Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108471
Carlos A. Angeles-De La Torre , Axel K. Schmitt , Axel Gerdes , Andreas Hertwig , Michael McCurry , Oscar M. Lovera
The bimodal Blackfoot Volcanic Field (BVF) in eastern Idaho hosts Middle–Late Pleistocene rhyolite domes that are among the youngest topaz rhyolites worldwide. Despite young volcanism in the BVF, its geothermal potential has remained elusive. To evaluate the magmatic and thermal evolution of the field, we investigated zircon crystals from seven domes by U-Pb and U-Th geochronology as well as correlative trace element and isotopic (δ18O, εHf) analysis. For the three northern domes and the central Sheep Island dome, zircon crystallization occurred between 1006 and 785 ka, indicating younger eruption ages than previously reported. Zircon populations from the three southern domes are on average distinctly younger (mostly 63.4–55.2 ka) and overlap literature 40Ar/39Ar ages. Zircon δ18O averages are overall similar (+4.54, +3.86, and + 4.45 for northern domes, Sheep Island dome, and southern domes, respectively), whereas εHf averages are more variable and strongly negative averaging −13.4, −15.3, and − 10.1 for the corresponding domes. These values indicate higher contributions of Archean crust to the BVF parental magmas and correspondingly lesser degrees of assimilation of low-δ18O rocks compared to coeval rhyolites from the axis of the Eastern Snake River Plain. Cooling and fractionation of a 120 km3 magma reservoir emplaced at 95 ka and 6 km depth successfully reproduces zircon ages, magma temperatures, and combined volumes for the southern domes and a geophysically inferred silicic intrusion. This indicates that temperatures at ∼4 km depth could still exceed 300 °C today, although the absence of geothermal surface manifestations and low temperatures encountered in a nearby exploration well suggests that thermal waters are diluted and diverted in a structurally controlled hydrological system.
{"title":"Provenance and thermal evolution of rhyolite magma in the Blackfoot volcanic field","authors":"Carlos A. Angeles-De La Torre , Axel K. Schmitt , Axel Gerdes , Andreas Hertwig , Michael McCurry , Oscar M. Lovera","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bimodal Blackfoot Volcanic Field (BVF) in eastern Idaho hosts Middle–Late Pleistocene rhyolite domes that are among the youngest topaz rhyolites worldwide. Despite young volcanism in the BVF, its geothermal potential has remained elusive. To evaluate the magmatic and thermal evolution of the field, we investigated zircon crystals from seven domes by U-Pb and U-Th geochronology as well as correlative trace element and isotopic (δ<sup>18</sup>O, εHf) analysis. For the three northern domes and the central Sheep Island dome, zircon crystallization occurred between 1006 and 785 ka, indicating younger eruption ages than previously reported. Zircon populations from the three southern domes are on average distinctly younger (mostly 63.4–55.2 ka) and overlap literature <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar ages. Zircon δ<sup>18</sup>O averages are overall similar (+4.54, +3.86, and + 4.45 for northern domes, Sheep Island dome, and southern domes, respectively), whereas εHf averages are more variable and strongly negative averaging −13.4, −15.3, and − 10.1 for the corresponding domes. These values indicate higher contributions of Archean crust to the BVF parental magmas and correspondingly lesser degrees of assimilation of low-δ<sup>18</sup>O rocks compared to coeval rhyolites from the axis of the Eastern Snake River Plain. Cooling and fractionation of a 120 km<sup>3</sup> magma reservoir emplaced at 95 ka and 6 km depth successfully reproduces zircon ages, magma temperatures, and combined volumes for the southern domes and a geophysically inferred silicic intrusion. This indicates that temperatures at ∼4 km depth could still exceed 300 °C today, although the absence of geothermal surface manifestations and low temperatures encountered in a nearby exploration well suggests that thermal waters are diluted and diverted in a structurally controlled hydrological system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 108471"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108461
Raymond A.F. Cas
The eruption of Whakaari/White Island volcano in New Zealand on 9th December 2019 resulted in 22 deaths of tourists and tour guides and 22 seriously injured survivors. The key factors that contributed to the disaster were the dangerous, unpredictable and frequently explosive state of the volcano, the very active hydrothermal system under the crater, its eruption phenomena, the remote oceanic setting, allowing tourists and tour guides to go into the amphitheatre-like crater right up to the active vent, totally inadequate information for tourists on how dangerous and potentially deadly the volcano could be, and the procedural and regulatory failures of many organisations that should have ensured that volcano tourism was conducted and managed in a responsible and safe way. These include the volcanological monitoring agency GNS, national WorkSafe New Zealand, national and regional emergency response authorities, including police and defence forces, national and regional tourism organisations, adventure tourism companies, and indirectly even the national public liability insurance organisation. This overview of what went wrong highlights that even in developed countries, failure to enforce safety regulations embedded in national laws, a catastrophic failure in communication between organisations, conflicts of interest, and the consideration of economic impacts on tourism in decision making during volcanic crises can lead to disasters in volcano tourism. The disaster reveals important lessons for volcano tourism both in New Zealand and globally.
