Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2023.2260546
Saber E. Brasher, Daniel J. Leathers, Christina L. Callahan, Kathryn E. Giesa
ABSTRACTDischarge values from the National Water Model (NWM) were compared to USGS stream gage discharge observations for the suburban Red Clay Creek watershed (drainage area ~140 km2 and mixed land-use), in Pennsylvania and Delaware, from 2016 to 2018. 18-hour retrospective simulations from the NWM were used with concurrent hourly USGS discharge observations from three locations along the Red Clay Creek. Results indicate that the mean of discharge estimates from the NWM and from USGS observations significantly differed and that the NWM generally underestimates low-flow conditions and overestimates high-flow conditions. Watershed size also impacted NWM performance (with performance degrading in smaller watersheds). A meteorological analysis determined that convective rainfall events were associated with 66% of the largest differences between NWM discharge estimates and USGS observations while mid-latitude cyclone stratiform precipitation events accounted for the other 34%. Lastly, of the largest 15 differences between the NWM and observations, 13 occurred with pre-cursor soil moisture that was below the mean (dry soil conditions), in conjunction with heavy rainfall. Given the NWM’s recent operational implementation, and its status as Prototype guidance, the results of this study present specific geographical and climatological findings that can aid in the NWM’s continued validation and improvement for similar regions.KEYWORDS: National water modelstreamflowmid-atlanticwatershed analysisClimatewater Resources AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank the anonymous peer reviewers for their suggestions as well as Kevin Brinson and Chris Hughes for their helpful comments whilst revising this manuscript for publication.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Data availability statementThe authors confirm that data used for this research are publicly available and can be accessed by the links and references provided.Additional informationFundingThis publication was made possible by the National Science Foundation EPSCoR Grant No. 1757353 and the State of Delaware.
{"title":"An analysis of the National Water Model for a mid-Atlantic suburban watershed","authors":"Saber E. Brasher, Daniel J. Leathers, Christina L. Callahan, Kathryn E. Giesa","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2023.2260546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2023.2260546","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTDischarge values from the National Water Model (NWM) were compared to USGS stream gage discharge observations for the suburban Red Clay Creek watershed (drainage area ~140 km2 and mixed land-use), in Pennsylvania and Delaware, from 2016 to 2018. 18-hour retrospective simulations from the NWM were used with concurrent hourly USGS discharge observations from three locations along the Red Clay Creek. Results indicate that the mean of discharge estimates from the NWM and from USGS observations significantly differed and that the NWM generally underestimates low-flow conditions and overestimates high-flow conditions. Watershed size also impacted NWM performance (with performance degrading in smaller watersheds). A meteorological analysis determined that convective rainfall events were associated with 66% of the largest differences between NWM discharge estimates and USGS observations while mid-latitude cyclone stratiform precipitation events accounted for the other 34%. Lastly, of the largest 15 differences between the NWM and observations, 13 occurred with pre-cursor soil moisture that was below the mean (dry soil conditions), in conjunction with heavy rainfall. Given the NWM’s recent operational implementation, and its status as Prototype guidance, the results of this study present specific geographical and climatological findings that can aid in the NWM’s continued validation and improvement for similar regions.KEYWORDS: National water modelstreamflowmid-atlanticwatershed analysisClimatewater Resources AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank the anonymous peer reviewers for their suggestions as well as Kevin Brinson and Chris Hughes for their helpful comments whilst revising this manuscript for publication.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Data availability statementThe authors confirm that data used for this research are publicly available and can be accessed by the links and references provided.Additional informationFundingThis publication was made possible by the National Science Foundation EPSCoR Grant No. 1757353 and the State of Delaware.","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136236814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTFormation and evolution processes of natural tombolos involve many interrelated geomorphological, sedimentary, oceanographic and anthropogenic factors, making their measurement and simulation an extremely difficult task. The present study attempts to fill this knowledge gap by detecting the natural tombolos in Greece, formed in the current sea level, through the statistical analysis of their morphometric and socio-environmental parameters. In addition, the long-term evolution of these coastal depositional landscapes has been determined by comparing old aerial photos taken in 1945 or 1960 and recent satellite images taken from 2020 to 2022. Two thirds of the twenty tombolos studied are subject to erosion, while eight are sporadically destroyed and turned into salients. The Greek tombolos are mildly or heavily exploited for touristic purposes, and fourteen of them are protected by national and international environmental laws. Future studies need to focus on the unstable type of these coastal landforms that are modified from tombolo to salient and vice versa to obtain helpful information about the morphodynamic conditions necessary for their evolution.KEYWORDS: Sandy isthmusforelandscoastal erosionshoreline displacementcoastal geomorphologyHolocene AcknowledgmentsThe authors acknowledge support of this work by the project “Development of the infrastructure, human resources and marine research and innovation of the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR) in the Region of S. Aegean” (MIS 5045792) which is implemented under the Action “Enhancement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure”, funded by the Operational Programme “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund).The authors thank Stelios Trikkas for providing the aerial photo of the Apokrisi tombolo, Kythnos island, used for the background of the graphical abstract and the five anonymous reviewers that, through their fruitful comments and suggestions, improved the quality of the paper significantly.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementThe data that support the findings of this study can be made available, upon reasonable request from the corresponding author at s.petrakis@hcmr.grAdditional informationFundingThe work was supported by the ”Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (NSRF 2014-2020) [MIS 5045792].
