{"title":"Climate change and the carbon cycle","authors":"J. Holden","doi":"10.4324/9781003124405-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003124405-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46985948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The Kanchi, an eastward flowing river, traverses through the Ranchi plateau of the Proterozoic Chhotanagpur granite gneissic complex to meet its trunk stream, the Subarnarekha River. The present study analyzed longitudinal profiles and associated geomorphic indices of the Kanchi River and its tributaries to identify spatial variation in profile form and fluvial response to prevailing controls. This work was carried out using a digital dataset and maps, which were processed in a GIS environment to obtain longitudinal profiles, and different data required in best-fit modelling and geomorphic investigation of longitudinal profiles. The analyses indicate that the rivers are in dynamic equilibrium condition. Spatial distribution of geomorphic indices values reveals that longitudinal profile forms vary from one segment to another along river channels, and these irregularities in the form of prominent and minor knickpoints are highly concentrated in middle river basin areas. The absence of lithological variation and active tectonics, and close association of anomalously steep river segments with structural lineaments and landforms demonstrates structural control on river channel development. PCA denotes strong similarities between geomorphic indices. This understanding of longitudinal variation in river nature may help to formulate strategies for the sustainable development and management of river related resources.
{"title":"Geomorphic assessment of longitudinal profile of the Kanchi river basin, India: Recognition of dynamic equilibrium condition","authors":"Monali Banerjee, Debasish Ghosh, Subhadip Pal, Manas Karmakar","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2021.1978139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2021.1978139","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Kanchi, an eastward flowing river, traverses through the Ranchi plateau of the Proterozoic Chhotanagpur granite gneissic complex to meet its trunk stream, the Subarnarekha River. The present study analyzed longitudinal profiles and associated geomorphic indices of the Kanchi River and its tributaries to identify spatial variation in profile form and fluvial response to prevailing controls. This work was carried out using a digital dataset and maps, which were processed in a GIS environment to obtain longitudinal profiles, and different data required in best-fit modelling and geomorphic investigation of longitudinal profiles. The analyses indicate that the rivers are in dynamic equilibrium condition. Spatial distribution of geomorphic indices values reveals that longitudinal profile forms vary from one segment to another along river channels, and these irregularities in the form of prominent and minor knickpoints are highly concentrated in middle river basin areas. The absence of lithological variation and active tectonics, and close association of anomalously steep river segments with structural lineaments and landforms demonstrates structural control on river channel development. PCA denotes strong similarities between geomorphic indices. This understanding of longitudinal variation in river nature may help to formulate strategies for the sustainable development and management of river related resources.","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":"44 1","pages":"162 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44904232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-14DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2021.1966981
B. Abad, B. Salahi, K. Raispour, M. de Luis, R. Serrano, M. Moradi
ABSTRACT Land surface temperature (LST) is an atmosphere-land interaction, which represents the first thermal reaction of the environmental changes occurring in the earth surface, being one of the most important factors used in the earth sciences. Jazmourian basin, in the southeast of Iran, is a fertile agricultural land with diverse topography and unique climatic conditions. Due to its significance as one of the most important agricultural poles of Iran, the LST variations are of great interest due to their high impact on the environmental processes, especially in the land cover. In recent years, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer images have been extensively used to estimate the LST due to their spatial and temporal homogeneity and freely available showing improved capabilities of climate analysis in the areas with scarce observation networks. We used a combination of MOD11C3 and MYD11C3 products of daytime and nighttime LST, covering the complete circadian cycle over Jazmourian basin, from 2003 to 2019. Results showed varied trends by months with a significantly positive increase in January. The spatial distribution revealed a generalized positive anomaly in the whole study area, with the highest values in central lowlands and lowest at eastern high elevations of the basin. The temporal and spatial analyses indicated high temperature differences between months and seasons as well as a wide range from −10°C to 65°C.
