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Advantages of Using Unweighted Approximation Error Measures for Model Fit Assessment. 在模型拟合度评估中使用非加权近似误差测量的优势。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-023-09909-6
Dirk Lubbe

Fit indices are highly frequently used for assessing the goodness of fit of latent variable models. Most prominent fit indices, such as the root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) or the comparative fit index (CFI), are based on a noncentrality parameter estimate derived from the model fit statistic. While a noncentrality parameter estimate is well suited for quantifying the amount of systematic error, the complex weighting function involved in its calculation makes indices derived from it challenging to interpret. Moreover, noncentrality-parameter-based fit indices yield systematically different values, depending on the indicators' level of measurement. For instance, RMSEA and CFI yield more favorable fit indices for models with categorical as compared to metric variables under otherwise identical conditions. In the present article, approaches for obtaining an approximation discrepancy estimate that is independent from any specific weighting function are considered. From these unweighted approximation error estimates, fit indices analogous to RMSEA and CFI are calculated and their finite sample properties are investigated using simulation studies. The results illustrate that the new fit indices consistently estimate their true value which, in contrast to other fit indices, is the same value for metric and categorical variables. Advantages with respect to interpretability are discussed and cutoff criteria for the new indices are considered.

拟合指数常用于评估潜变量模型的拟合度。大多数著名的拟合指数,如均方根近似误差(RMSEA)或比较拟合指数(CFI),都是基于模型拟合统计量得出的非中心性参数估计。虽然非中心性参数估计非常适合量化系统误差的大小,但其计算中涉及的复杂加权函数使得从中得出的指数在解释上具有挑战性。此外,基于非中心性参数的拟合指数会根据指标的测量水平产生不同的系统值。例如,在其他条件完全相同的情况下,RMSEA 和 CFI 对分类变量模型的拟合指数比对度量变量模型的拟合指数更有利。本文考虑了获得独立于任何特定加权函数的近似差异估计值的方法。根据这些非加权近似误差估计值,计算出类似于 RMSEA 和 CFI 的拟合指数,并通过模拟研究对其有限样本属性进行了调查。结果表明,新的拟合指数能一致地估计出其真实值,与其他拟合指数不同的是,其真实值对于度量变量和分类变量都是相同的。讨论了新指数在可解释性方面的优势,并考虑了新指数的截止标准。
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引用次数: 0
Identifiability of Hidden Markov Models for Learning Trajectories in Cognitive Diagnosis. 认知诊断中学习轨迹的隐马尔可夫模型的可识别性。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-023-09904-x
Ying Liu, Steven Andrew Culpepper, Yuguo Chen

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) have been applied in various domains, which makes the identifiability issue of HMMs popular among researchers. Classical identifiability conditions shown in previous studies are too strong for practical analysis. In this paper, we propose generic identifiability conditions for discrete time HMMs with finite state space. Also, recent studies about cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) applied first-order HMMs to track changes in attributes related to learning. However, the application of CDMs requires a known [Formula: see text] matrix to infer the underlying structure between latent attributes and items, and the identifiability constraints of the model parameters should also be specified. We propose generic identifiability constraints for our restricted HMM and then estimate the model parameters, including the [Formula: see text] matrix, through a Bayesian framework. We present Monte Carlo simulation results to support our conclusion and apply the developed model to a real dataset.

隐马尔可夫模型(HMM)已被广泛应用于各个领域,这使得 HMM 的可识别性问题受到研究人员的青睐。以往研究中提出的经典可识别性条件过于苛刻,不利于实际分析。本文提出了有限状态空间离散时间 HMM 的通用可识别性条件。此外,最近关于认知诊断模型(CDM)的研究采用了一阶 HMM 来跟踪与学习有关的属性变化。然而,CDMs 的应用需要一个已知的[公式:见正文]矩阵来推断潜在属性和项目之间的潜在结构,同时还需要指定模型参数的可识别性约束。我们为受限 HMM 提出了通用可识别性约束,然后通过贝叶斯框架估计模型参数,包括[公式:见正文]矩阵。我们提出了蒙特卡罗模拟结果来支持我们的结论,并将所开发的模型应用于一个真实数据集。
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引用次数: 0
A Tensor-EM Method for Large-Scale Latent Class Analysis with Binary Responses. 用于二元响应大规模潜类分析的张量-EM 方法
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-022-09887-1
Zhenghao Zeng, Yuqi Gu, Gongjun Xu