{"title":"The fatal 9th December 2019 eruption disaster on Whakaari/White Island volcano, New Zealand: Contributing factors, failures, and lessons for volcano tourism","authors":"Raymond A.F. Cas","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The eruption of Whakaari/White Island volcano in New Zealand on 9th December 2019 resulted in 22 deaths of tourists and tour guides and 22 seriously injured survivors. The key factors that contributed to the disaster were the dangerous, unpredictable and frequently explosive state of the volcano, the very active hydrothermal system under the crater, its eruption phenomena, the remote oceanic setting, allowing tourists and tour guides to go into the amphitheatre-like crater right up to the active vent, totally inadequate information for tourists on how dangerous and potentially deadly the volcano could be, and the procedural and regulatory failures of many organisations that should have ensured that volcano tourism was conducted and managed in a responsible and safe way. These include the volcanological monitoring agency GNS, national WorkSafe New Zealand, national and regional emergency response authorities, including police and defence forces, national and regional tourism organisations, adventure tourism companies, and indirectly even the national public liability insurance organisation. This overview of what went wrong highlights that even in developed countries, failure to enforce safety regulations embedded in national laws, a catastrophic failure in communication between organisations, conflicts of interest, and the consideration of economic impacts on tourism in decision making during volcanic crises can lead to disasters in volcano tourism. The disaster reveals important lessons for volcano tourism both in New Zealand and globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 108461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-08-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108423
Christoph Kern
As magma rises in volcanic systems, volatile species exsolve from the silicate melt and are emitted as gases into the atmosphere. Measuring the magnitude and composition of gas emissions from volcanoes provides insights into processes occurring deep within the Earth and helps constrain the impact of volcanic degassing on atmospheric chemistry. Optical remote sensing techniques allow volcanic gas emissions to be characterized without the need to access hazardous areas near active volcanic vents. This paper reviews the state of the art in ultraviolet and visible volcanic gas remote sensing from the ground, air, and space. Special attention is given to discussing the physics of atmospheric radiative transfer on which these techniques are based. The functionality and limitations of different remote sensing instruments are examined, making clear that the ideal choice of instrumentation will depend on the volcanic system to which it is applied and the sought measurement parameters. Common algorithms for determining trace gas column densities, gas burdens, and volcanic emission rates from measurements of spectral radiance are outlined and compared, showing how some algorithms attempt to model the physics of the measurement while others maximize sensitivity. Several examples demonstrate how remote sensing measurements continue to advance our understanding of volcanic systems and their impact on the atmosphere. Finally, a few promising directions of inquiry are suggested that could lead to improvements in remote sensing instrumentation and analysis techniques. By combining spectroscopic and imaging techniques, improving our understanding of atmospheric radiative transfer, expanding the suite of target gases, and increasing the coverage and frequency of observations, we stand to significantly improve our ability to detect and quantify volcanic gas emissions and gain new insights into important Earth-system processes.
{"title":"Ultraviolet and visible remote sensing of volcanic gas emissions","authors":"Christoph Kern","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As magma rises in volcanic systems, volatile species exsolve from the silicate melt and are emitted as gases into the atmosphere. Measuring the magnitude and composition of gas emissions from volcanoes provides insights into processes occurring deep within the Earth and helps constrain the impact of volcanic degassing on atmospheric chemistry. Optical remote sensing techniques allow volcanic gas emissions to be characterized without the need to access hazardous areas near active volcanic vents. This paper reviews the state of the art in ultraviolet and visible volcanic gas remote sensing from the ground, air, and space. Special attention is given to discussing the physics of atmospheric radiative transfer on which these techniques are based. The functionality and limitations of different remote sensing instruments are examined, making clear that the ideal choice of instrumentation will depend on the volcanic system to which it is applied and the sought measurement parameters. Common algorithms for determining trace gas column densities, gas burdens, and volcanic emission rates from measurements of spectral radiance are outlined and compared, showing how some algorithms attempt to model the physics of the measurement while others maximize sensitivity. Several examples demonstrate how remote sensing measurements continue to advance our understanding of volcanic systems and their impact on the atmosphere. Finally, a few promising directions of inquiry are suggested that could lead to improvements in remote sensing instrumentation and analysis techniques. By combining spectroscopic and imaging techniques, improving our understanding of atmospheric radiative transfer, expanding the suite of target gases, and increasing the coverage and frequency of observations, we stand to significantly improve our ability to detect and quantify volcanic gas emissions and gain new insights into important Earth-system processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 108423"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108473
Amador Castro-Colín , Antonio Pola , Hugo Sereno , Juan Daniel Pérez-Orozco , Martha Gabriela Gómez-Vasconcelos , Elia Mercedes Alonso-Guzmán
Ignimbrite welding encompasses processes such as glass sintering, deposit compaction, and pumice fragment flattening, influenced by emplacement temperature, cooling rate, and viscosity. These processes significantly impact the physical properties, mechanical behavior, and textural characteristics of ignimbrites. This study examines the Escalera Ignimbrite in Central Mexico to evaluate the welding degree using physical and mechanical properties alongside ultrasonic wave velocities and dynamic elastic constants. The analysis reveals stratigraphic variations in bulk density, porosity, and oblateness (OB) of pumice fragments, with increased compaction and welding intensity observed at greater depths. Lower stratigraphic sections exhibit higher bulk density (2.26 g/cm3) and reduced porosity (16.08 %), correlating with increased uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) values ranging from 60 to 65 MPa. Similarly, splitting tensile strength (σt) increases with depth, reaching values of 13.3 to 16.3 MPa in highly welded sections. Dynamic elastic modulus (e.g., Ed) varies from 3.97 in upper sections to 8.91 GPa in lower (denser layers), reflecting enhanced compaction and reduced porosity. Additionally, P-wave (Vp) and S-wave (Vs) velocities exhibit trends consistent with welding intensity, with values ranging from 1673 to 2497 m/s for Vp and from 887 to 1216 m/s for Vs, suggesting their reliability as welding indicators compared to density and porosity alone. The results highlight a robust correlation between acoustic and mechanical properties with welding degree, emphasizing the role of post-depositional processes in modifying rock properties. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanical evolution of ignimbrites and the implications of welding on their behavior.