{"title":"The modern natural tombolos of Greece","authors":"Stelios Petrakis, Dimitra I. Malliouri, Dimitrios Vandarakis, Vyron Moraitis, Georgios-Angelos Hatiris, Paraskevi Drakopoulou, Manolis Arapis, Vasilios Kapsimalis","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2023.2261177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2023.2261177","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTFormation and evolution processes of natural tombolos involve many interrelated geomorphological, sedimentary, oceanographic and anthropogenic factors, making their measurement and simulation an extremely difficult task. The present study attempts to fill this knowledge gap by detecting the natural tombolos in Greece, formed in the current sea level, through the statistical analysis of their morphometric and socio-environmental parameters. In addition, the long-term evolution of these coastal depositional landscapes has been determined by comparing old aerial photos taken in 1945 or 1960 and recent satellite images taken from 2020 to 2022. Two thirds of the twenty tombolos studied are subject to erosion, while eight are sporadically destroyed and turned into salients. The Greek tombolos are mildly or heavily exploited for touristic purposes, and fourteen of them are protected by national and international environmental laws. Future studies need to focus on the unstable type of these coastal landforms that are modified from tombolo to salient and vice versa to obtain helpful information about the morphodynamic conditions necessary for their evolution.KEYWORDS: Sandy isthmusforelandscoastal erosionshoreline displacementcoastal geomorphologyHolocene AcknowledgmentsThe authors acknowledge support of this work by the project “Development of the infrastructure, human resources and marine research and innovation of the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR) in the Region of S. Aegean” (MIS 5045792) which is implemented under the Action “Enhancement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure”, funded by the Operational Programme “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund).The authors thank Stelios Trikkas for providing the aerial photo of the Apokrisi tombolo, Kythnos island, used for the background of the graphical abstract and the five anonymous reviewers that, through their fruitful comments and suggestions, improved the quality of the paper significantly.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementThe data that support the findings of this study can be made available, upon reasonable request from the corresponding author at s.petrakis@hcmr.grAdditional informationFundingThe work was supported by the ”Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (NSRF 2014-2020) [MIS 5045792].","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136314012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2023.2251654
A. Jeong, Y. Seong, Ronald I. Dorn, Byung Yong Yu
Langbein and Schumm (1958) connected precipitation to erosion in a right-skewed curve used in earth science textbooks for over six decades, where denudation increases with precipitation on the arid/semiarid limb and decreases in humid regions. Development of the catchment-averaged 10 Be denudation method a quarter-century ago led geomorphologists to evaluate this hypothesis using data not influenced by the Anthropocene, with mixed findings. The Sonoran Desert in Arizona, USA, is optimal for investigating the longstanding hypothesis of increased erosion from arid to semiarid climates due to: (i) the modern orographic effect aligning elevated precipitation with altitude, mirroring Neotoma packrat midden paleoecology research for the Holocene and late Pleistocene; (ii) the region has been tectonically quiet for the residence times of analyzed 10 Be ranging from ca. 8,000-110,000 years. Our significant finding echoes Langbein and Schumm's work, revealing heightened erosion along an elevation-precipitation gradient from arid to semiarid conditions. Notably, the significance of precipitation-elevation contrasts with the absence of significant correlation between 10 Be denudation and attributes like slope, drainage area, relief, or landform type (e.g., alluvial fan, pediment, mountain watershed). Modern faunalturbation, increasing along this gradient, exposes more ground to rainsplash and overland flow at higher elevations, adding complexity to these results. Further insights unveil that (i) catchments in areas with substantial Quaternary base level reduction imitate tectonic effects, tripling 10 Be denudation rates; (ii) basaltic boulders and cobbles yield an armoring influence; (iii) historical erosion acceleration due to urbanization and wildfires insignificantly affects 10 Be denudation rates in the Sonoran Desert; and (iv) minute desert catchments yield anomalous erosion rates.
