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Visualizing particle velocity from dual-camera mixed reality video images using 3D particle tracking velocimetry 利用三维粒子跟踪测速技术从双摄像头混合现实视频图像中可视化粒子速度
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1007/s12650-024-01028-3
Thomas Chivers, Jeffrey S. Marshall

Mixed reality (MR) systems integrate diverse sensors, allowing users to visualize and interact with their surroundings. Mixed reality headsets typically include synchronized front-facing cameras that, among other things, can be used to track tracer particles (such as snowflakes) to estimate particle velocity field in real time. The current work presents a 3D particle tracking velocimetry method for use with MR devices, which combines binocular disparity and various monocular cues to estimate particle distance from an observer. This distance information is then incorporated into a particle tracking velocimetry algorithm to generate a three-dimensional visualization of the particle velocities. The resulting mixed reality particle tracking velocimetry (MR-PTV) approach was initially tested using synthetic particle data obtained by discrete element method simulations, resulting in a detailed error assessment of the method. The approach was then experimentally validated for particles transported in a wind tunnel and in a water flume flow using the Microsoft HoloLens 2 MR headset to image the particle motion. The resulting MR-PTV system can be used for mixed reality particle velocity visualization in a variety of industrial, scientific, and recreational purposes.

Graphical abstract

混合现实(MR)系统集成了各种传感器,使用户能够直观地观察周围环境并与之互动。混合现实头显通常包括同步前置摄像头,除其他外,可用于跟踪示踪粒子(如雪花),实时估算粒子速度场。目前的工作提出了一种与混合现实设备配合使用的三维粒子跟踪测速方法,该方法结合了双目视差和各种单目线索来估计粒子与观察者的距离。然后将此距离信息纳入粒子跟踪测速算法,生成粒子速度的三维可视化图像。由此产生的混合现实粒子跟踪测速(MR-PTV)方法最初使用离散元素法模拟获得的合成粒子数据进行测试,从而对该方法进行了详细的误差评估。然后,利用微软 HoloLens 2 磁共振头显对风洞和水槽流中的颗粒运动进行成像,对该方法进行了实验验证。由此产生的 MR-PTV 系统可用于各种工业、科学和娱乐用途的混合现实粒子速度可视化。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical investigations of heat transfer enhancement in ionic liquid-piston compressor using cooling pipes 利用冷却管增强离子液体活塞压缩机传热的数值研究
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s12650-024-01027-4
Van-Tinh Huynh, Dong Kim

In a cylindrical chamber, the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate was used to compress gaseous hydrogen from 220 to 752.3 bar, concurrently raising its temperature from 298.15 to 394.2 K over approximately six seconds. A three-dimensional liquid-piston compressor model was established and validated against the experimental data. Two-phase flow was simulated using the finite volume method and the volume of fluid model in ANSYS Fluent software. A novel heat transfer enhancement technique using cooling pipes was investigated inside a liquid-piston compressor to achieve near-isothermal compression. Multiple cooling scenarios were explored to enhance the compression and thermal performance, considering the number of pipes, cross-sectional shape, diameter, and pipe temperature. This approach provided a more comprehensive understanding of the flow regimes and heat transfer behaviors of working fluids throughout the compression process. To achieve the desired pressure ratio, using four circular pipes reduced the hydrogen temperature from 394.2 to 355 K, marking 40.8% improvement in thermal efficiency. Furthermore, compression performance reached 95.8% with a power density of 3221.4 kW·m−3, compared to 90.9% and 4550.6 kW·m−3 without cooling.