{"title":"Welding degree assessment of the Escalera Ignimbrite in Central Mexico: Insights from physical and mechanical properties","authors":"Amador Castro-Colín , Antonio Pola , Hugo Sereno , Juan Daniel Pérez-Orozco , Martha Gabriela Gómez-Vasconcelos , Elia Mercedes Alonso-Guzmán","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ignimbrite welding encompasses processes such as glass sintering, deposit compaction, and pumice fragment flattening, influenced by emplacement temperature, cooling rate, and viscosity. These processes significantly impact the physical properties, mechanical behavior, and textural characteristics of ignimbrites. This study examines the Escalera Ignimbrite in Central Mexico to evaluate the welding degree using physical and mechanical properties alongside ultrasonic wave velocities and dynamic elastic constants. The analysis reveals stratigraphic variations in bulk density, porosity, and oblateness (OB) of pumice fragments, with increased compaction and welding intensity observed at greater depths. Lower stratigraphic sections exhibit higher bulk density (2.26 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) and reduced porosity (16.08 %), correlating with increased uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) values ranging from 60 to 65 MPa. Similarly, splitting tensile strength (<em>σ</em><sub><em>t</em></sub>) increases with depth, reaching values of 13.3 to 16.3 MPa in highly welded sections. Dynamic elastic modulus (<em>e.g.</em>, <em>E</em><sub><em>d</em></sub>) varies from 3.97 in upper sections to 8.91 GPa in lower (denser layers), reflecting enhanced compaction and reduced porosity. Additionally, P-wave (<em>Vp</em>) and S-wave (<em>Vs</em>) velocities exhibit trends consistent with welding intensity, with values ranging from 1673 to 2497 m/s for <em>Vp</em> and from 887 to 1216 m/s for <em>Vs</em>, suggesting their reliability as welding indicators compared to density and porosity alone. The results highlight a robust correlation between acoustic and mechanical properties with welding degree, emphasizing the role of post-depositional processes in modifying rock properties. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanical evolution of ignimbrites and the implications of welding on their behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 108473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108479
Stefano Mannini , James Hollingsworth , Nicolas Oestreicher , Joël Ruch
The Kīlauea volcano is affected by flank instability related to recurrent volcano-tectonic events and large earthquakes. Yet, the connection between fracture zones and large recurrent earthquakes still remains poorly constrained, mainly because previous geodetic studies provided only sparse point measurements of coseismic deformation. Here we use optical image correlation of historical aerial photographs to analyze the ground displacement associated with the 1975 Kalapana earthquake (Mw 7.7). This approach allows us to reconstruct the spatially continuous distribution of coseismic deformation along the Hilina fault system, including areas that were poorly documented in earlier studies. Results show up to three meters of horizontal surface displacement along the 13 km long Hilina fault system. We observed that the entire main fault was reactivated during this event, with a westward increase of the displacement away from the earthquake epicenter. Our results indicate that the south flank of the volcano is strongly influenced by gravitational processes, with the Hilina fault likely serving as a boundary of a massive slump structure. Despite limitations due to the heterogeneity of the aerial photo acquisitions, this study provides the first detailed, continuous view of coseismic deformation along the Hilina faults during the Kalapana earthquake. Our results highlight the value of archival aerial imagery for constraining fault kinematics and flank dynamics during major historical earthquakes. Moreover, this work provides a new basis for future investigations of the deeper geometry of the Kīlauea volcano's south flank.