{"title":"Assessment of LST spatial and temporal changes in Jazmourian basin, southeast Iran","authors":"B. Abad, B. Salahi, K. Raispour, M. de Luis, R. Serrano, M. Moradi","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2021.1966981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2021.1966981","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Land surface temperature (LST) is an atmosphere-land interaction, which represents the first thermal reaction of the environmental changes occurring in the earth surface, being one of the most important factors used in the earth sciences. Jazmourian basin, in the southeast of Iran, is a fertile agricultural land with diverse topography and unique climatic conditions. Due to its significance as one of the most important agricultural poles of Iran, the LST variations are of great interest due to their high impact on the environmental processes, especially in the land cover. In recent years, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer images have been extensively used to estimate the LST due to their spatial and temporal homogeneity and freely available showing improved capabilities of climate analysis in the areas with scarce observation networks. We used a combination of MOD11C3 and MYD11C3 products of daytime and nighttime LST, covering the complete circadian cycle over Jazmourian basin, from 2003 to 2019. Results showed varied trends by months with a significantly positive increase in January. The spatial distribution revealed a generalized positive anomaly in the whole study area, with the highest values in central lowlands and lowest at eastern high elevations of the basin. The temporal and spatial analyses indicated high temperature differences between months and seasons as well as a wide range from −10°C to 65°C.","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":"43 1","pages":"809 - 828"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43642555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2021.1961361
T. Dindaroglu, V. Tunguz, E. Babur, O. Menshov, M. Battaglia
ABSTRACT Topography is a key factor that affects edaphic, climatic, and biotic factors directly or indirectly. Relationships between Compound Topographic Index (CTI) model and soil properties were investigated in order to determine the ecological potential of the area in order to plan the sustainability of the fertile lands and the rehabilitation of the degraded areas in the study area. Totally 84 soil samples (0–20 cm) collected from different land use types (forest, cropland, rangeland) in Karst Mountain, Andırın-Kahramanmaras, Turkey. The CTI distributions are generated from digital elevation data of 12 m resolution obtained from AlosPalsar Satellite images. Although CTI values changed to Forest> Cropland> Rangeland, the highest correlation was found between CTI and soil moisture content in rangeland (R2 = 0.81). Lower correlations were found with other land uses (R2 = 0.63 in Cropland and R2 = 0.31 in Forest). CEC and Clay content were found to have a significant (p < 0.01) positive correlation with Curvature. Despite a distinctive topographic structure of karst ecosystems, these correlations verified the influence of topography on soil properties. CTI, which has strong correlations with soil moisture content can be used in planning reclamation processes of degraded karst ecosystems.
{"title":"Determination of the relationship among compound Topographic Index (CTI), soil properties and land-use in karst ecosystems","authors":"T. Dindaroglu, V. Tunguz, E. Babur, O. Menshov, M. Battaglia","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2021.1961361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2021.1961361","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Topography is a key factor that affects edaphic, climatic, and biotic factors directly or indirectly. Relationships between Compound Topographic Index (CTI) model and soil properties were investigated in order to determine the ecological potential of the area in order to plan the sustainability of the fertile lands and the rehabilitation of the degraded areas in the study area. Totally 84 soil samples (0–20 cm) collected from different land use types (forest, cropland, rangeland) in Karst Mountain, Andırın-Kahramanmaras, Turkey. The CTI distributions are generated from digital elevation data of 12 m resolution obtained from AlosPalsar Satellite images. Although CTI values changed to Forest> Cropland> Rangeland, the highest correlation was found between CTI and soil moisture content in rangeland (R2 = 0.81). Lower correlations were found with other land uses (R2 = 0.63 in Cropland and R2 = 0.31 in Forest). CEC and Clay content were found to have a significant (p < 0.01) positive correlation with Curvature. Despite a distinctive topographic structure of karst ecosystems, these correlations verified the influence of topography on soil properties. CTI, which has strong correlations with soil moisture content can be used in planning reclamation processes of degraded karst ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":"44 1","pages":"307 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02723646.2021.1961361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48241326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-29DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2021.1934964
