Abstract This paper concerns the diachronic rationality norms for comparative confidence judgements , i.e. judgements of the form ‘I am at least as confident in p as I am in q ’. Specifically, it identifies, characterises and evaluates an intuitively compelling learning rule called ‘comparative conditionalisation’ that specifies how agents should revise their comparative confidence judgements in the face of novel evidence.
{"title":"Comparative Learning","authors":"Benjamin Eva","doi":"10.1017/psa.2023.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/psa.2023.99","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper concerns the diachronic rationality norms for comparative confidence judgements , i.e. judgements of the form ‘I am at least as confident in p as I am in q ’. Specifically, it identifies, characterises and evaluates an intuitively compelling learning rule called ‘comparative conditionalisation’ that specifies how agents should revise their comparative confidence judgements in the face of novel evidence.","PeriodicalId":54620,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science","volume":"1 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135567126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper recapitulates earlier work in which I argued for the disunity of science, the plurality of partly incommensurable ways in which the world can be conceptualised for scientific purposes. It then aims to show how this plurality is intelligible, even to be expected, from the perspective of a process philosophy that sees the world as largely disorganised, but as allowing the emrgence of pockets of stability, most notably the stability provided by biological organisms. It incidentally aims to demonstrate the importance to one another of science and metaphysics.
{"title":"The Disunity of Science and the Unity of the World Presidential Address, PSA 2022","authors":"John Dupré","doi":"10.1017/psa.2023.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/psa.2023.135","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper recapitulates earlier work in which I argued for the disunity of science, the plurality of partly incommensurable ways in which the world can be conceptualised for scientific purposes. It then aims to show how this plurality is intelligible, even to be expected, from the perspective of a process philosophy that sees the world as largely disorganised, but as allowing the emrgence of pockets of stability, most notably the stability provided by biological organisms. It incidentally aims to demonstrate the importance to one another of science and metaphysics.","PeriodicalId":54620,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract I characterize a role for “environments” as ecological scaffolding of organism development in the evolution of novelty. I interpret Rainey’s bacterial experimental system for empirically modeling evolutionary transition to multicellularity as an ecological-developmental problem in terms of a formal model of Kauffman’s concept of evolution into the “adjacent possible.” I propose a scenario to interpret scaffolds dynamically, treating them as organisms modeled in the same way as the developing systems they scaffold, rather than as fixed constraint boundary conditions. The scenario suggests avenues for mathematically modeling scaffolding dynamics.
{"title":"Modeling Scaffolded Development into the Adjacent Possible Environment","authors":"James Griesemer","doi":"10.1017/psa.2023.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/psa.2023.144","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract I characterize a role for “environments” as ecological scaffolding of organism development in the evolution of novelty. I interpret Rainey’s bacterial experimental system for empirically modeling evolutionary transition to multicellularity as an ecological-developmental problem in terms of a formal model of Kauffman’s concept of evolution into the “adjacent possible.” I propose a scenario to interpret scaffolds dynamically, treating them as organisms modeled in the same way as the developing systems they scaffold, rather than as fixed constraint boundary conditions. The scenario suggests avenues for mathematically modeling scaffolding dynamics.","PeriodicalId":54620,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135567109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Racial discrimination is a multi-dimensional concept. Yet, subjective measures of racial discrimination focus on particular dimensions (interpersonal over institutional, attributable over ambiguously attributable). I argue that there is path dependence in the development and validation of subjective measures, such that existing scales prevent the development of scales that are better for some purpose. Path dependence can occur when researchers: (1) adopt a coherentist view of measurement, namely, in iteratively refining constructs and measures and (2) employ current psychometric validation practices. The main take-away is that norms are needed to evaluate the initial refinement of the construct rather than taking it for granted.
{"title":"Path-Dependence in Measurement: A Problem for Coherentism","authors":"Morgan Thompson","doi":"10.1017/psa.2023.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/psa.2023.147","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Racial discrimination is a multi-dimensional concept. Yet, subjective measures of racial discrimination focus on particular dimensions (interpersonal over institutional, attributable over ambiguously attributable). I argue that there is path dependence in the development and validation of subjective measures, such that existing scales prevent the development of scales that are better for some purpose. Path dependence can occur when researchers: (1) adopt a coherentist view of measurement, namely, in iteratively refining constructs and measures and (2) employ current psychometric validation practices. The main take-away is that norms are needed to evaluate the initial refinement of the construct rather than taking it for granted.","PeriodicalId":54620,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science","volume":"83 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135565464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract I examine three arguments that purport to show that connectionist, associationist architectures cannot achieve key features of human thought. Hume anticipated each of these three arguments and provided a unified strategy for responding to each, the “externalist gambit”. On this account, external natural language provides the necessary structure for associationist systems to achieve those features of thought that their opponents take them to lack. The externalist gambit provides a promising avenue for today’s defenders of connectionism about the human mind.