Graphic Abstract

在一个圆柱形腔体内,使用离子液体 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 将气态氢从 220 巴压缩到 752.3 巴,同时在大约六秒内将其温度从 298.15 K 提高到 394.2 K。建立了三维液体活塞压缩机模型,并根据实验数据进行了验证。使用有限体积法和 ANSYS Fluent 软件中的流体体积模型模拟了两相流动。研究了在液体活塞压缩机内使用冷却管的新型传热增强技术,以实现近等温压缩。考虑到管道数量、横截面形状、直径和管道温度,研究了多种冷却方案,以提高压缩和热性能。通过这种方法,可以更全面地了解工作流体在整个压缩过程中的流动状态和传热行为。为了达到理想的压力比,使用四根圆形管道将氢气温度从 394.2 K 降低到 355 K,热效率提高了 40.8%。此外,压缩性能达到了 95.8%,功率密度为 3221.4 kW-m-3,而在没有冷却的情况下,压缩性能为 90.9%,功率密度为 4550.6 kW-m-3。
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引用次数: 0
Scatterplot selection for dimensionality reduction in multidimensional data visualization 在多维数据可视化中选择散点图以降低维度
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1007/s12650-024-01025-6
Kaya Okada, Takayuki Itoh

Dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques for multidimensional data serve as powerful tools for visualization and understanding of the structure of the data. Various DR methods have been developed to extract specific features of the data over the years. However, selection of the optimal DR method and fine-tuning parameters are still challenging, as these choices vary based on the characteristics of the dataset. Consequently, data scientists often rely on their experience or undertake extensive experimentation to identify the most suitable approach. This paper proposes a semi-automatic method for selecting appropriate DR techniques through scatterplot evaluation. Initially, our approach applies a range of DR methods to the given multidimensional data to compute two-dimensional values. Next, we generate scatterplots from the two-dimensional data and calculate scores reflecting the distribution and spatial relationships among the points. Scatterplots that provide insights achieve higher scores, enabling an efficient selection of DR methods based on their visualization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented method through two case studies: The first one is an e-commerce review dataset, and the second focuses on a dataset derived from music feature extraction.

Graphical abstract

多维数据降维(DR)技术是可视化和理解数据结构的有力工具。多年来,人们开发了各种降维方法来提取数据的特定特征。然而,选择最佳 DR 方法和微调参数仍然具有挑战性,因为这些选择会根据数据集的特征而变化。因此,数据科学家通常依靠自己的经验或进行大量实验来确定最合适的方法。本文提出了一种半自动方法,通过散点图评估来选择合适的 DR 技术。首先,我们的方法将一系列 DR 方法应用于给定的多维数据,以计算二维值。然后,我们从二维数据中生成散点图,并计算出反映点之间分布和空间关系的分数。能提供洞察力的散点图能获得更高的分数,从而根据其可视化程度有效地选择 DR 方法。我们通过两个案例研究证明了所介绍方法的有效性:第一个是电子商务评论数据集,第二个侧重于音乐特征提取数据集。
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引用次数: 0
Robust and multiresolution sparse processing particle image velocimetry for improvement in spatial resolution 提高空间分辨率的稳健多分辨率稀疏处理粒子图像测速仪
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1007/s12650-024-01016-7
Chihaya Abe, Naoki Kanda, Kumi Nakai, Taku Nonomura

In this study, robustness of sparse processing particle image velocimetry (SPPIV) of high spatial resolution was improved, and the flow velocity field was measured in real time by improved SPPIV, whereas SPPIV estimates the entire flow field from limited results of sparsely located PIV analysis interrogation windows in real time but suffers from estimating high spatial resolution field because of outliers appearing in the cross correlation analysis. The high-resolution velocity field estimation was conducted by reducing the interrogation window size from (32times 32;text {pixel}^2) to (16times 16) and (8 times 8;text {pixel}^2), and the robustness of the improved SPPIV was investigated. We developed two methods of high-resolution SPPIV which is capable of real-time flow field measurement. One is robust SPPIV which incorporates with robust Kalman filter and eliminates the outliers, while the other is multiresolution SPPIV which adopts the large interrogation area for real-time measurements and projects it into the high-resolution velocity fields. Robust and multiresolution SPPIV can estimate the velocity fields more accurately than high-resolution standard SPPIV with (16 times 16) or (8 times 8;text {pixel}^2) interrogation windows. The detailed discussion and comparison of those two methods are conducted. In addition, the sensor optimization is compared in the present framework and it shows that the sensors optimized by the Kalman filter index are better than those by the snapshot-to-snapshot index for SPPIV application.

