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How does restoration ecology consider climate change uncertainties in forested ecosystems? 恢复生态学如何考虑森林生态系统中气候变化的不确定性?
IF 3.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/rec.14265
Katie Pita, Sara B. Wickham, Emma L. Davis, Patrick Lauriault, Alexandra Johnson, Nhu Q. Le, Siobhan Mullally, Kyle Schang, Michaela M. A. Smitas‐Kraas, Elizabeth Wittmann, Andrew J. Trant
Forest restoration is a powerful tool that combats forest loss and mitigates climate change. Our review asks how climate change considerations are integrated into forest restoration. We asked: (1) How many articles about forest restoration practices discuss climate change; (2) has this changed over time; and (3) when climate change is mentioned, how is it considered? We used the framework created by Simonson et al. in 2021, which describes seven unique areas where practitioners can consider climate change impacts in their projects. These areas include adjusting species and location for projected changes to fitness, mitigating risks, and aligning practice with policy. We reviewed the literature through Web of Science and evaluated publications for inclusion of these considerations. We found that the number of publications about forest restoration projects has increased significantly since the early 2000s, exceeding 200 in 2021. The proportion of these including the terms “climate change” or “global warming,” has also increased (35% in 2021). Climate change concepts were only considered in what we defined as an “in‐depth” context in 83 of the 186 publications we reviewed (45%). However, the majority of publications (115 of 186, 61%) did incorporate at least one of the seven considerations, even if they did not satisfy our definition for in‐depth climate change consideration. Several articles discussed other considerations not described by Simonson et al. (2021), leading us to recommend adding an eighth criterion to their framework: consider place‐based communities and Indigenous Knowledge Holders' responses to climate change in forest restoration.
森林恢复是应对森林丧失和减缓气候变化的有力工具。我们的综述询问气候变化因素是如何被纳入森林恢复的。我们询问:(1) 有多少关于森林恢复实践的文章讨论了气候变化;(2) 随着时间的推移,这种情况是否发生了变化;(3) 当提到气候变化时,是如何考虑的?我们使用了 Simonson 等人在 2021 年创建的框架,该框架描述了从业者在其项目中可以考虑气候变化影响的七个独特领域。这些领域包括根据预测的适应性变化调整物种和地点、降低风险以及使实践与政策保持一致。我们通过 "科学网"(Web of Science)查阅了相关文献,并对包含这些考虑因素的出版物进行了评估。我们发现,自 21 世纪初以来,有关森林恢复项目的出版物数量大幅增加,到 2021 年已超过 200 篇。其中包含 "气候变化 "或 "全球变暖 "字眼的比例也有所增加(2021 年为 35%)。在我们审查的 186 篇出版物中,只有 83 篇(45%)在我们定义为 "深入 "的背景下考虑了气候变化概念。不过,大多数出版物(186 篇中的 115 篇,61%)确实纳入了七个考虑因素中的至少一个,即使它们不符合我们对深入考虑气候变化的定义。有几篇文章讨论了西蒙森等人(2021 年)没有描述的其他考虑因素,因此我们建议在他们的框架中增加第八个标准:考虑基于地方的社区和土著知识持有者在森林恢复中对气候变化的反应。
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引用次数: 0
Does decline and recovery process affect clonal and genetic diversity of a coastal plant population? 衰退和恢复过程是否会影响沿海植物种群的克隆和遗传多样性?
IF 3.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/rec.14283
Yoshihiro Tsunamoto, Yoko Nishikawa, Takashi Shimamura, Yoshihisa Suyama, Ayumi Matsuo
The evaluation of genetic diversity is important for the conservation of species. However, changes in genetic diversity during conservation are complex processes that depend on the characteristics of the species and environment. To evaluate the changes in genetic diversity from decline to recovery, we surveyed the coastal herb Calystegia soldanella in areas with varying degrees of non‐coastal plant invasion. First, to evaluate genetic diversity before the conservation measures, the spatial clonal structure of adults was investigated in a population invaded by non‐coastal plants. Second, to evaluate genetic diversity after the conservation measures, the regenerated individuals were investigated in the restoration plot. Moreover, to predict future genetic diversity without conservation measures, the effects of non‐coastal plant invasion on the production and genetic diversity of seeds were investigated using individuals from areas with various levels of non‐coastal plant invasion. In the adult population, 16 genets were identified in an 80 m × 4 m area. The maximum genet size was 30.3 m, suggesting the importance of clonal reproduction for population maintenance. In the restoration plots comprising 10 m × 10 m × 3 replicates, many seedlings (1.14 ramets/m2) emerged, resulting in high clonal diversity compared to that of the adult population. Therefore, the biomass and genetic diversity were rapidly restored at the beginning of the conservation practice. Non‐coastal plant invasion did not affect the genetic diversity of the seeds. However, it significantly reduced seed production. This suggests that non‐coastal plant invasion reduces sexual reproduction, resulting in the long‐term loss of genetic diversity.