Latent class models are powerful statistical modeling tools widely used in psychological, behavioral, and social sciences. In the modern era of data science, researchers often have access to response data collected from large-scale surveys or assessments, featuring many items (large J) and many subjects (large N). This is in contrary to the traditional regime with fixed J and large N. To analyze such large-scale data, it is important to develop methods that are both computationally efficient and theoretically valid. In terms of computation, the conventional EM algorithm for latent class models tends to have a slow algorithmic convergence rate for large-scale data and may converge to some local optima instead of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). Motivated by this, we introduce the tensor decomposition perspective into latent class analysis with binary responses. Methodologically, we propose to use a moment-based tensor power method in the first step and then use the obtained estimates as initialization for the EM algorithm in the second step. Theoretically, we establish the clustering consistency of the MLE in assigning subjects into latent classes when N and J both go to infinity. Simulation studies suggest that the proposed tensor-EM pipeline enjoys both good accuracy and computational efficiency for large-scale data with binary responses. We also apply the proposed method to an educational assessment dataset as an illustration.

潜类模型是一种强大的统计建模工具,广泛应用于心理学、行为学和社会科学领域。在现代数据科学时代,研究人员经常可以访问从大规模调查或评估中收集的响应数据,这些数据具有项目多(J 大)、受试者多(N 大)的特点。要分析此类大规模数据,必须开发出既有计算效率又有理论依据的方法。在计算方面,传统的潜类模型 EM 算法对于大规模数据的算法收敛速度往往很慢,而且可能会收敛到一些局部最优值,而不是最大似然估计值(MLE)。受此启发,我们将张量分解视角引入二元响应的潜类分析中。在方法上,我们建议在第一步使用基于矩的张量幂方法,然后在第二步将获得的估计值作为 EM 算法的初始化。从理论上讲,当 N 和 J 均为无穷大时,我们确定了 MLE 在将受试者分配到潜类时的聚类一致性。仿真研究表明,对于具有二元响应的大规模数据,所提出的张量-EM 管道具有良好的准确性和计算效率。我们还将提出的方法应用于一个教育评估数据集,以作说明。
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引用次数: 0
Rotation to Sparse Loadings Using [Formula: see text] Losses and Related Inference Problems. 使用[公式:见正文]损失和相关推理问题对稀疏载荷进行旋转。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-023-09911-y
Xinyi Liu, Gabriel Wallin, Yunxiao Chen, Irini Moustaki

Researchers have widely used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to learn the latent structure underlying multivariate data. Rotation and regularised estimation are two classes of methods in EFA that they often use to find interpretable loading matrices. In this paper, we propose a new family of oblique rotations based on component-wise [Formula: see text] loss functions [Formula: see text] that is closely related to an [Formula: see text] regularised estimator. We develop model selection and post-selection inference procedures based on the proposed rotation method. When the true loading matrix is sparse, the proposed method tends to outperform traditional rotation and regularised estimation methods in terms of statistical accuracy and computational cost. Since the proposed loss functions are nonsmooth, we develop an iteratively reweighted gradient projection algorithm for solving the optimisation problem. We also develop theoretical results that establish the statistical consistency of the estimation, model selection, and post-selection inference. We evaluate the proposed method and compare it with regularised estimation and traditional rotation methods via simulation studies. We further illustrate it using an application to the Big Five personality assessment.

研究人员广泛使用探索性因子分析(EFA)来了解多元数据的潜在结构。旋转和正则化估计是 EFA 中的两类方法,它们常用来找到可解释的载荷矩阵。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的基于分量[公式:见正文]损失函数[公式:见正文]的斜向旋转系列,它与[公式:见正文]正则化估计器密切相关。我们根据提出的旋转方法开发了模型选择和选择后推理程序。当真实载荷矩阵稀疏时,所提出的方法在统计精度和计算成本方面往往优于传统的旋转和正则化估计方法。由于提出的损失函数是非光滑的,我们开发了一种迭代重权梯度投影算法来解决优化问题。我们还开发了理论结果,确定了估计、模型选择和选择后推断的统计一致性。我们通过模拟研究对所提出的方法进行评估,并与正则化估计和传统旋转方法进行比较。我们还通过大五人格评估的应用进一步说明了这一方法。
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引用次数: 0
Longitudinal Modeling of Age-Dependent Latent Traits with Generalized Additive Latent and Mixed Models. 用广义加性潜模型和混合模型建立年龄相关潜特征的纵向模型
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-023-09910-z
Øystein Sørensen, Anders M Fjell, Kristine B Walhovd