kk - lauea火山受火山构造事件和大地震的影响。然而，断裂带与大地震之间的联系仍然很不明确，主要是因为以前的大地测量研究只提供了稀疏的同震变形点测量。在这里，我们使用历史航空照片的光学图像相关性来分析与1975年Kalapana地震（Mw 7.7）相关的地面位移。这种方法使我们能够重建沿Hilina断层系统的同震变形的空间连续分布，包括在早期研究中记录较少的区域。结果显示，沿13公里长的Hilina断裂系统，水平地表位移达3米。我们观察到，整个主断层在这次地震中被重新激活，远离震中的位移向西增加。我们的研究结果表明，火山南侧受到重力作用的强烈影响，Hilina断裂可能是一个巨大滑塌构造的边界。尽管由于航空照片采集的异质性而受到限制，但本研究提供了卡拉帕纳地震期间沿Hilina断层的同震形变的第一个详细的连续视图。我们的研究结果强调了档案航空图像在历史大地震期间约束断层运动学和侧面动力学的价值。此外，这项工作为进一步研究k劳厄火山南翼的深层几何结构提供了新的基础。
{"title":"Volcano flank instability imaged by historical air photos correlation during the 1975 M.7.7 Kalapana earthquake (Kīlauea, Hawaii)","authors":"Stefano Mannini , James Hollingsworth , Nicolas Oestreicher , Joël Ruch","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Kīlauea volcano is affected by flank instability related to recurrent volcano-tectonic events and large earthquakes. Yet, the connection between fracture zones and large recurrent earthquakes still remains poorly constrained, mainly because previous geodetic studies provided only sparse point measurements of coseismic deformation. Here we use optical image correlation of historical aerial photographs to analyze the ground displacement associated with the 1975 Kalapana earthquake (Mw 7.7). This approach allows us to reconstruct the spatially continuous distribution of coseismic deformation along the Hilina fault system, including areas that were poorly documented in earlier studies. Results show up to three meters of horizontal surface displacement along the 13 km long Hilina fault system. We observed that the entire main fault was reactivated during this event, with a westward increase of the displacement away from the earthquake epicenter. Our results indicate that the south flank of the volcano is strongly influenced by gravitational processes, with the Hilina fault likely serving as a boundary of a massive slump structure. Despite limitations due to the heterogeneity of the aerial photo acquisitions, this study provides the first detailed, continuous view of coseismic deformation along the Hilina faults during the Kalapana earthquake. Our results highlight the value of archival aerial imagery for constraining fault kinematics and flank dynamics during major historical earthquakes. Moreover, this work provides a new basis for future investigations of the deeper geometry of the Kīlauea volcano's south flank.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 108479"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108432
Indranova Suhendro , Muhammad Andriansyah Gurusinga , Atsushi Toramaru , Agung Harijoko , Haryo Edi Wibowo , Gammanda Adhny El-Zamzamy Latief , Pandu Eka Priyana , Muhammad Alsamtu Tita Sabila Pratama Suhartono , Zulfa Yogi Rahmawati
This study aimed to discuss the magma ascent dynamics and transport process of the Mt. Semeru lava dome that collapsed on 4th December 2021 by coupling the field data with analysis of crystal textures (phenocrysts and microlites) and whole-rock geochemistry of clasts embedded in the 2021 pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) of the channel facies. We identify four clast types within the channel PDC facies, namely vesicular-black and porphyritic (V-BP), dense-grey and porphyritic (D-GP), dense-grey and highly porphyritic (D-GhP), and vesicular-reddish and weakly porphyritic (V-RwP). The V-BP, D-GP, and D-GhP clasts are free of olivine, having identical phenocryst size distribution (avg. slope − 3.0) and whole-rock composition of high Zr/Y basaltic andesites (∼56.5 wt% SiO2; Magma A). Meanwhile, the V-RwP clast includes some olivine, has a characteristically steeper slope of the phenocryst crystal size distribution (CSD) (−3.8), and is classified as low Zr/Y basalt (∼51 wt% SiO2; Magma B). This evidence suggests the occurrence of at least two magma reservoirs beneath Semeru. Judging from Semeru's historical record, dome formation via the extrusion of Magma A took place between 2004 and 2012, while Magma B was extruded before dome formation (between 1941 and 1994) and produced lava flows and V-RwP clasts; the latter was carried by the 2021 PDCs and thus classified as accidental lithics. The V-BP yielded the steepest CSD slope of plagioclase microlites (−50.8), followed by D-GP (−43.7) and D-GhP (−24.3), suggesting that the type A magma ascended and quenched at different rates. The less porphyritic and more gaseous magma quickly reaches the surface, resulting in V-BP with relatively small microlite size and steeper CSD. While the more porphyritic and gas-poor magma ascends slowly, resulting in slower cooling and thus facilitating the microlites to attain a larger size with gentler microlite CSD. The increasing SO2 emissions and the presence of harmonic tremors before the collapse event suggest that the dome was destabilized by the ascending magma, forming initially hot PDCs. However, heavy rainfalls (∼15 mm/h) successfully turned the PDCs into wet and cold (<100 °C) conditions, as evidenced by the prevalence of accretionary lapilli in the overbank facies and unsinged trees and wooden and plastic materials.