遗传多样性评估对于物种保护非常重要。然而,保护过程中遗传多样性的变化是一个复杂的过程,取决于物种和环境的特征。为了评估遗传多样性从衰退到恢复的变化,我们在非沿海植物入侵程度不同的地区调查了沿海草本植物 Calystegia soldanella。首先,为了评估采取保护措施之前的遗传多样性,我们调查了受非沿海植物入侵的种群中成虫的空间克隆结构。其次,为评估保护措施后的遗传多样性,对恢复地块中的再生个体进行了调查。此外,为了预测在未采取保护措施的情况下未来的遗传多样性,研究人员利用来自不同程度的非沿海植物入侵地区的个体,调查了非沿海植物入侵对种子生产和遗传多样性的影响。在一个 80 米 × 4 米的区域内,成年种群中发现了 16 个基因组。最大基因体长为 30.3 米,这表明克隆繁殖对种群的维持非常重要。在 10 m × 10 m × 3 个重复的恢复地块中,出现了许多幼苗(1.14 株/m2),与成体种群相比,克隆多样性较高。因此,在保护实践开始时,生物量和遗传多样性得到了迅速恢复。非沿海植物入侵并未影响种子的遗传多样性。然而,它却大大降低了种子产量。这表明,非沿海植物入侵会减少有性生殖,导致遗传多样性的长期丧失。
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引用次数: 0
Salt tolerance of native trees relevant to the restoration of degraded landscapes in the Monte region, Argentina 与恢复阿根廷蒙特地区退化景观相关的本地树木的耐盐性
IF 3.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/rec.14246
Pablo A. Meglioli, Juan A. Alvarez, Nerina B. Lana, Mariano A. Cony, Pablo E. Villagra
Afforestation with native trees can enhance the conversion of degraded saline lands into productive landscapes with considerable economic and environmental benefits. To identify the native salt‐resistant species for restoration, we investigated how salinity affects the growth and water status of sapling from two Neltuma species from the Monte region. We produced Neltuma flexuosa and Neltuma chilensis saplings using seeds harvested from native forests with multiple provenances (Fiambalá, Chilecito, Mogna, Pipanaco, Talampaya, and Andalgalá). We conducted a greenhouse trial in which 810 saplings of different species/provenance combination received one of three saline irrigations, that is, sodium chloride solutions of 0.01 (no stress), 0.10 (moderate stress), and 0.25 M (severe stress). We found that Neltuma saplings exhibited varying degrees of reduction in their growth (plant height and aboveground biomass) and water status (e.g., stomatal conductance and leaf water potential) traits with increasing salt stress. N. flexuosa‐Fiambalá and N. flexuosa‐Chilecito were the most tolerant and sensitive, respectively, while all provenances of N. chilensis showed intermediate tolerance to salinity. These results suggest that N. flexuosa displays highly variable plasticity to salt stress compared to N. chilensis, emphasizing the need to select appropriate provenances for afforestation in saline‐degraded areas.