Christian González, M. Kelley, M. Marvin, Norma López-Castañeda, R. Dorn, M. Schmeeckle
ABSTRACT Ephemeral channels incise into the piedmonts (both alluvial fans and pediments) of the northeastern Sonoran Desert, USA. Located around metropolitan Phoenix, this tectonically quiescent region experienced only aggradation in endorheic structural basins throughout the Pliocene. A wave of aggradation then followed Salt and Gila river integration at the start of the Pleistocene. Aggradation of piedmont base levels continued throughout the rest of the Quaternary. This paper explores two hypotheses to explain piedmont incision despite rising base levels. The classic explanation is that incision is part of the evolution of desert mountain ranges as they decrease in size. A new alternative we propose here involves a lateral shift in base level from Pliocene endorheic basin playas to positions kilometers closer to range fronts in response to river integration. We present a thought exercise of modeling a pediment longitudinal profile as a 1D diffusive system, and we also analyze incision into alluvial fans of the Sierra Estrella range. While our 1D modeling results for pediments are consistent with both explanations for range-front incision, Sierra Estrella bajada incision is best explained by the sudden relocation of the base level to the toe of desert piedmonts.
{"title":"Regional piedmont incision during base-level rise in the northeastern Sonoran Desert, Arizona, USA","authors":"Christian González, M. Kelley, M. Marvin, Norma López-Castañeda, R. Dorn, M. Schmeeckle","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2021.1934964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2021.1934964","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ephemeral channels incise into the piedmonts (both alluvial fans and pediments) of the northeastern Sonoran Desert, USA. Located around metropolitan Phoenix, this tectonically quiescent region experienced only aggradation in endorheic structural basins throughout the Pliocene. A wave of aggradation then followed Salt and Gila river integration at the start of the Pleistocene. Aggradation of piedmont base levels continued throughout the rest of the Quaternary. This paper explores two hypotheses to explain piedmont incision despite rising base levels. The classic explanation is that incision is part of the evolution of desert mountain ranges as they decrease in size. A new alternative we propose here involves a lateral shift in base level from Pliocene endorheic basin playas to positions kilometers closer to range fronts in response to river integration. We present a thought exercise of modeling a pediment longitudinal profile as a 1D diffusive system, and we also analyze incision into alluvial fans of the Sierra Estrella range. While our 1D modeling results for pediments are consistent with both explanations for range-front incision, Sierra Estrella bajada incision is best explained by the sudden relocation of the base level to the toe of desert piedmonts.","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":"43 1","pages":"67 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02723646.2021.1934964","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45985184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2021.1943126
Mousaab Zakhrouf, B. Hamid, Sungwon Kim, Stamboul Madani
ABSTRACT Various hybrid approaches combined the different deep learning and machine learning models with evolutionary optimization algorithms and have improved the accuracy of streamflow forecasting problem. In this article, three deep learning models were investigated for streamflow forecasting with various lag times at both stations (i.e. Sidi Aich and Ponteba Defluent), Algeria. Also, a machine learning [i.e. feedforward neural network (FFNN)] model was implemented to compare the forecasting accuracy of deep learning models. The particle swarm optimization algorithm was combined to determine the hyperparameters (i.e. model structure) automatically based on adaptive moment estimation algorithm. The addressed two-stage hybrid models were assessed and evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) statistical indices. Evaluating all models explained that the GRU II two-stage hybrid model (RMSE = 35.241 m3/s, SNR = 0.5159, and NSE = 0.7337 at Sidi Aich and RMSE = 11.074 m3/s, SNR = 0.3600, and NSE = 0.8703 at Ponteba Defluent) was found to produce more accurate results compared to the Elman recurrent neural network, long short-term memory, and FFNN two-stage hybrid models during testing phase for forecasting streamflow.
