% or more. Rainfall in the second year after fire, when most A. californica germination occurred, had particularly strong effects on final canopy cover. Non‐native removal in all 7 years increased canopy volume by three times under drought conditions and 3.5 times under pre‐drought conditions. Targeting non‐native removal in the first 2 years proved nearly as effective, achieving from 88% (drought) to 95% (pre‐drought) the benefits of removal in all 7 years. In sum, low rainfall may be the most important limitation on post‐fire shrub recovery, but removal of non‐natives in years of pulsed shrub recruitment can be an effective restoration strategy even under drought conditions. More generally, this study illustrates how demographic models can help optimize the targeting of scarce management and restoration resources.
{"title":"Using demographic modeling to develop post‐fire restoration strategies for a native shrub in a sage scrub community","authors":"Diane M. Thomson","doi":"10.1111/rec.14274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14274","url":null,"abstract":"Mediterranean‐climate shrublands are key biodiversity hotspots and carbon storage pools, but are increasingly threatened by climate change, non‐native species, and altered fire regimes. Fires are important to historic shrubland disturbance cycles but can also promote non‐native plants, which may limit post‐fire native shrub recovery. Increasing drought with climate change could also reduce post‐fire shrub regeneration. I developed a stochastic, individual‐based demographic model (IBM) for the native shrub <jats:italic>Artemisia californica</jats:italic>, parameterized from an experimental removal of non‐native annuals after a 2013 fire in southern California. The IBM simulated <jats:italic>A. californica</jats:italic> recovery for 7 years after fire under different rainfall conditions (drought or pre‐drought) and non‐native removal strategies (from no years to all 7 years). Drought lowered <jats:italic>A. californica</jats:italic> canopy volume 7 years after fire by 90% or more. Rainfall in the second year after fire, when most <jats:italic>A. californica</jats:italic> germination occurred, had particularly strong effects on final canopy cover. Non‐native removal in all 7 years increased canopy volume by three times under drought conditions and 3.5 times under pre‐drought conditions. Targeting non‐native removal in the first 2 years proved nearly as effective, achieving from 88% (drought) to 95% (pre‐drought) the benefits of removal in all 7 years. In sum, low rainfall may be the most important limitation on post‐fire shrub recovery, but removal of non‐natives in years of pulsed shrub recruitment can be an effective restoration strategy even under drought conditions. More generally, this study illustrates how demographic models can help optimize the targeting of scarce management and restoration resources.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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