Graphical abstract

本研究提高了高空间分辨率稀疏处理粒子图像测速仪(SPPIV)的鲁棒性,并通过改进的SPPIV实时测量了流速场,而SPPIV是通过实时稀疏定位PIV分析询问窗口的有限结果估算整个流场,但由于交叉相关分析中出现的异常值,在估算高空间分辨率场时受到影响。通过将询问窗口大小从(32乘以32)减小到(16乘以16)和(8乘以8)来进行高分辨率速度场估计,并研究了改进后的SPPIV的鲁棒性。我们开发了两种能够实时测量流场的高分辨率 SPPIV 方法。一种是鲁棒 SPPIV,它结合了鲁棒卡尔曼滤波器并消除了异常值;另一种是多分辨率 SPPIV,它采用了实时测量的大探测区域并将其投射到高分辨率速度场中。与高分辨率标准SPPIV相比,鲁棒和多分辨率SPPIV能更精确地估计速度场,其询问窗口为(16乘以16)或(8乘以8;文本{像素}^2)。对这两种方法进行了详细的讨论和比较。此外,还对本框架下的传感器优化进行了比较,结果表明,在SPPIV应用中,采用卡尔曼滤波指标优化的传感器优于采用快照到快照指标优化的传感器。
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引用次数: 0
Analyzing two-dimensional cellular detonation flows from numerical simulations with proper orthogonal decomposition and Lagrangian descriptors 利用适当的正交分解和拉格朗日描述符分析来自数值模拟的二维蜂窝引爆流
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1007/s12650-024-01024-7
Chian Yan, Yifan Lyu, Ahmed Darwish, Lyes Kadem, Hoi Dick Ng

Abstract

In this study, the data analysis technique of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied to the numerical simulation solutions of two-dimensional unsteady cellular detonation. As a first stage to introduce the idea, the analysis is performed on the simulation results obtained numerically with the reactive Euler equations with a one-step Arrhenius kinetic model. Cases with different activation energies (E_{{rm{a}}}) are considered, yielding different degrees of cellular instability of the detonation frontal structure. The POD modes are obtained by performing a singular value decomposition (SVD) of the full ensemble matrix whose columns are the snapshots of time-dependent pressure fields from the stored numerical solutions. The dominant spatial flow features behind the detonation front with varying (E_{{rm{a}}}) are revealed by the resulting POD modes that represent flow structures with decreasing flow energy content. The accuracy of the pressure flow field reconstructed using different levels of POD basis modes for reduced-order modeling is demonstrated. The coherent structures and increasing complexity of the flow fields with higher (E_{{rm{a}}}) are elucidated with the use of Lagrangian descriptors (LD). The potential of the methods described in this work is discussed.

Graphical abstract

摘要 本研究将适当正交分解(POD)的数据分析技术应用于二维非稳态蜂窝引爆的数值模拟解。作为介绍该思想的第一阶段,对采用反应欧拉方程和一步阿伦尼乌斯动力学模型数值模拟得到的结果进行了分析。考虑了不同活化能 (E_{rm{a}}})的情况,产生了不同程度的引爆正面结构的细胞不稳定性。POD 模式是通过对全集合矩阵进行奇异值分解(SVD)获得的,全集合矩阵的列是存储的数值解中随时间变化的压力场快照。由此得到的 POD 模式代表了流动能量含量递减的流动结构,揭示了不同 (E_{/{rm{a}}}/)引爆前沿后的主要空间流动特征。利用不同级别的 POD 基模重建的压力流场的精确度得到了证明,从而实现了降阶建模。拉格朗日描述符(LD)的使用阐明了流场的连贯结构和复杂性随着 (E_{rm{a}})的增加而增加。讨论了这项工作中描述的方法的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Flexible optimization of hierarchical graph layout by genetic algorithm with various conditions 用遗传算法灵活优化各种条件下的层次图布局
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1007/s12650-024-01018-5
Ayana Murakami, Takayuki Itoh