利用本地树种植树造林可促进将退化的盐碱地转化为具有可观经济和环境效益的生产性景观。为了确定用于恢复的本地抗盐树种,我们研究了盐度如何影响蒙特地区两种 Neltuma 树种树苗的生长和水分状况。我们使用从多个产地(Fiambalá、Chilecito、Mogna、Pipanaco、Talampaya 和 Andalgalá)的原生林中采集的种子培育了 Neltuma flexuosa 和 Neltuma chilensis 树苗。我们在温室中进行了一项试验,810 株不同品种/产地组合的树苗接受了三种盐水灌溉中的一种,即 0.01 毫升(无压力)、0.10 毫升(中等压力)和 0.25 毫升(严重压力)的氯化钠溶液。我们发现,随着盐胁迫程度的增加,Neltuma 树苗的生长(株高和地上生物量)和水分状况(如气孔导度和叶片水势)性状都有不同程度的下降。N.flexuosa-Fiambalá和N.flexuosa-Chilecito对盐分的耐受性和敏感性分别最强,而N.chilensis的所有产地对盐分的耐受性处于中等水平。这些结果表明,与 N. chilensis 相比,N. flexuosa 对盐胁迫的可塑性差异很大,这强调了在盐碱退化地区植树造林时选择适当产地的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Frequency of association: a key indicator for assessing livestock grazing effects on dryland plant interactions, applicable in restoration 关联频率:评估牲畜放牧对旱地植物相互作用影响的关键指标,适用于恢复工作
IF 3.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1111/rec.14275
Mariana Tadey, Yamila Ivon Pelliza, Anahí Rocío Fernandez
In arid ecosystems, vegetation patches promote biological activity and ecosystem functioning through species interactions that mitigate adverse environmental impacts. However, overgrazing disrupts those interactions, contributing to desertification. We investigated livestock influence on spatial vegetation patterns through the modification of the frequency and type of associations (i.e. number of associated species within a vegetation patch) among types of successional species (i.e. early, intermediate, and late). We studied vegetation in nine rangelands with varying stocking rates (treatments) within the Monte Desert region. We postulated three hypotheses: (1) Grazing simplifies community structure, increasing the frequency of isolated individuals and reducing the association diversity among plant species; (2) competition between plants favors the associations among species with different ecological niche requirements, reducing competition, enhancing facilitation, and regulating the association frequency among species; (3) grazing modifies plant competition and patterns of association among species. We found that with increasing stocking rates, the frequency of isolated individuals increased while association diversity declined. Associations between species with dissimilar niche requirements (e.g. early–late) were more frequent than those with similar needs (e.g. early–early). Livestock grazing modified plant competition, leading to an increased frequency of associations among species with similar requirements. Therefore, the association frequency among types of species in these drylands clearly reflected the degradation process along a grazing gradient, aiding in understanding plant ecological interactions. The association frequency could be implemented as an indicator in diagnostic and monitoring stages of restoration processes.
在干旱生态系统中,植被斑块通过物种间的相互作用促进生物活动和生态系统功能,从而减轻对环境的不利影响。然而,过度放牧会破坏这些相互作用,导致荒漠化。我们通过改变演替物种类型(即早期、中期和晚期)之间关联的频率和类型(即植被斑块内关联物种的数量),研究了牲畜对空间植被模式的影响。我们研究了蒙特沙漠地区九个不同放养率(处理)牧场的植被。我们提出了三个假设:(1)放牧简化了群落结构,增加了孤立个体的出现频率,降低了植物物种间的关联多样性;(2)植物间的竞争有利于具有不同生态位要求的物种间的关联,减少了竞争,增强了促进作用,调节了物种间的关联频率;(3)放牧改变了植物间的竞争和物种间的关联模式。我们发现,随着放牧率的增加,孤立个体的频率增加,而关联多样性下降。对生态位要求不同(如早-晚)的物种之间的联系比对生态位要求相似(如早-早)的物种之间的联系更频繁。牲畜放牧改变了植物竞争,导致需求相似的物种之间的关联频率增加。因此,这些旱地物种类型之间的关联频率清楚地反映了沿放牧梯度的退化过程,有助于了解植物的生态相互作用。关联频率可作为恢复过程诊断和监测阶段的一项指标。
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引用次数: 0
Low retention of restocked laboratory‐reared long‐spined sea urchins Diadema antillarum due to Spanish hogfish Bodianus rufus predation 由于西班牙猪鱼(Bodianus rufus)的捕食,实验室重新放养的长刺海胆(Diadema antillarum)的存活率很低
IF 3.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1111/rec.14264
Tom Wijers, Oliver Klokman, Albertinka J. Murk, Jilles Sijbrandij, Alwin Hylkema
The die‐off of the long‐spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum in the 1980s highlighted its crucial role as a primary grazer in tropical western Atlantic coral reefs. However, natural recovery has been slow, exacerbated by a new die‐off in 2022. Interest in actively restoring D. antillarum populations has grown with the emergence of culture and rearing techniques. Restocking reefs with laboratory‐reared urchins shows potential for enhancing coral reef resilience by reducing algal cover and promoting coral settlement, but success rates vary. Predation and migration contribute to low retention rates, with distinguishing between them is challenging. In this study near Saba, Caribbean Netherlands, we released 200 laboratory‐reared D. antillarum on a reef and monitored for D. antillarum retention and potential D. antillarum predator presence and interaction for 35 days. Only 40% of the urchins were still present on the reef after day one. The Spanish hogfish Bodianus rufus was identified as the primary daytime predator, responsible for nine direct predation events. No nighttime predation was observed, but interaction with a batwing coral crab Carpilius corallinus was noted. These insights can help optimize future restocking attempts and emphasize the importance of assessing predator presence beforehand. Reefs with high abundances of predators such as Spanish hogfish should be avoided for D antillarum restocking. In addition, before being released, lab‐reared animals should be given time to acclimate to conditions in the wild by being placed in protected in situ cages. Here, they could also grow to larger sizes that are less vulnerable to predation.
