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Investigative examination of motion sickness indicators for electric vehicles 电动汽车晕车指标的调查研究
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1177/09544070241251521
Zhaoxue Deng, Kun Yuan, Xiang Xiao
Electric vehicles (EVs) pose a heightened risk of inducing motion sickness in passengers compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. With the increasing prevalence of EVs, there is a pressing need for in-depth research on motion sickness in this specific context. To quantitatively assess motion sickness severity in electric vehicle occupants, this study meticulously selected 25 participants exhibiting a high susceptibility to motion sickness for experimental testing. The research endeavors to elucidate the intricate relationship between motion sickness assessment values, electrodermal activity (EDA) signals, and vehicle state signals during motion sickness episodes. Utilizing correlation analysis to scrutinize the interrelation between electrodermal signals and the severity of motion sickness, we advocate employing the mean and variation rate of EDA as objective metrics for characterizing the extent of motion sickness. Furthermore, we introduce the definition of cumulative seat rail vibration acceleration (CVA) as an integral component of this evaluation. Through meticulous correlation analysis, it is ascertained that the change rates of longitudinal vibration cumulative value (CVAx) and EDA exhibit robust correlations, signifying their significance in relation to motion sickness severity. This research not only establishes a theoretical foundation for quantifying motion sickness in electric vehicle occupants but also contributes profound insights into the underlying mechanisms of motion sickness in the context of electric vehicles.
与传统内燃机汽车相比,电动汽车(EV)诱发乘客晕车的风险更高。随着电动汽车的日益普及,迫切需要对这一特定情况下的晕动病进行深入研究。为了定量评估电动汽车乘客晕动病的严重程度,本研究精心挑选了 25 名对晕动病具有高度易感性的参与者进行实验测试。研究致力于阐明晕车评估值、皮电活动(EDA)信号和晕车发作时车辆状态信号之间错综复杂的关系。利用相关性分析来仔细研究皮电信号与晕车严重程度之间的相互关系,我们主张将 EDA 的平均值和变化率作为描述晕车程度的客观指标。此外,我们还引入了累积座椅轨道振动加速度(CVA)的定义,作为该评估的一个组成部分。通过细致的相关性分析,我们确定纵向振动累积值(CVAx)的变化率与 EDA 呈现出稳健的相关性,这表明它们在晕车严重程度方面具有重要意义。这项研究不仅为量化电动汽车乘员的运动病奠定了理论基础,还对电动汽车运动病的内在机制提出了深刻见解。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of automotive aerodynamic performance based on DOE 基于 DOE 的汽车空气动力学性能优化
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1177/09544070241248902
Yi Chen, Xiaoming Ye, Xiaobi Wang, Menghua Duan, Pei Deng, Ling Qing
Based on a new-energy sedan as the research object, the Design of Experiments (DOE) optimization integrated grid deformation method was used to optimize and improve the aerodynamic performance of a certain development model. A three-dimensional flow field comparison analysis was conducted on the improved areas of the whole vehicle flow field, and wind tunnel tests were conducted for verification. Through CFD simulation and wind tunnel test verification, the accuracy of the CFD simulation method was verified. The engineering feasible DOE optimization recommended area for the whole vehicle was summarized. The optimal prediction results based on the DOE optimization method and the corresponding CFD simulation results were analyzed for reliability. The correlation between the optimization variables and the target function was analyzed, and 6 counts reduced the whole vehicle drag coefficient by adjusting the optimization variables within a small range. Finally, wind tunnel tests were used to verify the effectiveness of the optimized variable scheme. The results provide an important reference for the optimization design and development of vehicle aerodynamic performance.