Graph layouts visualize relationships among data entities, where nodes represent individual entities and edges represent their relationships. Hierarchical graph layouts efficiently provide an overview of large-scale graphs, where nodes form clusters (called metanodes in this paper) based on their properties. Here, it is challenging to determine layouts for large-scale graphs, particularly hierarchical ones. Although various graph layout drawing methods, such as force-directed layout, have been discussed so far, the quality of a layout heavily relies on the initial positions of nodes or metanodes. Furthermore, it is more challenging to obtain layouts where specific desired metanodes stand out. This paper presents a layout optimization method for hierarchical graphs using a genetic algorithm (GA). Our method allows for the consistent improvement of layouts compared to relying solely on an existing algorithm for generating hierarchical graph layouts. In our implementation, first, hierarchical graph layouts are generated by applying an existing algorithm multiple times. Then, they are evaluated by specific metrics for hierarchical graph layouts and optimized using GA. Consequently, optimal layouts for these metrics are obtained. The paper also presents particular examples of layouts optimized under different conditions using a co-authorship graph dataset.

Graphical abstract

图形布局可视化数据实体之间的关系,其中节点代表单个实体,边代表它们之间的关系。分层图布局能有效提供大规模图的概览,其中节点根据其属性形成群集(本文中称为元节点)。在这里,确定大规模图,尤其是层次图的布局具有挑战性。虽然迄今为止已经讨论了各种图布局绘制方法,如力导向布局,但布局的质量在很大程度上取决于节点或元节点的初始位置。此外,要获得所需元节点特别突出的布局更具挑战性。本文介绍了一种使用遗传算法(GA)的分层图布局优化方法。与仅依赖现有算法生成层次图布局相比,我们的方法可以持续改进布局。在我们的实施过程中,首先通过多次应用现有算法生成分层图布局。然后,根据分层图布局的特定指标对其进行评估,并使用 GA 对其进行优化。因此,可以获得这些指标的最佳布局。本文还介绍了使用共同作者图数据集在不同条件下优化布局的具体实例。
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引用次数: 0
A user study of visualisations of spatio-temporal eye tracking data 时空眼动跟踪数据可视化用户研究
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1007/s12650-024-01023-8
Marcel Claus, Frouke Hermens, Stefano Bromuri

Eye movements have a spatial (where people look), but also a temporal (when people look) component. Various types of visualizations have been proposed that take this spatio-temporal nature of the data into account, but it is unclear how well each one can be interpreted and whether such interpretation depends on the question asked about the data or the nature of the dataset that is being visualised. In this study, four spatio-temporal visualization techniques for eye movements (chord diagram, scan path, scarf plot, space-time cube) were compared in a user study. Participants ((N = 25)) answered three questions (what region first, what region most, which regions most between) about each visualization, which was based on two types of datasets (eye movements towards adverts, eye movements towards pairs of gambles). Accuracy of the answers depended on a combination of the dataset, the question that needed to answered, and the type of visualization. For most questions, the scan path, which did not use area of interest (AOI) information, resulted in lower accuracy than the other graphs. This suggests that AOIs improve the information conveyed by graphs. No effects of experience with reading graphs (for work or not for work) or education on accuracy of the answer was found. The results therefore suggest that there is no single best visualisation of the spatio-temporal aspects of eye movements. When visualising eye movement data, a user study may therefore be beneficial to determine the optimal visualization of the dataset and research question at hand.