20 世纪 80 年代,长刺海胆 Diadema antillarum 的死亡凸显了它作为西大西洋热带珊瑚礁主要食草动物的重要作用。然而,自然恢复的速度一直很慢,2022 年新一轮的死亡又加剧了这一状况。随着培养和饲养技术的出现,人们对积极恢复 D. antillarum 种群的兴趣与日俱增。用实验室饲养的海胆重新投放珊瑚礁,可以减少藻类覆盖,促进珊瑚定居,从而提高珊瑚礁的恢复能力,但成功率各不相同。捕食和迁移是造成海胆存留率低的原因,而区分捕食和迁移是一项挑战。在荷兰加勒比海萨巴岛附近进行的这项研究中,我们在珊瑚礁上释放了 200 只实验室饲养的海胆,并对海胆的滞留情况以及潜在的海胆捕食者的存在和相互作用进行了长达 35 天的监测。第一天后,只有 40% 的海胆仍在珊瑚礁上。西班牙猪鱼(Bodianus rufus)被确定为主要的日间捕食者,造成了 9 起直接捕食事件。没有观察到夜间捕食现象,但注意到与蝙蝠翼珊瑚蟹 Carpilius corallinus 的相互作用。这些见解有助于优化未来的重新放养尝试,并强调了事先评估捕食者存在的重要性。应避免在捕食者(如西班牙猪鱼)数量较多的礁石上重新投放鳗鲡。此外,在释放之前,应将实验室饲养的动物置于受保护的原位笼中,让它们有时间适应野外环境。在这里,它们还可以长到更大的体型,不那么容易被捕食。
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引用次数: 0
Community engagement in coral reef restoration in the Seaflower MPA, Colombia 哥伦比亚海花海洋保护区珊瑚礁恢复中的社区参与
IF 3.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1111/rec.14268
Natalia Uribe‐Castañeda, Nia Morales, Jamie Loizzo, Joshua Patterson, Martin Main
Community engagement has been identified as a key component for successful conservation efforts. According to community members, key stakeholders, and coral reef restoration practitioners in the Seaflower Marine Protected Area (MPA), the most effective way to engage communities in coral reef restoration is by building local capacity. We used a mixed‐methods approach including interviews, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis, and surveys to assess strategies employed in the Seaflower MPA to involve local communities in coral reef restoration and the motivations and possible barriers that hinder community engagement. The community residing in the Seaflower MPA demonstrated awareness of the importance of coral reefs and their role in their livelihoods. They identified the main challenges to restoration as social dysfunctionality, administrative barriers, and environmental threats, along with a lack of opportunities for the community to participate in coral reef restoration. Our findings identified building trust, promoting equity, transparency, and accountability, fostering collaboration, and improving communication as essential to overcoming these challenges. Empowering local communities through capacity‐building initiatives such as educational programs, economic incentives, equity and inclusion measures, formal certifications, and local leadership would enhance support for coral reef restoration in the Seaflower MPA. In addition to building local capacity, our research identified the need for strategic planning, budgeting, and effective policies for enhancing community efforts in coral reef restoration.