以某新能源轿车为研究对象,采用试验设计(DOE)优化集成网格变形法对某开发模型的空气动力学性能进行了优化改进。对整车流场改进区域进行了三维流场对比分析,并进行了风洞试验验证。通过 CFD 模拟和风洞试验验证,验证了 CFD 模拟方法的准确性。总结了工程可行的整车 DOE 优化推荐区域。分析了基于 DOE 优化方法的最优预测结果和相应的 CFD 仿真结果的可靠性。分析了优化变量与目标函数之间的相关性,通过在小范围内调整优化变量降低整车阻力系数 6 次。最后,通过风洞试验验证了优化变量方案的有效性。研究结果为车辆空气动力性能的优化设计和开发提供了重要参考。
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引用次数: 0
A quantitative method of calculating transient nonlinear heat partition coefficient between clutch friction discs with deep learning 利用深度学习计算离合器摩擦片间瞬态非线性热分配系数的定量方法
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1177/09544070241247876
Peng Zhang, Changsong Zheng, Cenbo Xiong, Biao Ma, Liang Yu, Dengming Luo
In the current clutch temperature field study, the generally used constant heat partition coefficient tends to overestimate the separator disc temperature and underestimate the friction disc temperature. Although some researchers have found the characteristics of the time-varying heat partition coefficient, a suitable method is still needed to apply it to temperature calculations. This study provides a quantitative method for the application of the transient nonlinear heat partition coefficient to temperature calculations. The finite difference method is adopted to figure out the time-varying curve of the heat partition coefficient by coupling the contact temperature of the friction components. The numerical results show that the heat partition coefficient is independent of rotation speed with three stages: initial value, rapid time-varying, and steady-state. Different from the analytical method, we apply a deep learning method to train the quantisation function to characterise these three stages, avoiding complex formula derivation. As a result, the quantitative function can characterise the time-varying heat partition coefficient accurately, with an average error of 0.19%, 3.05% and 0.62% for the inert, time-varying, and steady-state stages, respectively. In addition, the accuracy of applying the quantisation function in temperature simulation is verified by friction experiments, and the error is less than 8%. This is superior to the results of solving the temperature field by a constant heat partition coefficient.
在目前的离合器温度现场研究中,一般使用的恒定热分配系数往往会高估分离器盘的温度,而低估摩擦盘的温度。虽然一些研究人员发现了时变热分配系数的特点,但仍需要一种合适的方法将其应用于温度计算。本研究提供了一种将瞬态非线性热分配系数应用于温度计算的定量方法。通过耦合摩擦元件的接触温度,采用有限差分法计算出热分配系数的时变曲线。数值结果表明,热分配系数与转速无关,分为初始值、快速时变和稳态三个阶段。与分析方法不同,我们采用了深度学习方法来训练量化函数,以描述这三个阶段,避免了复杂的公式推导。结果,量化函数可以准确表征时变热分配系数,惰性、时变和稳态阶段的平均误差分别为 0.19%、3.05% 和 0.62%。此外,摩擦实验也验证了在温度模拟中应用量化函数的准确性,误差小于 8%。这优于用恒定热分配系数求解温度场的结果。
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引用次数: 0
On-board model predictive control for autonomous lane keeping with fuzzy preview distance: Design and experiment 带模糊预览距离的自主车道保持车载模型预测控制:设计与实验
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1177/09544070241245485
Wei Huang, Wei Xia, Zhengxiao Wu, Xinjie Liu, Tianhua Shi, Yuhui Peng, Shaopeng Zhu
This paper concerns with the development of computationally efficient lane keeping control method for the autonomous vehicles. To obtain autonomous lane keeping, model predictive control (MPC) scheme was intensively investigated in the previous studies owing to its inherent advantage of dealing with constrained multivariable systems. However, the tradeoff problem between the good tracking performance and the low computational complexity is inevitably raised in developing of MPC-based lane keeping technology. To alleviate the conflict between performance and cost, an on-board MPC with fuzzy preview distance is designed in this study. A linear system dynamics model is used in the MPC design to reduce the computational cost, and a fuzzy logic algorithm is developed to select an appropriate preview distance for enhancing the MPC performance. Further, hardware-in-the-loop test is adopted to explore the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed control method. In comparison to the proportional-integral controller, the experimental results show that the MPC is more sensitive to the selective value of fixed preview distance. Since the significant impact of preview distance selection on the MPC-based lane keeping performance, the fuzzy logic algorithm is of the essence in terms of selecting the appropriate preview distance for MPC enhancement under different vehicle speed and road curvature. Eventually, experimental results validate that the proposed fuzzy preview distance algorithm can effectively improve the MPC-based lane keeping performance for autonomous vehicles subject to limited computational resource.