We present generalized additive latent and mixed models (GALAMMs) for analysis of clustered data with responses and latent variables depending smoothly on observed variables. A scalable maximum likelihood estimation algorithm is proposed, utilizing the Laplace approximation, sparse matrix computation, and automatic differentiation. Mixed response types, heteroscedasticity, and crossed random effects are naturally incorporated into the framework. The models developed were motivated by applications in cognitive neuroscience, and two case studies are presented. First, we show how GALAMMs can jointly model the complex lifespan trajectories of episodic memory, working memory, and speed/executive function, measured by the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), digit span tests, and Stroop tests, respectively. Next, we study the effect of socioeconomic status on brain structure, using data on education and income together with hippocampal volumes estimated by magnetic resonance imaging. By combining semiparametric estimation with latent variable modeling, GALAMMs allow a more realistic representation of how brain and cognition vary across the lifespan, while simultaneously estimating latent traits from measured items. Simulation experiments suggest that model estimates are accurate even with moderate sample sizes.

我们提出了广义加性潜变量和混合模型(GALAMMs),用于分析反应和潜变量与观测变量平稳相关的聚类数据。利用拉普拉斯近似、稀疏矩阵计算和自动微分,我们提出了一种可扩展的最大似然估计算法。混合响应类型、异方差和交叉随机效应被自然地纳入该框架。开发模型的动机来自认知神经科学中的应用,并介绍了两个案例研究。首先,我们展示了 GALAMMs 如何联合模拟外显记忆、工作记忆和速度/执行功能的复杂生命轨迹,这些轨迹分别通过加利福尼亚言语学习测试(CVLT)、数字跨度测试和 Stroop 测试来测量。接下来,我们利用教育和收入数据以及磁共振成像估测的海马体体积,研究社会经济地位对大脑结构的影响。通过将半参数估计与潜变量建模相结合,GALAMM 可以更真实地反映大脑和认知在整个生命周期中的变化,同时还能从测量项目中估计出潜在特征。模拟实验表明,即使样本量适中,模型估计也是准确的。
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引用次数: 0
Sequential Generalized Likelihood Ratio Tests for Online Item Monitoring. 在线项目监控的序列广义似然比检验。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-022-09871-9
Hyeon-Ah Kang

The study presents statistical procedures that monitor functioning of items over time. We propose generalized likelihood ratio tests that surveil multiple item parameters and implement with various sampling techniques to perform continuous or intermittent monitoring. The procedures examine stability of item parameters across time and inform compromise as soon as they identify significant parameter shift. The performance of the monitoring procedures was validated using simulated and real-assessment data. The empirical evaluation suggests that the proposed procedures perform adequately well in identifying the parameter drift. They showed satisfactory detection power and gave timely signals while regulating error rates reasonably low. The procedures also showed superior performance when compared with the existent methods. The empirical findings suggest that multivariate parametric monitoring can provide an efficient and powerful control tool for maintaining the quality of items. The procedures allow joint monitoring of multiple item parameters and achieve sufficient power using powerful likelihood-ratio tests. Based on the findings from the empirical experimentation, we suggest some practical strategies for performing online item monitoring.

本研究介绍了监测项目随时间变化的功能的统计程序。我们提出的广义似然比检验可监测多个项目参数,并利用各种抽样技术进行连续或间歇监测。这些程序会检查项目参数在不同时间段的稳定性,一旦发现参数发生重大变化,就会立即通知相关人员。监测程序的性能通过模拟和实际评估数据进行了验证。经验评估表明,建议的程序在识别参数漂移方面表现出色。它们显示出令人满意的检测能力,并及时发出信号,同时将错误率控制在合理的低水平。与现有方法相比,这些程序也表现出更优越的性能。实证研究结果表明,多变量参数监测可以为保持项目质量提供有效而强大的控制工具。这些程序允许对多个项目参数进行联合监测,并利用强大的似然比检验获得足够的功率。根据实证实验的结果,我们提出了一些进行在线项目监控的实用策略。
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引用次数: 0
Blind Subgrouping of Task-based fMRI. 对基于任务的 fMRI 进行盲法分组
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-023-09907-8
Zachary F Fisher, Jonathan Parsons, Kathleen M Gates, Joseph B Hopfinger