社区参与已被认为是保护工作取得成功的关键因素。根据海花海洋保护区(MPA)的社区成员、主要利益相关者和珊瑚礁恢复实践者的说法,让社区参与珊瑚礁恢复的最有效方法是建设当地能力。我们采用了一种混合方法,包括访谈、优势、劣势、机会和威胁分析以及调查,以评估海花海洋保护区为让当地社区参与珊瑚礁恢复所采用的策略,以及阻碍社区参与的动机和可能的障碍。居住在海花海洋保护区的社区认识到了珊瑚礁的重要性及其在他们生计中的作用。他们认为珊瑚礁恢复面临的主要挑战是社会功能失调、行政障碍和环境威胁,以及社区缺乏参与珊瑚礁恢复的机会。我们的研究结果表明,建立信任、促进公平、透明度和问责制、促进合作以及改善沟通是克服这些挑战的关键。通过教育计划、经济激励措施、公平和包容措施、正式认证和地方领导力等能力建设举措增强当地社区的能力,将加强对海花海洋保护区珊瑚礁恢复的支持。除了建设当地能力,我们的研究还发现,需要制定战略规划、预算和有效政策,以加强社区在珊瑚礁恢复方面的努力。
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引用次数: 0
Negative plant–soil feedback influences a dominant seeded species, Western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), in grassland restoration 植物-土壤负反馈影响草地恢复中的优势播种物种西洋蓍草(Achillea millefolium)
IF 3.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/rec.14271
Charles W. Casper, Mary Ellyn DuPre, Morgan L. McLeod, Rebecca A. Bunn, John L. Maron, Philip W. Ramsey, Ylva Lekberg
Plant community ecology guides restoration of degraded lands, yet seed‐based restorations sometimes fail or result in unpredictable outcomes, necessitating a better understanding of community trajectory and stability. Western yarrow (Achillea millefolium) declined suddenly in two separate restoration projects after initial high relative abundance. To assess the potential role of soil pathogens, we surveyed plant and soil fungal communities in these restorations, and used an 8‐year‐old field experiment that crossed yarrow planted in varying densities with a fungicide treatment. Two greenhouse experiments then evaluated whether the suppressive effect in yarrow soil spread to native species used in restoration. Lower yarrow cover in a restoration project 5 years compared to 3 years after seeding coincided with higher relative abundance of fungal taxa that can cause disease, particularly Crown‐rot fungi (Paraphoma spp.). Paraphoma increased over time in experimental plots and coincided with yarrow decline. Decline onset was density‐dependent, occurring faster in plant communities where yarrow density was higher. Fungicide applications altered fungal pathogen communities and promoted yarrow cover relative to control plots. In the greenhouse, yarrow grew larger with fungicide, consistent with suppression of fungal pathogens. However, biomass of natives grown in yarrow‐conditioned soil was not affected by fungicides, suggesting pathogens did not spread. The rapid establishment and competitive nature of yarrow, followed by pathogen‐induced decline, make it an attractive early transitional “bridge species,” so long as its pathogens are species‐specific. Our results suggest negative plant‐soil feedback can drive rapid decline of individual species, and considering plant–soil feedback could improve restoration predictability.
植物群落生态学为退化土地的恢复提供了指导,但以种子为基础的恢复有时会失败或导致不可预知的结果,因此有必要更好地了解群落的轨迹和稳定性。在两个不同的恢复项目中,西洋蓍草(Achillea millefolium)在最初的高相对丰度后突然减少。为了评估土壤病原体的潜在作用,我们对这些恢复项目中的植物和土壤真菌群落进行了调查,并利用一项已有 8 年历史的田间试验,将不同密度种植的西洋蓍草与杀真菌剂处理的西洋蓍草进行杂交。随后,两个温室实验评估了西洋蓍草对土壤的抑制作用是否会扩散到用于恢复的本地物种上。与播种 3 年后相比,5 年后的恢复项目中西洋蓍草的覆盖率较低,但可致病的真菌类群的相对丰度却较高,尤其是冠腐真菌(Paraphoma spp.)。随着时间的推移,实验地块中的 Paraphoma 数量增加,与西洋蓍草的衰退相吻合。衰退的发生与密度有关,在蓍草密度较高的植物群落中发生得更快。与对照地块相比,杀真菌剂的施用改变了真菌病原体群落,提高了西洋蓍草的覆盖率。在温室中,使用杀真菌剂后,西洋蓍草长得更大,这与抑制真菌病原体是一致的。然而,在西洋蓍草调节土壤中生长的本地植物的生物量并未受到杀真菌剂的影响,这表明病原体并未扩散。西洋蓍草生长迅速,竞争力强,但随后会因病原体引起衰退,因此只要病原体具有物种特异性,西洋蓍草就会成为一种有吸引力的早期过渡性 "桥梁物种"。我们的研究结果表明,植物与土壤之间的负反馈会导致个别物种的快速衰退,考虑植物与土壤之间的反馈可以提高恢复的可预测性。
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引用次数: 0
Governance and policy constraints of natural forest regeneration in the Brazilian Amazon 巴西亚马逊天然林再生的治理和政策制约因素
IF 3.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/rec.14272
Ima C. G. Vieira, André Giles, Mário M. do Espírito Santo, Rita C. G. Mesquita, Daniel L. M. Vieira, Paulo Massoca, Milena F. Rosenfield, Ana L. M. Albernaz, Danilo R. A. de Almeida, Gil Vieira, Juliana Schietti, Marciel Ferreira, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Catarina C. Jakovac