Graphical abstract

眼球运动有空间(人们看哪里)和时间(人们什么时候看)两个部分。考虑到数据的这种时空性质,人们提出了各种类型的可视化方法,但目前还不清楚每种方法的解释效果如何,也不清楚这种解释是否取决于对数据提出的问题或可视化数据集的性质。本研究在一项用户研究中比较了四种眼球运动的时空可视化技术(弦图、扫描路径、围巾图、时空立方体)。参与者((N = 25))回答了关于每种可视化技术的三个问题(哪个区域最先、哪个区域最多、哪个区域之间最多),这些可视化技术基于两种类型的数据集(对广告的眼动、对赌博的眼动)。答案的准确性取决于数据集、需要回答的问题和可视化的类型。就大多数问题而言,未使用兴趣区域(AOI)信息的扫描路径的准确率低于其他图形。这表明,兴趣区信息可以改善图表所传达的信息。阅读图表的经验(工作或非工作)或教育程度对答案的准确性没有影响。因此,研究结果表明,眼球运动的时空方面没有单一的最佳可视化方式。因此,在对眼球运动数据进行可视化时,用户研究可能有助于确定手头数据集和研究问题的最佳可视化方式。
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引用次数: 0
High-frequency pressure fluctuations in vertical jet impingements: fast pressure-sensitive paint analysis 垂直喷射撞击中的高频压力波动:快速压敏涂料分析
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12650-024-01021-w
Hongling Fan, Chunhua Wei, Jiaxi Zhao, Chen Qin, Haoyuan Zhang, Peng Wang, Huihui Guo

In this paper, a fast-PSP measurement system using the intensity method is constructed to capture the fluctuating pressure field generated by the vertical supersonic (Ma = 1.2) jet impingement on a plate at different impingement distances. The paint formulation is optimized by adding a specific proportion of epoxy resin binder to PC-PSP primer, resulting in no significant peeling even after approximately 100 jet impingements. The light intensity decreased by 12.75% over 35 jet impingements (Ma = 0.7–1.2) without adjusting the light source power. The paint is calibrated and found to have a response time of 83 μs, a pressure sensitivity of 0.5833%/kPa, and a temperature sensitivity of 1.9%/K at 20 °C. The experiment is conducted in an anechoic chamber to investigate the effect of vertical jet impingement on a flat plate with impingement distances (L/d) ranging from 2 to 5. The PSP system captured dynamic pressure signals with a frequency of up to 9212 Hz (L/d = 2). Analysis of the surface pressure distribution in a period showed that an alternating axisymmetrical ring structure is formed in the periphery due to the interaction of expansion and compression waves at the impingement center. The evolving radius of the ring structure over time indicated that its outward expansion speed initially increases and then decreases. The proposed PSP measurement system provides technical assistance for investigating noise mechanisms in close-range vertical jet impingement.

Graphical abstract

本文构建了一个使用强度法的快速-PSP 测量系统,以捕捉垂直超音速(Ma = 1.2)射流在不同撞击距离下撞击板材所产生的波动压力场。通过在 PC-PSP 底漆中添加特定比例的环氧树脂粘合剂,对涂料配方进行了优化,结果是即使经过约 100 次射流冲击,也没有出现明显的剥落。在不调整光源功率的情况下,经过 35 次喷射撞击(Ma = 0.7-1.2),光强降低了 12.75%。经过校准,发现涂料的响应时间为 83 μs,压力灵敏度为 0.5833%/kPa,20 °C 时的温度灵敏度为 1.9%/K。实验在消声室中进行,研究垂直射流撞击平板的效果,撞击距离(L/d)为 2 至 5。PSP 系统捕获的动态压力信号频率高达 9212 Hz(L/d = 2)。对周期内表面压力分布的分析表明,由于撞击中心的膨胀波和压缩波相互作用,在外围形成了交替的轴对称环形结构。随着时间的推移,环状结构的半径不断变化,表明其向外膨胀的速度先增大后减小。拟议的 PSP 测量系统为研究近距离垂直射流撞击的噪声机理提供了技术帮助。
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引用次数: 0
mint: Integrating scientific visualizations into virtual reality 铸币厂:将科学可视化融入虚拟现实
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12650-024-01011-y
Sergej Geringer, Florian Geiselhart, Alex Bäuerle, Dominik Dec, Olivia Odenthal, Guido Reina, Timo Ropinski, Daniel Weiskopf