{"title":"Magma ascent dynamics and transport process of the Mt. Semeru lava dome that collapsed on 4th December 2021 (East Java, Indonesia)","authors":"Indranova Suhendro , Muhammad Andriansyah Gurusinga , Atsushi Toramaru , Agung Harijoko , Haryo Edi Wibowo , Gammanda Adhny El-Zamzamy Latief , Pandu Eka Priyana , Muhammad Alsamtu Tita Sabila Pratama Suhartono , Zulfa Yogi Rahmawati","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to discuss the magma ascent dynamics and transport process of the Mt. Semeru lava dome that collapsed on 4th December 2021 by coupling the field data with analysis of crystal textures (phenocrysts and microlites) and whole-rock geochemistry of clasts embedded in the 2021 pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) of the channel facies. We identify four clast types within the channel PDC facies, namely vesicular-black and porphyritic (V-BP), dense-grey and porphyritic (D-GP), dense-grey and highly porphyritic (D-GhP), and vesicular-reddish and weakly porphyritic (V-RwP). The V-BP, D-GP, and D-GhP clasts are free of olivine, having identical phenocryst size distribution (avg. slope − 3.0) and whole-rock composition of high Zr/Y basaltic andesites (∼56.5 wt% SiO<sub>2</sub>; Magma A). Meanwhile, the V-RwP clast includes some olivine, has a characteristically steeper slope of the phenocryst crystal size distribution (CSD) (−3.8), and is classified as low Zr/Y basalt (∼51 wt% SiO<sub>2</sub>; Magma B). This evidence suggests the occurrence of at least two magma reservoirs beneath Semeru. Judging from Semeru's historical record, dome formation via the extrusion of Magma A took place between 2004 and 2012, while Magma B was extruded before dome formation (between 1941 and 1994) and produced lava flows and V-RwP clasts; the latter was carried by the 2021 PDCs and thus classified as accidental lithics. The V-BP yielded the steepest CSD slope of plagioclase microlites (−50.8), followed by D-GP (−43.7) and D-GhP (−24.3), suggesting that the type A magma ascended and quenched at different rates. The less porphyritic and more gaseous magma quickly reaches the surface, resulting in V-BP with relatively small microlite size and steeper CSD. While the more porphyritic and gas-poor magma ascends slowly, resulting in slower cooling and thus facilitating the microlites to attain a larger size with gentler microlite CSD. The increasing SO<sub>2</sub> emissions and the presence of harmonic tremors before the collapse event suggest that the dome was destabilized by the ascending magma, forming initially hot PDCs. However, heavy rainfalls (∼15 mm/h) successfully turned the PDCs into wet and cold (<100 °C) conditions, as evidenced by the prevalence of accretionary lapilli in the overbank facies and unsinged trees and wooden and plastic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 108432"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108416
G. Lanzafame , S. Peres , F. Casetta , R. Abart , M. Prašek , S. Portale , P.P. Giacomoni , E. Libowitzky , C. Ferlito
Understanding the crystallization of silicate melts is key to reconstructing the processes occurring from magma rising to lava emplacement, the latter representing a major hazard for human settlements during effusive eruptions. Crystal growth, along with melt H₂O degassing, strongly influences lava rheology and surface flow behaviour. This study investigates the pre- to post-eruptive crystallization dynamics of trachybasaltic melts from the 1651–1654 CE eruption on Mount Etna's western flank (Sicily, Italy), one of the 17th century's most significant events due to its duration, lava field extent, and reach into inhabited areas. Investigation on different layers of a fractured pressure ridge allowed to reconstruct the crystallization history of a single flow unit, revealing significant textural differences between the inner and outer (crust) portion of the lava, allowing to quantify the extent of crystallization at subaerial conditions. By combining 2D and 3D textural analyses with chemical and mineralogical investigations, the pre-eruptive pressure-temperature (P–T) conditions of crystal formation were constrained. Phenocrysts nucleated in a vertically extended feeding system (down to 23 km below the sea level) at almost stationary condition of T = 1070–1060 °C. In the glass-rich crust, detailed chemical and textural analyses revealed chemical boundary layers around plagioclase microlites, which was used to model a subaerial growth rate of the outermost plagioclase rim in the order of 0.2–4.5 μm/s. These findings enhance our understanding of lava behaviour during flow, offering key insights for improving hazard models, monitoring, and response during effusive volcanic events similar to the 1651–1654 CE eruption.