本文关注为自动驾驶车辆开发计算高效的车道保持控制方法。为了实现自主车道保持,模型预测控制(MPC)方案因其在处理受限多变量系统方面的固有优势,在以往的研究中得到了深入探讨。然而,在开发基于 MPC 的车道保持技术时,不可避免地会遇到良好跟踪性能与低计算复杂度之间的权衡问题。为了缓解性能与成本之间的矛盾,本研究设计了一种带有模糊预览距离的车载 MPC。在 MPC 设计中使用了线性系统动力学模型来降低计算成本,并开发了一种模糊逻辑算法来选择合适的预览距离,以提高 MPC 性能。此外,还采用了硬件在环测试来探讨所提出的控制方法的有效性和效率。与比例积分控制器相比,实验结果表明 MPC 对固定预览距离的选择值更为敏感。由于预览距离的选择对基于 MPC 的车道保持性能有重大影响,因此模糊逻辑算法在不同车速和路面曲率下选择合适的预览距离来增强 MPC 的性能至关重要。最终,实验结果验证了所提出的模糊预览距离算法能够在有限的计算资源条件下有效提高自动驾驶车辆基于 MPC 的车道保持性能。
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引用次数: 0
Proposing a new control method for active stabilizer bars using an intelligent self-learning algorithm 利用智能自学习算法为主动稳定杆提出一种新的控制方法
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.1177/09544070241247992
Tuan Anh Nguyen
This article’s main content is directed toward designing and applying a new control algorithm for automotive stabilizer bars. Previous studies often only used classical control algorithms or simple fuzzy algorithms to control hydraulic anti-roll systems on cars based on safety criteria. In this article, a self-learning algorithm (ANFIS) is established based on inheriting the advantages of previous algorithms. Additionally, this algorithm is modified and improved to increase the convergence of the results after the end of the steering process. Simulations show that when the self-learning solution is applied to active anti-roll bars, the roll angle value and the attenuation of the vertical force at wheels decrease significantly. In complex motion conditions (second case, v3), rollover occurs if the automobile does not have an anti-roll bar. However, roll stability and road holding ability are always ensured when applying the ANFIS algorithm to control active anti-roll bars. According to these findings, the minimum value of the vertical force at the rear wheel can be up to 1384.02 N even when the car is traveling in extremely harsh conditions (second case, v4). In addition, the response speed and convergence of values are always well-controlled when the intelligent self-learning algorithm is applied to the anti-roll control system.
本文的主要内容是针对汽车稳定杆设计和应用一种新的控制算法。以往的研究通常只使用经典控制算法或简单的模糊算法,根据安全标准控制汽车液压防倾系统。本文在继承以往算法优点的基础上,建立了一种自学习算法(ANFIS)。此外,还对该算法进行了修改和改进,以提高转向过程结束后结果的收敛性。仿真结果表明,当自学习方案应用于主动防倾杆时,滚动角值和车轮垂直力衰减明显减小。在复杂运动条件下(第二种情况,v3),如果汽车没有防倾杆,就会发生侧翻。然而,在应用 ANFIS 算法控制主动防倾杆时,侧倾稳定性和路面保持能力始终得到保证。根据这些发现,即使汽车在极其恶劣的条件下行驶(第二种情况,v4),后轮垂直力的最小值也可达 1384.02 N。此外,当智能自学习算法应用于防倾杆控制系统时,响应速度和数值收敛性始终得到很好的控制。
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引用次数: 0
Path tracking with personalized handling stability constraints matched to driving styles 根据驾驶风格提供个性化操控稳定性约束的路径跟踪功能
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1177/09544070241248557
Qianxi Pan, Bing Zhou, Qingjia Cui, Yongxin Dong, Xiaojian Wu
In the path-tracking control process, drivers have different expectations of the lateral response of vehicles. To meet drivers’ expectations of handling stability, this paper proposes a model predictive control (MPC)-based path-tracking controller with personalized handling stability constraints matched to driving style. Firstly, the categories of driving styles are obtained by applying the K-Means algorithm to the collected driving data. Then the sideslip angle-longitudinal velocity map is constructed based on the nonlinear dynamics model of the vehicle to generate the front-wheel steering angle constraints that are matched with the maximum sideslip of the vehicle expected by drivers of different