{"title":"Precipitation as a key control on erosion rates in the tectonically inactive northeastern Sonoran Desert, central Arizona, USA","authors":"A. Jeong, Y. Seong, Ronald I. Dorn, Byung Yong Yu","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2023.2251654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2023.2251654","url":null,"abstract":"Langbein and Schumm (1958) connected precipitation to erosion in a right-skewed curve used in earth science textbooks for over six decades, where denudation increases with precipitation on the arid/semiarid limb and decreases in humid regions. Development of the catchment-averaged 10 Be denudation method a quarter-century ago led geomorphologists to evaluate this hypothesis using data not influenced by the Anthropocene, with mixed findings. The Sonoran Desert in Arizona, USA, is optimal for investigating the longstanding hypothesis of increased erosion from arid to semiarid climates due to: (i) the modern orographic effect aligning elevated precipitation with altitude, mirroring Neotoma packrat midden paleoecology research for the Holocene and late Pleistocene; (ii) the region has been tectonically quiet for the residence times of analyzed 10 Be ranging from ca. 8,000-110,000 years. Our significant finding echoes Langbein and Schumm's work, revealing heightened erosion along an elevation-precipitation gradient from arid to semiarid conditions. Notably, the significance of precipitation-elevation contrasts with the absence of significant correlation between 10 Be denudation and attributes like slope, drainage area, relief, or landform type (e.g., alluvial fan, pediment, mountain watershed). Modern faunalturbation, increasing along this gradient, exposes more ground to rainsplash and overland flow at higher elevations, adding complexity to these results. Further insights unveil that (i) catchments in areas with substantial Quaternary base level reduction imitate tectonic effects, tripling 10 Be denudation rates; (ii) basaltic boulders and cobbles yield an armoring influence; (iii) historical erosion acceleration due to urbanization and wildfires insignificantly affects 10 Be denudation rates in the Sonoran Desert; and (iv) minute desert catchments yield anomalous erosion rates.","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47232350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-21DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2023.2250174
Mohamed Manaouch, M. Sadiki, Mohamed Aghad, Quoc Bao Pham, Mohcine Batchi, Jamal Al Karkouri
{"title":"Assessment of landslide susceptibility using machine learning classifiers in Ziz upper watershed, SE Morocco","authors":"Mohamed Manaouch, M. Sadiki, Mohamed Aghad, Quoc Bao Pham, Mohcine Batchi, Jamal Al Karkouri","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2023.2250174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2023.2250174","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44479413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2023.2236839
Susmita Ghosh, A. Islam, A. Quesada-Román, A. Islam, S. Pal, B. Das
{"title":"Taxonomic approach and potential anthropic indices to understanding cross-sectional morphology and landscape modification of a tropical river Basin, India","authors":"Susmita Ghosh, A. Islam, A. Quesada-Román, A. Islam, S. Pal, B. Das","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2023.2236839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2023.2236839","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48535784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-11DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2023.2234175
Xueli Wang, Haiqing Yang, Bin Zhang, Jun Luo, Xueyang Ma
{"title":"Types and morphologies of gully step pools of different process of formation in the Yuanmou dry-hot Valley","authors":"Xueli Wang, Haiqing Yang, Bin Zhang, Jun Luo, Xueyang Ma","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2023.2234175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2023.2234175","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44134279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2023.2234178
R. L. Anderson, J. le Roux, B. van der Waal, K. Rowntree, D. Hedding
{"title":"Assessing the short-term inter-annual growth of the largest documented gully network in South Africa using UAV and SfM methodology","authors":"R. L. Anderson, J. le Roux, B. van der Waal, K. Rowntree, D. Hedding","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2023.2234178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2023.2234178","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45561818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-29DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2023.2216954