{"title":"Novel insights for streamflow forecasting based on deep learning models combined the evolutionary optimization algorithm","authors":"Mousaab Zakhrouf, B. Hamid, Sungwon Kim, Stamboul Madani","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2021.1943126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2021.1943126","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Various hybrid approaches combined the different deep learning and machine learning models with evolutionary optimization algorithms and have improved the accuracy of streamflow forecasting problem. In this article, three deep learning models were investigated for streamflow forecasting with various lag times at both stations (i.e. Sidi Aich and Ponteba Defluent), Algeria. Also, a machine learning [i.e. feedforward neural network (FFNN)] model was implemented to compare the forecasting accuracy of deep learning models. The particle swarm optimization algorithm was combined to determine the hyperparameters (i.e. model structure) automatically based on adaptive moment estimation algorithm. The addressed two-stage hybrid models were assessed and evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) statistical indices. Evaluating all models explained that the GRU II two-stage hybrid model (RMSE = 35.241 m3/s, SNR = 0.5159, and NSE = 0.7337 at Sidi Aich and RMSE = 11.074 m3/s, SNR = 0.3600, and NSE = 0.8703 at Ponteba Defluent) was found to produce more accurate results compared to the Elman recurrent neural network, long short-term memory, and FFNN two-stage hybrid models during testing phase for forecasting streamflow.","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":"44 1","pages":"31 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02723646.2021.1943126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46758114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2021.1938923
Chad W. Hecht, Neil F Laird
ABSTRACT This study investigates the influence of synoptic-scale cold fronts on microclimatic conditions within the complex terrain of Watkins Glen gorge, New York. Temperature and dewpoint temperature measurements were collected by three microclimate stations both within (two stations) and just outside (one station) of the gorge during the months of September and November. A total of nine cold fronts passed over the gorge at different times of day (i.e., daytime, nighttime, and transitional) during the eight-week measurement period. During the prefrontal time periods, the two sites within the gorge were similar in both temperature and moisture content: colder and greater moisture content compared to the outside-gorge site. A stable inversion layer was present at the rim height of the gorge a large percentage of time resulting in limited mixing and a separation of the outside-gorge and inside-gorge atmospheres. Following the passage of cold fronts, there was a robust transition to a large-scale colder atmospheric air mass across the central New York region and introduction of less stable conditions that allowed intrusion and mixing of outside-gorge air within the complex terrain of Watkins Glen gorge, especially during nighttime and transitional cold fronts.
{"title":"Influence of cold fronts on microscale atmospheric conditions within the complex terrain of Watkins Glen Gorge, New York","authors":"Chad W. Hecht, Neil F Laird","doi":"10.1080/02723646.2021.1938923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2021.1938923","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigates the influence of synoptic-scale cold fronts on microclimatic conditions within the complex terrain of Watkins Glen gorge, New York. Temperature and dewpoint temperature measurements were collected by three microclimate stations both within (two stations) and just outside (one station) of the gorge during the months of September and November. A total of nine cold fronts passed over the gorge at different times of day (i.e., daytime, nighttime, and transitional) during the eight-week measurement period. During the prefrontal time periods, the two sites within the gorge were similar in both temperature and moisture content: colder and greater moisture content compared to the outside-gorge site. A stable inversion layer was present at the rim height of the gorge a large percentage of time resulting in limited mixing and a separation of the outside-gorge and inside-gorge atmospheres. Following the passage of cold fronts, there was a robust transition to a large-scale colder atmospheric air mass across the central New York region and introduction of less stable conditions that allowed intrusion and mixing of outside-gorge air within the complex terrain of Watkins Glen gorge, especially during nighttime and transitional cold fronts.","PeriodicalId":54618,"journal":{"name":"Physical Geography","volume":"43 1","pages":"638 - 658"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02723646.2021.1938923","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45828340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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