{"title":"Tracing the pre- to post-eruptive crystallization of trachybasaltic melts: insights into the 1651–1654 CE lavas of Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy)","authors":"G. Lanzafame , S. Peres , F. Casetta , R. Abart , M. Prašek , S. Portale , P.P. Giacomoni , E. Libowitzky , C. Ferlito","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the crystallization of silicate melts is key to reconstructing the processes occurring from magma rising to lava emplacement, the latter representing a major hazard for human settlements during effusive eruptions. Crystal growth, along with melt H₂O degassing, strongly influences lava rheology and surface flow behaviour. This study investigates the pre- to post-eruptive crystallization dynamics of trachybasaltic melts from the 1651–1654 CE eruption on Mount Etna's western flank (Sicily, Italy), one of the 17th century's most significant events due to its duration, lava field extent, and reach into inhabited areas. Investigation on different layers of a fractured pressure ridge allowed to reconstruct the crystallization history of a single flow unit, revealing significant textural differences between the inner and outer (crust) portion of the lava, allowing to quantify the extent of crystallization at subaerial conditions. By combining 2D and 3D textural analyses with chemical and mineralogical investigations, the pre-eruptive pressure-temperature (P–T) conditions of crystal formation were constrained. Phenocrysts nucleated in a vertically extended feeding system (down to 23 km below the sea level) at almost stationary condition of <em>T</em> = 1070–1060 °C. In the glass-rich crust, detailed chemical and textural analyses revealed chemical boundary layers around plagioclase microlites, which was used to model a subaerial growth rate of the outermost plagioclase rim in the order of 0.2–4.5 μm/s. These findings enhance our understanding of lava behaviour during flow, offering key insights for improving hazard models, monitoring, and response during effusive volcanic events similar to the 1651–1654 CE eruption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 108416"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108410
Matteo Lupi , Salvatore Alparone , Mimmo Palano , Andrea Ursino , Tullio Ricci , Anthony Finizola , Douglas Stumpp , Iván Cabrera-Pérez , Geneviève Savard
Although not all volcanic unrests lead to eruptions, it is commonly believed that magma rising through the shallow crust drives volcanic awakening. When eruptions do not occur, hydrothermal activity is often claimed to be responsible for inflation and deflation processes. Yet, a causal process explaining long-lasting non-eruptive unrest is still missing. Vulcano, the southernmost island of the Aeolian volcanic archipelago, Italy, entered in unrest in September 2021. The island experienced intense ground deformation, a sustained increase in fumarole temperatures, gas emissions, and shallow seismicity. CO diffuse soil degassing increased at the foothill of La Fossa cone, causing the evacuation of inhabitants. Very Long Period (VLP) seismic events with a daily rate of up to 450 events/day were found in the seismic records for the first time since the deployment of the broadband network in 2005. With the benefit of hindsight, new VLPs were also discovered hidden in the 2018 seismic records. Geodetic data show inflation occurring in 2021, suggesting the pressurization of the shallow portion of the magmatic plumbing system beneath Vulcano. A similar behaviour occurred also in 2018. However, a few aspects of these unrests are not fully compatible with traditional causative models invoking a shallow dike emplacement or with a hydrothermal scenario. In particular, the long-lasting transient character of VLPs during 2021–22 has never been encountered before in hydrothermal-driven unrests.
We propose that deep-seated fluid pressure, possibly promoted by a destabilizing event at depth, either of magmatic or tectonic origin, may have driven the unrests and be responsible for a discrete and transient release of lithostatic fluid pressures from the plumbing system. In particular, NE-striking normal faults highlighted by a high-resolution nodal ambient noise tomography seem to play a key role in modulating the transient character of the 2021 unrest. Once released, overpressure fronts travel across a rheologically complex domain causing VLPs. Once entering the hydrothermal system, fluids (e.g. HO and CO dominated mixtures) phase-separate and expand. This pressurizes the shallow plumbing system leading to intense shallow microseismicity. Our model is supported by the long-lasting transient character of the VLP events occurring in swarms and reconciles multiple interdisciplinary observations impacting how we understand the interplay between tectonics, volcanism and natural hazards.
{"title":"Non-eruptive transients and fluid flow processes driving volcano-tectonic crises at Vulcano, Italy","authors":"Matteo Lupi , Salvatore Alparone , Mimmo Palano , Andrea Ursino , Tullio Ricci , Anthony Finizola , Douglas Stumpp , Iván Cabrera-Pérez , Geneviève Savard","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although not all volcanic unrests lead to eruptions, it is commonly believed that magma rising through the shallow crust drives volcanic awakening. When eruptions do not occur, hydrothermal activity is often claimed to be responsible for inflation and deflation processes. Yet, a causal process explaining long-lasting non-eruptive unrest is still missing. Vulcano, the southernmost island of the Aeolian volcanic archipelago, Italy, entered in unrest in September 2021. The island experienced intense ground deformation, a sustained increase in fumarole temperatures, gas emissions, and shallow seismicity. CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> diffuse soil degassing increased at the foothill of La Fossa cone, causing the evacuation of inhabitants. Very Long Period (VLP) seismic events with a daily rate of up to 450 events/day were found in the seismic records for the first time since the deployment of the broadband network in 2005. With the benefit of hindsight, new VLPs were also discovered hidden in the 2018 seismic records. Geodetic data show inflation occurring in 2021, suggesting the pressurization of the shallow portion of the magmatic plumbing system beneath Vulcano. A similar behaviour occurred also in 2018. However, a few aspects of these unrests are not fully compatible with traditional causative models invoking a shallow dike emplacement or with a hydrothermal scenario. In particular, the long-lasting transient character of VLPs during 2021–22 has never been encountered before in hydrothermal-driven unrests.