Environmental legislation requires well‐defined concepts, criteria, and indicators to support its effective implementation and provide legal security to the diverse stakeholders involved. The Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL) establishes the obligation to restore native vegetation in protected areas within rural properties. This federal law is regulated and implemented by each state through its own Environmental Compliance Program (Programa de Regularização Ambiental [PRA], in Portuguese). Landowners must register their land, indicate whether native vegetation needs to be restored (i.e. if there is an environmental debt), and submit a restoration plan to the state government for analysis, validation, and approval. Due to the high cost of forest restoration, natural regeneration has most likely become a viable strategy for Amazonian landowners to meet their environmental debts. However, according to disturbance intensity, frequency, and duration, natural regeneration will not always succeed. In this context, we analyzed the PRAs of the seven main Amazonian states to assess the status of their implementation, identify how natural regeneration is defined and approached in the law, and evaluate whether improvements in the law are needed to ensure effective restoration to accomplish the NVPL.
环境立法需要定义明确的概念、标准和指标,以支持其有效实施,并为不同的利益相关者提供法律保障。原生植被保护法》(NVPL)规定了在农村财产保护区内恢复原生植被的义务。各州通过各自的环境合规计划(Programa de Regularização Ambiental [PRA],葡萄牙语)来管理和实施这项联邦法律。土地所有者必须对其土地进行登记,说明是否需要恢复原生植被(即是否存在环境债务),并向州政府提交恢复计划,以供分析、验证和批准。由于森林恢复成本高昂,自然再生很可能成为亚马逊土地所有者偿还环境债务的可行策略。然而,根据干扰强度、频率和持续时间,自然再生并不总是成功的。在此背景下,我们分析了亚马逊七个主要州的 PRAs,以评估其实施状况,确定法律中如何定义和处理自然再生,并评估是否需要改进法律以确保有效恢复,从而实现 NVPL。
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引用次数: 0
Rare legumes are missing mutualists, but herbivory and environmental filtering are more important determinants of reintroduction success 稀有豆科植物缺少互助者,但食草动物和环境过滤是决定重新引入成功与否的更重要因素
IF 3.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1111/rec.14278
Emily Galloway, Paul A. Price, Emily Grman, Jonathan T. Bauer
Soil microbial mutualists like rhizobia bacteria can promote the establishment of rare, late‐successional legumes. Despite restoration efforts, these mutualists are often absent in the microbiome. Therefore, restoring this mutualism by directly inoculating rare legumes with rhizobia mutualists may increase plant establishment. We inoculated seedlings of Amorpha canescens, Dalea purpurea, and Lespedeza capitata with three strains of species‐specific rhizobia each to investigate how this mutualism would promote growth in the field and in the greenhouse. Because many herbaceous plants are vulnerable to herbivory, we used exclosures for half of our field transplantations to prevent mammalian herbivory. We did not find that rhizobia bacteria directly promoted the growth of our legumes in the field but rather that herbivory and environmental conditions overwhelmed the effects of the rhizobia. Of the plants transplanted, only 17.78% of 180 survived to the end of the growing season, all of which were protected from herbivory. Survival at the end of the growing season was also greater in the northern, drier end of the field site. In the second growing season, plants were more likely to survive in the exclosure treatment, while only four recovered in the open treatment. In the greenhouse, we found increased nodulation with inoculations, supporting the hypothesis that species‐specific mutualists are absent from restoration sites. Though several recent studies have shown that restoring mutualistic interactions has the potential to dramatically improve the outcomes of ecological restoration, our results show that protecting rare species from herbivory after transplantation might achieve greater gains in establishment.