Significant heterogeneity in network structures reflecting individuals' dynamic processes can exist within subgroups of people (e.g., diagnostic category, gender). This makes it difficult to make inferences regarding these predefined subgroups. For this reason, researchers sometimes wish to identify subsets of individuals who have similarities in their dynamic processes regardless of any predefined category. This requires unsupervised classification of individuals based on similarities in their dynamic processes, or equivalently, in this case, similarities in their network structures of edges. The present paper tests a recently developed algorithm, S-GIMME, that takes into account heterogeneity across individuals with the aim of providing subgroup membership and precise information about the specific network structures that differentiate subgroups. The algorithm has previously provided robust and accurate classification when evaluated with large-scale simulation studies but has not yet been validated on empirical data. Here, we investigate S-GIMME's ability to differentiate, in a purely data-driven manner, between brain states explicitly induced through different tasks in a new fMRI dataset. The results provide new evidence that the algorithm was able to resolve, in an unsupervised data-driven manner, the differences between different active brain states in empirical fMRI data to segregate individuals and arrive at subgroup-specific network structures of edges. The ability to arrive at subgroups that correspond to empirically designed fMRI task conditions, with no biasing or priors, suggests this data-driven approach can be a powerful addition to existing methods for unsupervised classification of individuals based on their dynamic processes.

在反映个人动态过程的网络结构中,可能存在着显著的异质性,而这种异质性可能存在于人的子群体中(如诊断类别、性别)。这就很难对这些预定义的亚群做出推断。因此,研究人员有时会希望识别出动态过程中具有相似性的个体子集,而不考虑任何预定义的类别。这就需要根据个体动态过程的相似性对其进行无监督分类,或者换句话说,在这种情况下,根据个体边缘网络结构的相似性对其进行无监督分类。本文对最近开发的算法 S-GIMME 进行了测试,该算法考虑到了个体间的异质性,旨在提供子群成员资格以及区分子群的特定网络结构的精确信息。该算法曾在大规模模拟研究中进行过评估,提供了稳健而准确的分类,但尚未在经验数据中得到验证。在这里,我们研究了 S-GIMME 以纯数据驱动的方式,在一个新的 fMRI 数据集中,区分通过不同任务明确诱发的大脑状态的能力。结果提供了新的证据,证明该算法能够以无监督数据驱动的方式,解决经验 fMRI 数据中不同活跃大脑状态之间的差异,从而分离个体并得出特定亚群的边缘网络结构。在没有偏差或先验的情况下,该方法能够得出与根据经验设计的 fMRI 任务条件相对应的子群,这表明这种数据驱动方法可以成为现有方法的有力补充,用于根据个体的动态过程对其进行无监督分类。
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引用次数: 0
Detecting Changes in Correlation Networks with Application to Functional Connectivity of fMRI Data. 检测相关网络的变化,并将其应用于 fMRI 数据的功能连接。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-023-09908-7
Changryong Baek, Benjamin Leinwand, Kristen A Lindquist, Seok-Oh Jeong, Joseph Hopfinger, Katheleen M Gates, Vladas Pipiras

Research questions in the human sciences often seek to answer if and when a process changes across time. In functional MRI studies, for instance, researchers may seek to assess the onset of a shift in brain state. For daily diary studies, the researcher may seek to identify when a person's psychological process shifts following treatment. The timing and presence of such a change may be meaningful in terms of understanding state changes. Currently, dynamic processes are typically quantified as static networks where edges indicate temporal relations among nodes, which may be variables reflecting emotions, behaviors, or brain activity. Here we describe three methods for detecting changes in such correlation networks from a data-driven perspective. Networks here are quantified using the lag-0 pair-wise correlation (or covariance) estimates as the representation of the dynamic relations among variables. We present three methods for change point detection: dynamic connectivity regression, max-type method, and a PCA-based method. The change point detection methods each include different ways to test if two given correlation network patterns from different segments in time are significantly different. These tests can also be used outside of the change point detection approaches to test any two given blocks of data. We compare the three methods for change point detection as well as the complementary significance testing approaches on simulated and empirical functional connectivity fMRI data examples.