styles. After that, an MPC-based path-tracking controller has been built, and the front-wheel steering angle is incorporated into the MPC controller. Furthermore, compared to the strategy of directly using sideslip angle constraints for handling stability control, this approach avoids introducing additional constraint variables, leading to improved real-time performance. Simulation experiments are conducted to compare the dynamic vehicle responses between the handling stability control that takes into account the driving style and the control system that does not consider the driving style. In addition, the subjective evaluation is conducted to verify the proposed path-tracking control method that considers the stability constraints of driving style. The evaluation results show that the proposed method can obtain better subjective evaluation results than a path-tracking controller that does not consider the driving style. Finally, through the hardware-in-the-loop experiments, the real-time computational capability of the proposed controller is verified.
在路径跟踪控制过程中,驾驶员对车辆的横向响应有不同的期望。为了满足驾驶员对操纵稳定性的期望,本文提出了一种基于模型预测控制(MPC)的路径跟踪控制器,该控制器具有与驾驶风格相匹配的个性化操纵稳定性约束。首先,通过对收集到的驾驶数据应用 K-Means 算法获得驾驶风格类别。然后,根据车辆的非线性动力学模型构建侧倾角-纵向速度图,生成与不同风格驾驶员所期望的车辆最大侧倾相匹配的前轮转向角约束。然后,建立基于 MPC 的路径跟踪控制器,并将前轮转向角纳入 MPC 控制器。此外,与直接使用侧倾角约束进行操纵稳定性控制的策略相比,这种方法避免了引入额外的约束变量,从而提高了实时性。通过仿真实验,比较了考虑驾驶风格的操纵稳定性控制与不考虑驾驶风格的控制系统之间的车辆动态响应。此外,还进行了主观评价,以验证所提出的考虑驾驶风格稳定性约束的路径跟踪控制方法。评价结果表明,与不考虑驾驶风格的路径跟踪控制器相比,所提出的方法能获得更好的主观评价结果。最后,通过硬件在环实验,验证了所提控制器的实时计算能力。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of rolling resistance and wheel force for a passenger car tire: A comparative study on the use of different material models and numerical approaches 乘用车轮胎滚动阻力和车轮力的预测:关于使用不同材料模型和数值方法的比较研究
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1177/09544070241244556
Haniyeh Fathi, Zeinab El-Sayegh, Mir Hamid Reza Ghoreishy
In this research, the characteristics of tire-road interaction of a 185/65R14 88H passenger car tire are investigated using the Finite Element Method in Abaqus commercial software. Moreover, the effect of various material models on tire performance is studied by implementing Visco-Hyperelastic, Parallel Rheological Framework, and Mullins effect. The novelty of this research is devoted to the development of the complex material models particularly considering the Mullins effect of the rubber compounds in the tire structure for the load-displacement criteria. For this purpose, a tire finite element model was generated using Abaqus/Standard command line in two different methods including an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation for steady state rolling and implementing a pure Lagrangian approach for the transient dynamic analysis carried out implicit and explicit process respectively. Rolling resistance force was computed according to ISO 28580 with 210 kPa inflation pressure and 4155 N vertical load. The footprint test results were extracted in both static and transient dynamic analyses. Additionally, the wheel reaction force was predicted using an indirect method by extracting the tire-terrain contact patch reaction force in Abaqus/Explicit to observe the effect of the material convection along with stress softening phenomena of the rubber compounds of tire structure. In the post-processing analysis, the wheel reaction was filtered by implementing SAE60 filter to reduce the numerical noise in the final response.