</div><div>We propose that deep-seated fluid pressure, possibly promoted by a destabilizing event at depth, either of magmatic or tectonic origin, may have driven the unrests and be responsible for a discrete and transient release of lithostatic fluid pressures from the plumbing system. In particular, NE-striking normal faults highlighted by a high-resolution nodal ambient noise tomography seem to play a key role in modulating the transient character of the 2021 unrest. Once released, overpressure fronts travel across a rheologically complex domain causing VLPs. Once entering the hydrothermal system, fluids (e.g. H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O and CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> dominated mixtures) phase-separate and expand. This pressurizes the shallow plumbing system leading to intense shallow microseismicity. Our model is supported by the long-lasting transient character of the VLP events occurring in swarms and reconciles multiple interdisciplinary observations impacting how we understand the interplay between tectonics, volcanism and natural hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 108410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108426
Muhammad Andriansyah Gurusinga , Mirzam Abdurrachman , Tsukasa Ohba , Takashi Hoshide , Wildan Nur Hamzah , Idham Andri Kurniawan
Maar-diatremes are valuable archives for understanding phreatomagmatic eruption dynamics and associated hazards. Their stratigraphic records often preserve complex eruptive styles and insights into magmatic conditions prior to eruption. In this study, we integrate detailed lithofacies analysis with petrographic and geochemical investigations of pyroclastic deposits from Ranu Grati Maar, East Java, Indonesia, to reconstruct eruptive transitions and pre-eruptive magmatic conditions. A ∼ 15 m thick tephra succession exposed along the southern and eastern crater rims reveals four distinct stratigraphic units (Units 1–4), differentiated by variations in grain size, componentry, and depositional features. These units record oscillations between phreatomagmatic and magmatic eruptive styles during the eruption. Three juvenile pyroclasts, each scoriaceous (black, gray, and golden), are identified based on textural and color differences. Petrographic and geochemical data indicate that these scoria types share similar bulk compositions and mineral assemblages but display distinct textural variations, including microlite content (∼16.3 % in black scoria vs. ∼9.1–9.6 % in gray and golden scoria), microlite number density, and vesicularity (∼55.5 % in black scoria vs. ∼69.7–71.5 % in gray and golden scoria). These differences suggest that black scoria resided longer in cooler conduit margins, allowing for enhanced microlite crystallization and degassing, whereas gray and golden scoria experienced more rapid ascent and sustained vesiculation in the hotter central conduit zone. Despite their textural diversity, the juvenile clasts from Ranu Grati show minimal geochemical differentiation, indicating that they likely originated from a single magma batch, with heterogeneity driven by dynamic conduit processes rather than complex magmatic evolution. This study demonstrates that eruptive transitions and oscillatory eruption styles in monogenetic systems such as Ranu Grati Maar can be governed by shallow-level magmatic processes (including bubble growth, cooling, and crystallization) without requiring external triggers such as new magma input, aquifer fluctuations, or long-term chamber evolution. These highlight the importance of textural monitoring of pyroclasts for interpreting eruptive conditions and improving hazard assessments, particularly in monogenetic volcanic fields where short-lived eruptions can exhibit abrupt changes in explosivity.
{"title":"Lithofacies and juvenile clast variations at Ranu Grati Maar, East Java: Insights into eruptive transitions in monogenetic volcanoes","authors":"Muhammad Andriansyah Gurusinga , Mirzam Abdurrachman , Tsukasa Ohba , Takashi Hoshide , Wildan Nur Hamzah , Idham Andri Kurniawan","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maar-diatremes are valuable archives for understanding phreatomagmatic eruption dynamics and associated hazards. Their stratigraphic records often preserve complex eruptive styles and insights into magmatic conditions prior to eruption. In this study, we integrate detailed lithofacies analysis with petrographic and geochemical investigations of pyroclastic deposits from Ranu Grati Maar, East Java, Indonesia, to reconstruct eruptive transitions and pre-eruptive magmatic conditions. A ∼ 15 m thick tephra succession exposed along the southern and eastern crater rims reveals four distinct stratigraphic units (Units 1–4), differentiated by variations in grain size, componentry, and depositional features. These units record oscillations between phreatomagmatic and magmatic eruptive styles during the eruption. Three juvenile pyroclasts, each scoriaceous (black, gray, and golden), are identified based on textural and color differences. Petrographic and geochemical data indicate that these scoria types share similar bulk compositions and mineral assemblages but display distinct textural variations, including microlite content (∼16.3 % in black scoria vs. ∼9.1–9.6 % in gray and golden scoria), microlite number density, and vesicularity (∼55.5 % in black scoria vs. ∼69.7–71.5 % in gray and golden scoria). These differences suggest that black scoria resided longer in cooler conduit margins, allowing for enhanced microlite crystallization and degassing, whereas gray and golden scoria experienced more rapid ascent and sustained vesiculation in the hotter central conduit zone. Despite their textural diversity, the juvenile clasts from Ranu Grati show minimal geochemical differentiation, indicating that they likely originated from a single magma batch, with heterogeneity driven by dynamic conduit processes rather than complex magmatic evolution. This study demonstrates that eruptive transitions and oscillatory eruption styles in monogenetic systems such as Ranu Grati Maar can be governed by shallow-level magmatic processes (including bubble growth, cooling, and crystallization) without requiring external triggers such as new magma input, aquifer fluctuations, or long-term chamber evolution. These highlight the importance of textural monitoring of pyroclasts for interpreting eruptive conditions and improving hazard assessments, particularly in monogenetic volcanic fields where short-lived eruptions can exhibit abrupt changes in explosivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 108426"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-04-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108330