人文科学的研究问题往往试图回答一个过程是否以及何时发生跨时间变化。例如,在功能性核磁共振成像研究中,研究人员可能试图评估大脑状态转变的开始时间。在每日日记研究中,研究人员可能试图确定一个人的心理过程在治疗后何时发生变化。这种变化的时间和存在对于理解状态变化可能很有意义。目前,动态过程通常被量化为静态网络,其中的边表示节点之间的时间关系,节点可能是反映情绪、行为或大脑活动的变量。在此,我们介绍三种从数据驱动角度检测此类相关网络变化的方法。这里的网络使用滞后 0 的成对相关性(或协方差)估计值作为变量间动态关系的表示方法进行量化。我们提出了三种变化点检测方法:动态连接回归法、最大值法和基于 PCA 的方法。每种变化点检测方法都包含不同的方法,用于检验来自不同时间段的两个给定相关网络模式是否存在显著差异。这些检验方法也可用于变化点检测方法之外的任何两个给定数据块的检验。我们在模拟和经验功能连接 fMRI 数据示例中比较了三种变化点检测方法以及互补的显著性检验方法。
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引用次数: 0
Commentary on "Extending the Basic Local Independence Model to Polytomous Data" by Stefanutti, de Chiusole, Anselmi, and Spoto. 对 Stefanutti、de Chiusole、Anselmi 和 Spoto 所著 "将基本局部独立性模型扩展到多态数据 "的评论。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-17 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-022-09873-7
Chia-Yi Chiu, Hans Friedrich Köhn, Wenchao Ma

The Polytomous Local Independence Model (PoLIM) by Stefanutti, de Chiusole, Anselmi, and Spoto, is an extension of the Basic Local Independence Model (BLIM) to accommodate polytomous items. BLIM, a model for analyzing responses to binary items, is based on Knowledge Space Theory, a framework developed by cognitive scientists and mathematical psychologists for modeling human knowledge acquisition and representation. The purpose of this commentary is to show that PoLIM is simply a paraphrase of a DINA model in cognitive diagnosis for polytomous items. Specifically, BLIM is shown to be equivalent to the DINA model when the BLIM-items are conceived as binary single-attribute items, each with a distinct attribute; thus, PoLIM is equivalent to the DINA for polytomous single-attribute items, each with a distinct attribute.

由 Stefanutti、de Chiusole、Anselmi 和 Spoto 提出的多题局部独立性模型(Polytomous Local Independence Model,PoLIM)是对基本局部独立性模型(Basic Local Independence Model,BLIM)的扩展,以适应多题项目。BLIM 是一个分析二元项目回答的模型,它以认知科学家和数学心理学家为人类知识获取和表征建模而开发的框架--知识空间理论为基础。本评论的目的在于说明 PoLIM 只是认知诊断中 DINA 模型对多项式项目的一种诠释。具体地说,当 BLIM 项目被视为二元单属性项目(每个项目都有一个不同的属性)时,BLIM 就等同于 DINA 模型;因此,对于多项式单属性项目(每个项目都有一个不同的属性),PoLIM 就等同于 DINA。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling Eye Movements During Decision Making: A Review. 决策过程中的眼动建模:综述。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2022-07-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-022-09876-4
Michel Wedel, Rik Pieters, Ralf van der Lans

This article reviews recent advances in the psychometric and econometric modeling of eye-movements during decision making. Eye movements offer a unique window on unobserved perceptual, cognitive, and evaluative processes of people who are engaged in decision making tasks. They provide new insights into these processes, which are not easily available otherwise, allow for explanations of fundamental search and choice phenomena, and enable predictions of future decisions. We propose a theoretical framework of the search and choice tasks that people commonly engage in and of the underlying cognitive processes involved in those tasks. We discuss how these processes drive specific eye-movement patterns. Our framework emphasizes the central role of task and strategy switching for complex goal attainment. We place the extant literature within that framework, highlight recent advances in modeling eye-movement behaviors during search and choice, discuss limitations, challenges, and open problems. An agenda for further psychometric modeling of eye movements during decision making concludes the review.

本文回顾了决策过程中眼球运动的心理计量和计量经济学建模的最新进展。眼动提供了一个独特的窗口,让人们可以了解参与决策任务的人未被观察到的感知、认知和评价过程。眼动为这些过程提供了新的视角,而这些视角是其他视角难以企及的,眼动可以解释基本的搜索和选择现象,并能预测未来的决策。我们提出了一个理论框架,即人们通常参与的搜索和选择任务以及这些任务所涉及的基本认知过程。我们讨论了这些过程如何驱动特定的眼动模式。我们的框架强调了任务和策略转换在实现复杂目标中的核心作用。我们将现有文献置于该框架内,重点介绍了在对搜索和选择过程中的眼动行为进行建模方面的最新进展,并讨论了局限性、挑战和有待解决的问题。最后,我们对决策过程中眼球运动的进一步心理计量建模提出了议程。
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引用次数: 0
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Psychometrika
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