根瘤菌等土壤微生物互助者可以促进稀有的晚生豆科植物的生长。尽管在恢复方面做出了努力,但微生物组中往往不存在这些互生菌。因此,通过直接给稀有豆科植物接种根瘤菌来恢复这种互生关系可能会提高植物的成活率。我们分别给 Amorpha canescens、Dalea purpurea 和 Lespedeza capitata 的幼苗接种了三株物种特异性根瘤菌,以研究这种互生关系如何在田间和温室中促进生长。由于许多草本植物容易受到食草动物的侵害,我们在一半的田间移植中使用了围栏,以防止哺乳动物的食草动物侵害。我们没有发现根瘤菌直接促进了豆科植物在田间的生长,而是发现草食性动物和环境条件压倒了根瘤菌的作用。在移植的 180 株植物中,只有 17.78% 的植物存活到了生长季末,所有这些植物都受到了草食动物的保护。在田间地头较干燥的北部,生长季结束时的存活率也更高。在第二个生长季,封闭处理中的植株存活率更高,而开放处理中只有四株植株存活。在温室中,我们发现接种后的结瘤率增加了,这支持了物种特异性互生者在恢复地点不存在的假设。虽然最近的几项研究表明,恢复互惠相互作用有可能显著改善生态恢复的结果,但我们的研究结果表明,在移植后保护稀有物种免受草食性动物的侵害,可能会在建立生态方面取得更大的收益。
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引用次数: 0
Using demographic modeling to develop post‐fire restoration strategies for a native shrub in a sage scrub community 利用人口模型为鼠尾草灌丛群落中的一种本地灌木制定火灾后恢复战略
IF 3.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1111/rec.14274
Diane M. Thomson
Mediterranean‐climate shrublands are key biodiversity hotspots and carbon storage pools, but are increasingly threatened by climate change, non‐native species, and altered fire regimes. Fires are important to historic shrubland disturbance cycles but can also promote non‐native plants, which may limit post‐fire native shrub recovery. Increasing drought with climate change could also reduce post‐fire shrub regeneration. I developed a stochastic, individual‐based demographic model (IBM) for the native shrub Artemisia californica, parameterized from an experimental removal of non‐native annuals after a 2013 fire in southern California. The IBM simulated A. californica recovery for 7 years after fire under different rainfall conditions (drought or pre‐drought) and non‐native removal strategies (from no years to all 7 years). Drought lowered A. californica canopy volume 7 years after fire by 90% or more. Rainfall in the second year after fire, when most A. californica germination occurred, had particularly strong effects on final canopy cover. Non‐native removal in all 7 years increased canopy volume by three times under drought conditions and 3.5 times under pre‐drought conditions. Targeting non‐native removal in the first 2 years proved nearly as effective, achieving from 88% (drought) to 95% (pre‐drought) the benefits of removal in all 7 years. In sum, low rainfall may be the most important limitation on post‐fire shrub recovery, but removal of non‐natives in years of pulsed shrub recruitment can be an effective restoration strategy even under drought conditions. More generally, this study illustrates how demographic models can help optimize the targeting of scarce management and restoration resources.
地中海气候灌木林地是生物多样性的关键热点和碳储存库,但正日益受到气候变化、非本地物种和火灾机制改变的威胁。火灾对历史上的灌木林干扰周期非常重要,但也会促进非本地植物的生长,这可能会限制火灾后本地灌木的恢复。随着气候变化而加剧的干旱也会减少火后灌木的再生。我为原生灌木加州蒿(Artemisia californica)开发了一个基于个体的随机人口统计模型(IBM),该模型的参数来自 2013 年南加州火灾后对非原生一年生植物的实验性清除。IBM 模拟了在不同降雨条件(干旱或干旱前)和非本地移除策略(从无年份到全部 7 年)下,加州蒿在火灾后 7 年的恢复情况。火灾 7 年后,干旱使加州杉树冠体积减少了 90% 或更多。火灾后第二年的降雨量对最终树冠覆盖率的影响尤为明显,因为大部分加州杉都是在第二年发芽的。在所有 7 年中,在干旱条件下清除非本地物种可使树冠面积增加 3 倍,在干旱前条件下增加 3.5 倍。事实证明,在前两年清除非本地物种几乎同样有效,在所有 7 年中,清除非本地物种的效益从 88%(干旱)到 95%(干旱前)不等。总之,降雨量低可能是限制火灾后灌木恢复的最重要因素,但即使在干旱条件下,在灌木大量繁殖的年份清除非本地物种也是一种有效的恢复策略。更广泛地说,这项研究说明了人口统计模型如何帮助优化稀缺的管理和恢复资源。
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引用次数: 0
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Restoration Ecology
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