本研究使用 Abaqus 商业软件中的有限元法研究了 185/65R14 88H 轿车轮胎的轮胎与路面相互作用特性。此外,还通过粘弹性、平行流变框架和穆林斯效应研究了各种材料模型对轮胎性能的影响。这项研究的新颖之处在于开发了复杂的材料模型,特别是考虑了轮胎结构中橡胶复合物的 Mullins 效应,用于载荷-位移标准。为此,使用 Abaqus/Standard 命令行以两种不同的方法生成了轮胎有限元模型,包括用于稳态滚动的任意拉格朗日-欧拉公式和用于瞬态动态分析的纯拉格朗日方法,分别进行了隐式和显式处理。滚动阻力根据 ISO 28580 标准计算,充气压力为 210 kPa,垂直载荷为 4155 N。在静态和瞬态动态分析中都提取了足迹测试结果。此外,通过在 Abaqus/Explicit 中提取轮胎-地形接触片反作用力,采用间接方法预测了车轮反作用力,以观察轮胎结构中橡胶化合物的应力软化现象和材料对流的影响。在后处理分析中,采用 SAE60 滤波器对车轮反作用力进行过滤,以减少最终响应中的数值噪声。
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引用次数: 0
Parameter identification and NVH characteristic analysis of automotive suspension rubber bushing 汽车悬架橡胶衬套的参数识别和 NVH 特性分析
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/09544070241245537
Hao Chen, Chihua Lu, Zhien Liu
Accurate prediction of the dynamic stiffness of rubber bushings is crucial for optimizing vehicle vibration and noise performance. However, this task is highly challenging due to various influencing factors such as frequency and amplitude. Consequently, there has been limited research conducted in this area thus far. This paper presents a novel approach for predicting the dynamic stiffness of rubber bushings. The frequency and amplitude dependencies of rubber bushings were thoroughly investigated through dynamic loading tests. A comprehensive model for rubber bushings, incorporating parallel connections of elastic elements, friction elements, and higher-order fractional derivative viscous elements, was established. The model parameters were accurately identified using the GA-BP method. The results demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits a high level of precision in estimating dynamic stiffness across a frequency range of 0–200 Hz. In comparison to the conventional model, the proposed approach enables more precise computation of interior sound pressure response and enhances vehicle simulation accuracy.
准确预测橡胶衬套的动态刚度对于优化车辆振动和噪声性能至关重要。然而,由于频率和振幅等各种影响因素的存在,这项任务极具挑战性。因此,迄今为止在这一领域开展的研究十分有限。本文提出了一种预测橡胶衬套动态刚度的新方法。通过动态加载测试,对橡胶衬套的频率和振幅相关性进行了深入研究。建立了橡胶衬套的综合模型,其中包含平行连接的弹性元件、摩擦元件和高阶分数导数粘性元件。使用 GA-BP 方法精确确定了模型参数。结果表明,所提出的模型在 0-200 Hz 的频率范围内对动态刚度的估计具有很高的精确度。与传统模型相比,所提出的方法能够更精确地计算车内声压响应,并提高车辆仿真精度。
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引用次数: 0
An interconnected suspension with adjustable roll and pitch stiffness (IS-ARPS) to enhance anti-roll and anti-dive/squat characteristics 具有可调侧倾和俯仰刚度(IS-ARPS)的互联悬挂系统,可增强防侧倾和防俯冲/下沉特性
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/09544070241245473
Yukun Lu, Yanjun Huang, Chen Sun, Jiaming Zhong, Amir Khajepour
The suspension system is critical in maintaining vehicle stability in roll and pitch directions. Hydro-pneumatic interconnected suspension systems, in which the suspension struts are connected through hydraulic hoses, flow control valves, and accumulators, have great potential to further enhance anti-roll and anti-pitch characteristics. To address the existing designs’ shortcomings, this study introduces an interconnected suspension with adjustable roll and pitch stiffness (IS-ARPS). It not only eliminates the conventional anti-roll bars but also enables adjustment of roll stiffness depending on the driving and vehicle load conditions. In the pitch direction, the IS-ARPS provides an additional amount of pitch stiffness to reduce the dive/squat during braking/acceleration. The mathematical modeling of the IS-ARPS is also straightforward, requiring less computational cost and making it more practical for real-time implementations. Overall, the IS-ARPS system represents a significant advancement in the design of roll and pitch coupled interconnected suspensions, offering a more practical and versatile solution. The above features are examined through co-simulation between MATLAB/Simulink and ADAMS/Car.