Annabelle Foster , Fabian B. Wadsworth , Jérémie Vasseur , Madeleine C.S. Humphreys , Hugh Tuffen , Donald B. Dingwell , Katherine J. Dobson
Sintering – or welding – is a key process in volcanic eruptions and controls the formation of welded ignimbrites, obsidian pyroclasts in volcanic conduits, and possibly also silicic lavas. Here, we study the sintering behaviour of packs of fine-grained particles of rhyolitic obsidian subjected to different temperature pathways at atmospheric pressure, with a focus on the evolution of the total porosity of the sintering pack and material microtexture. We collect high-resolution continuous in situ data for obsidian sintering and compare our results with the ‘vented bubble model’ – a versatile model for viscous sintering kinetics. This model accounts for syn-sintering degassing and outgassing of dissolved H2O, which affects the particle viscosity. We also account for polydisperse particle size distributions, and arbitrary thermal history – i.e. any heating or cooling pathway and/or isothermal conditions. We find that the model performs well for fine particles sieved to . For particles , sintering changes rate compared with the model and finally occurs more slowly than the model prediction. We explore this deviation by defining a capillary Peclet number which balances the rates of diffusive loss of H2O from the particles with rates of sintering; particles that are relatively large compared with the diffusive lengthscale (here ) have large and therefore it is likely that deviations from the model are associated with substantial intra-clast gradients in H2O, which translate to viscosity gradients. However, the efficacy of the model for relatively small particles and across a range of conditions demonstrates its general applicability to natural scenarios in which relatively small obsidian particles () are deposited hot, and weld together to form variably dense deposits. After model validation, we apply this model to the case of sintering at Hrafntinnuhryggur (Krafla, Iceland) where a ridge of obsidian is interpreted to have formed through sintering of fine hot particles during a rhyolitic fissure eruption. In this application, we discuss the effects of intra-grain vesiculation and nanolite crystal precipitation, and what role those additional process would play in sintering. Using these results, we propose a sintering timescale map for obsidian sintering at rhyolite volcanoes, which will be useful for understanding silicic volcanic eruptions.
{"title":"Sintering dynamics of fine-grained rhyolitic obsidian particles from Hrafntinnuhryggur (Krafla, Iceland) with implications for silicic volcanic eruptions","authors":"Annabelle Foster , Fabian B. Wadsworth , Jérémie Vasseur , Madeleine C.S. Humphreys , Hugh Tuffen , Donald B. Dingwell , Katherine J. Dobson","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sintering – or welding – is a key process in volcanic eruptions and controls the formation of welded ignimbrites, obsidian pyroclasts in volcanic conduits, and possibly also silicic lavas. Here, we study the sintering behaviour of packs of fine-grained particles of rhyolitic obsidian subjected to different temperature pathways at atmospheric pressure, with a focus on the evolution of the total porosity of the sintering pack and material microtexture. We collect high-resolution continuous in situ data for obsidian sintering and compare our results with the ‘vented bubble model’ – a versatile model for viscous sintering kinetics. This model accounts for <em>syn</em>-sintering degassing and outgassing of dissolved H<sub>2</sub>O, which affects the particle viscosity. We also account for polydisperse particle size distributions, and arbitrary thermal history – i.e. any heating or cooling pathway and/or isothermal conditions. We find that the model performs well for fine particles sieved to <span><math><mo>≲</mo><mn>63</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μm</mi></math></span>. For particles <span><math><mo>></mo><mn>63</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μm</mi></math></span>, sintering changes rate compared with the model and finally occurs more slowly than the model prediction. We explore this deviation by defining a capillary Peclet number <span><math><mi>Pc</mi></math></span> which balances the rates of diffusive loss of H<sub>2</sub>O from the particles with rates of sintering; particles that are relatively large compared with the diffusive lengthscale (here <span><math><mo>></mo><mn>63</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μm</mi></math></span>) have large <span><math><mi>Pc</mi><mo>≳</mo><mn>10</mn></math></span> and therefore it is likely that deviations from the model are associated with substantial intra-clast gradients in H<sub>2</sub>O, which translate to viscosity gradients. However, the efficacy of the model for relatively small particles and across a range of conditions demonstrates its general applicability to natural scenarios in which relatively small obsidian particles (<span><math><mo>≤</mo><mn>63</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μm</mi></math></span>) are deposited hot, and weld together to form variably dense deposits. After model validation, we apply this model to the case of sintering at Hrafntinnuhryggur (Krafla, Iceland) where a ridge of obsidian is interpreted to have formed through sintering of fine hot particles during a rhyolitic fissure eruption. In this application, we discuss the effects of intra-grain vesiculation and nanolite crystal precipitation, and what role those additional process would play in sintering. Using these results, we propose a sintering timescale map for obsidian sintering at rhyolite volcanoes, which will be useful for understanding silicic volcanic eruptions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 108330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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