Abstract

We present an image-based approach to integrate state-of-the-art scientific visualization into virtual reality (VR) environments: the mint visualization/VR inter-operation system. We enable the integration of visualization algorithms from within their software frameworks directly into VR without the need to explicitly port visualization implementations to the underlying VR framework—thus retaining their capabilities, specializations, and optimizations. Consequently, our approach also facilitates enriching VR-based scientific data exploration with established or novel VR immersion and interaction techniques available in VR authoring tools. The separation of concerns enables researchers and users in different domains, like virtual immersive environments, immersive analytics, and scientific visualization, to independently work with existing software suitable for their domain while being able to interface with one another easily. We present our system architecture and inter-operation protocol (mint), an example of a collaborative VR environment implemented in the Unity engine (VRAUKE), as well as the integration of the protocol for the visualization frameworks Inviwo, MegaMol, and ParaView. Our implementation is publicly available as open-source software.

Graphical abstract

摘要 我们提出了一种基于图像的方法,将最先进的科学可视化集成到虚拟现实(VR)环境中:薄荷可视化/VR互操作系统。我们能够将可视化算法从其软件框架中直接集成到 VR 中,而无需明确地将可视化实现移植到底层 VR 框架中,从而保留其功能、特性和优化。因此,我们的方法还有助于利用 VR 制作工具中已有的或新颖的 VR 沉浸和交互技术,丰富基于 VR 的科学数据探索。关注点的分离使不同领域(如虚拟沉浸式环境、沉浸式分析和科学可视化)的研究人员和用户能够独立使用适合其领域的现有软件,同时能够轻松地相互对接。我们介绍了我们的系统架构和互操作协议(mint),一个在Unity引擎(VRAUKE)中实现的协作式虚拟现实环境的例子,以及该协议与可视化框架Inviwo、MegaMol和ParaView的集成。我们的实施方案已作为开源软件公开发布。
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引用次数: 0
3D3C rainbow particle tracking velocimetry: improving depth resolution and velocity vector acquisition rate by using color space for a multi-cycle rainbow pattern 3D3C 彩虹粒子跟踪测速仪:利用多周期彩虹图案的色彩空间提高深度分辨率和速度矢量采集率
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1007/s12650-024-01020-x
Mao Takeyama, Hitoshi Suto, Yasuo Hattori

Rainbow particle tracking velocimetry can be used to measure 3D3C flow velocity vectors with a single color camera. The particle depth position is calculated from the hue degree of a particle color. A liquid–crystal display (LCD) projector can be used conveniently as a light source of the color pattern in place of the spectral diffraction of white light. Another advantage of using an LCD projector is the ability to change the RGB components of the color pattern. In this study, the rainbow color pattern was modified to increase available color. Colors with the same hue degree but different saturations were used in the color pattern. Using color space enhanced positional resolution in the color change direction. The parameters of new color patterns were number of cycles, saturation continuity and range of color space. They were designed and their performances were compared. The effective resolution in color change direction enhanced 2.4 times from original patten (single cycle rainbow), and velocity vector acquisition rate improved, in particular, for the range of small amount movement per step.

Graphical abstract

彩虹粒子跟踪测速仪只需一台彩色摄像机即可测量 3D3C 流速矢量。粒子深度位置是通过粒子颜色的色调度计算得出的。液晶显示屏(LCD)投影仪可方便地用作彩色图案的光源,以取代白光的光谱衍射。使用液晶投影仪的另一个好处是可以改变色彩图案的 RGB 分量。在这项研究中,对彩虹颜色图案进行了修改,以增加可用颜色。色彩图案中使用了色相相同但饱和度不同的颜色。使用色彩空间增强了色彩变化方向的位置分辨率。新色彩图案的参数包括周期数、饱和度连续性和色彩空间范围。对它们进行了设计和性能比较。与原始图案(单周期彩虹)相比,颜色变化方向的有效分辨率提高了 2.4 倍,速度矢量获取率也有所提高,特别是在每步少量移动的范围内。
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引用次数: 0
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