悬挂系统对于保持车辆在侧倾和俯仰方向上的稳定性至关重要。通过液压软管、流量控制阀和蓄能器将悬架支柱连接起来的液压气动互连悬架系统在进一步提高抗侧倾和抗俯仰特性方面具有巨大潜力。针对现有设计的不足,本研究引入了一种具有可调侧倾和俯仰刚度的互连悬挂系统(IS-ARPS)。它不仅取消了传统的防倾杆,还能根据驾驶和车辆负载情况调节侧倾刚度。在俯仰方向上,IS-ARPS 提供了额外的俯仰刚度,以减少制动/加速时的俯冲/下沉。IS-ARPS 的数学建模也很简单,所需的计算成本较低,更适合实时实施。总之,IS-ARPS 系统代表了滚动和俯仰耦合互联悬架设计的重大进步,提供了一种更实用、用途更广泛的解决方案。上述特点通过 MATLAB/Simulink 和 ADAMS/Car 的协同仿真进行了检验。
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引用次数: 0
Cascade control algorithm for slip rate in a brake-by-wire system based on direct drive valve 基于直接驱动阀的线控制动系统中滑移率的级联控制算法
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/09544070241245540
Jianhui Zhu, Chaofan Gu, Mengmeng Xue, Jie Xie, Shuai Yang, Yujie Sun, Cao Tan
To achieve a rapid response and precise control of braking hydraulic pressure, a brake-by-wire electro-hydraulic braking system based on a direct drive valve was designed. This system employs an electromagnetic linear actuator to drive the valve core directly, achieving swift adjustment of brake wheel cylinder hydraulic pressure. Given the strong coupling and non-linearity of the electromagnetic linear actuator, solely using a single-loop controller to control the slip rate can easily lead to weakened system performance. Hence, we proposed a cascade control algorithm for the brake-by-wire system, with an outer loop for slip rate control and an inner loop for direct drive valve position. The outer loop adopted a fuzzy PID control, while the inner loop adopted a model-free adaptive sliding mode control. By combining model-free adaptive control with a novel discrete exponential approach, we addressed the system’s non-linearity and unknown disturbances. A braking system test platform was constructed to verify the superior hydraulic tracking performance of this brake-by-wire system and to perform slip rate control performance analysis under different road conditions. Results demonstrated that compared to the fuzzy PID-MFAC algorithm, the proposed fuzzy PID-MFASMC control enhanced car slip rate control precision, and reduced both braking time and distance.
为了实现制动液压的快速响应和精确控制,设计了一种基于直接驱动阀的线控电子液压制动系统。该系统采用电磁线性执行器直接驱动阀芯,实现制动轮缸液压的快速调节。鉴于电磁线性执行器的强耦合性和非线性,仅使用单回路控制器控制滑移率容易导致系统性能减弱。因此,我们为线控制动系统提出了一种级联控制算法,外环用于控制滑移率,内环用于控制直接驱动阀的位置。外环采用模糊 PID 控制,内环采用无模型自适应滑模控制。通过将无模型自适应控制与新型离散指数法相结合,我们解决了系统的非线性和未知干扰问题。我们搭建了一个制动系统测试平台,以验证这种线控制动系统优越的液压跟踪性能,并在不同路况下进行滑移率控制性能分析。结果表明,与模糊 PID-MFAC 算法相比,所提出的模糊 PID-MFASMC 控制提高了汽车滑移率的控制精度,并缩短了制动时间和距离。
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引用次数: 0
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Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D-Journal of Automobile Engineering
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