Motilal Ghimire, Teiji Watanabe, I. Evans
{"title":"Geomorphological significance of the morphometric characteristics of first-order basins in the Siwalik Hills in the Himalayas, Nepal","authors":"Motilal Ghimire, Teiji Watanabe, I. Evans","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2023.2216954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2023.2216954","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48307106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-24DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2023.2217059
Hua Wang, Z. Shen, Yuting Yan, Dongfang Liang
{"title":"Assessment of physicochemical properties of suspended sediment in Yangtze river estuary","authors":"Hua Wang, Z. Shen, Yuting Yan, Dongfang Liang","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2023.2217059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2023.2217059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42381316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-17DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2023.2212989
T. N. Tonkin
ABSTRACT Within Alpine catchments, glacial landforms are subject to post-depositional reworking during and following deglaciation. Ice-marginal moraines are thought to rapidly stabilise within ~200 years in this topographic context, although ice-proximal slopes are particularly prone to alteration by debris flows and solifluction. This study investigates landform transformation, documenting geomorphological change at the Bas Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland. Gully development on a moraine slope was assessed using archive image sets obtained in 1977, 1988 and 2009 to derive historical elevation models. Raster differencing suggests that the mean rate of surface lowering on the upper moraine slope was 7.15 ± 1.83 m (± minimum level of detection) over the observation period (1977–2009), a rate of 0.22 m yr−1. The erosion of the landform resulted in an incontiguous moraine crestline. Whilst some landforms may undergo limited transformation upon deglaciation, selected sites are subject to rapid geomorphologic change, involving crestline retreat via the initial dissection by gullies, followed by the removal of inter-gully slopes.
在高山流域，冰川地貌在冰川消融期间和之后受到沉积后的改造。在这种地形背景下，冰缘冰碛被认为在200年内迅速稳定下来，尽管冰缘冰坡特别容易受到泥石流和溶蚀的改变。本研究调查了地形变化，记录了瑞士阿罗拉巴斯冰川的地貌变化。利用1977年、1988年和2009年获得的存档图像集，对冰碛坡上的沟壑发育进行了评估，得出了历史高程模型。栅格差分表明，在观测期内(1977-2009年)，上碛坡面下降的平均速率为7.15±1.83 m(±最小探测水平)，为0.22 m /年。地形的侵蚀形成了不连续的冰碛嵴线。虽然一些地貌在消冰过程中可能会发生有限的变化，但一些选定的地点会发生快速的地貌变化，包括通过沟壑的初始解剖使峰顶线退缩，然后是沟壑间斜坡的移除。
{"title":"The paraglacial adjustment of an Alpine lateral moraine, Bas Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland","authors":"T. N. Tonkin","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2023.2212989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2023.2212989","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Within Alpine catchments, glacial landforms are subject to post-depositional reworking during and following deglaciation. Ice-marginal moraines are thought to rapidly stabilise within ~200 years in this topographic context, although ice-proximal slopes are particularly prone to alteration by debris flows and solifluction. This study investigates landform transformation, documenting geomorphological change at the Bas Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland. Gully development on a moraine slope was assessed using archive image sets obtained in 1977, 1988 and 2009 to derive historical elevation models. Raster differencing suggests that the mean rate of surface lowering on the upper moraine slope was 7.15 ± 1.83 m (± minimum level of detection) over the observation period (1977–2009), a rate of 0.22 m yr−1. The erosion of the landform resulted in an incontiguous moraine crestline. Whilst some landforms may undergo limited transformation upon deglaciation, selected sites are subject to rapid geomorphologic change, involving crestline retreat via the initial dissection by gullies, followed by the removal of inter-gully slopes.","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44633059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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