{"title":"Hume’s Externalist Gambit","authors":"Hayley Clatterbuck","doi":"10.1017/psa.2023.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/psa.2023.139","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract I examine three arguments that purport to show that connectionist, associationist architectures cannot achieve key features of human thought. Hume anticipated each of these three arguments and provided a unified strategy for responding to each, the “externalist gambit”. On this account, external natural language provides the necessary structure for associationist systems to achieve those features of thought that their opponents take them to lack. The externalist gambit provides a promising avenue for today’s defenders of connectionism about the human mind.","PeriodicalId":54620,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract I argue that ML models used in science function as highly idealized toy models. If we treat ML models as a type of highly idealized toy model, then we can deploy standard representational and epistemic strategies from the toy model literature to explain why ML models can still provide epistemic success despite their lack of similarity to their targets.
{"title":"Do ML models represent their targets?","authors":"Emily Sullivan","doi":"10.1017/psa.2023.151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/psa.2023.151","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract I argue that ML models used in science function as highly idealized toy models. If we treat ML models as a type of highly idealized toy model, then we can deploy standard representational and epistemic strategies from the toy model literature to explain why ML models can still provide epistemic success despite their lack of similarity to their targets.","PeriodicalId":54620,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science","volume":"27 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135567093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The interaction between scientific fields may be subject to strategic constraints —that is, fruitful interaction between fields may require adapting one field to the strategies informing the other. One way the concepts within an interfield field develop is by recrafting concepts originating in one practice in terms compatible with the strategies guiding the other. This conceptual accommodation may be a prerequisite to fruitful interactions between fields with different central problems. I explore these themes by considering the strategic constraints operative in the interfield field of quantum chemistry and the conceptual accommodation required for application to organic chemistry.
{"title":"Strategic Constraints on Interacting Fields: Quantum Chemistry and Organic Chemistry","authors":"William Goodwin","doi":"10.1017/psa.2023.150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/psa.2023.150","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The interaction between scientific fields may be subject to strategic constraints —that is, fruitful interaction between fields may require adapting one field to the strategies informing the other. One way the concepts within an interfield field develop is by recrafting concepts originating in one practice in terms compatible with the strategies guiding the other. This conceptual accommodation may be a prerequisite to fruitful interactions between fields with different central problems. I explore these themes by considering the strategic constraints operative in the interfield field of quantum chemistry and the conceptual accommodation required for application to organic chemistry.","PeriodicalId":54620,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science","volume":"43 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135567090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper articulates a conceptual framework for examining philosophical issues such as the role of values in science at an organizational level. It distinguishes between three dimensions of organizations – organizational aims, organizational structure, and organizational culture – and it examines how these dimensions relate to values in research and development, with a focus on machine learning systems for predictive policing. This framework can be fruitful in identifying interesting and understudied philosophical problems – including those involving inter-organizational divisions of labor – that might otherwise be difficult to conceptualize.
{"title":"Organizations and Values in Science and Technology","authors":"Justin B. Biddle","doi":"10.1017/psa.2023.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/psa.2023.145","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper articulates a conceptual framework for examining philosophical issues such as the role of values in science at an organizational level. It distinguishes between three dimensions of organizations – organizational aims, organizational structure, and organizational culture – and it examines how these dimensions relate to values in research and development, with a focus on machine learning systems for predictive policing. This framework can be fruitful in identifying interesting and understudied philosophical problems – including those involving inter-organizational divisions of labor – that might otherwise be difficult to conceptualize.","PeriodicalId":54620,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science","volume":"62 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135567092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Benchmark tests are employed when testing for racial discrimination by police. Neil and Winship (2019) emphasize that such tests are threatened by Simpson’s paradox, but avoid analyzing the paradox causally. They consequently cannot elucidate the link between statistical quantities and discrimination hypotheses. Simpson’s paradox reveals that the statistics given by benchmark tests are not invariant to conditioning on additional variables. On this basis, I argue that benchmark statistics should not by themselves be taken to provide any evidence regarding discrimination, absent additional assumptions. Causal models can represent these assumptions.
摘要在对警察种族歧视进行检测时，采用基准测试。Neil and Winship(2019)强调这些测试受到辛普森悖论的威胁，但避免对悖论进行因果分析。因此，它们不能阐明统计量和歧视假设之间的联系。辛普森悖论揭示了基准测试给出的统计数据对于附加变量的条件不是不变的。在此基础上，我认为，如果没有额外的假设，基准统计数据本身不应被视为提供有关歧视的任何证据。因果模型可以表示这些假设。
{"title":"The Insufficiency of Statistics for Detecting Racial Discrimination by Police","authors":"Naftali Weinberger","doi":"10.1017/psa.2023.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/psa.2023.134","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Benchmark tests are employed when testing for racial discrimination by police. Neil and Winship (2019) emphasize that such tests are threatened by Simpson’s paradox, but avoid analyzing the paradox causally. They consequently cannot elucidate the link between statistical quantities and discrimination hypotheses. Simpson’s paradox reveals that the statistics given by benchmark tests are not invariant to conditioning on additional variables. On this basis, I argue that benchmark statistics should not by themselves be taken to provide any evidence regarding discrimination, absent additional assumptions. Causal models can represent these assumptions.","PeriodicalId":54620,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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{"title":"<i>Philosophy of Science</i> 89, no. 5 Cover and Front Matter – ERRATUM","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/psa.2023.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/psa.2023.68","url":null,"abstract":"An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button.","PeriodicalId":54620,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134976026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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