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Review of Scientific Instruments New Products. 科学仪器新产品综述。
A. Mandelis
In order to supplement manufacturers' information, this department will welcome the submission by our readers of brief communications reporting measurements on the physical properties of materials which supersede earlier data or suggest new research applications.
为了补充制造商的信息,本部门将欢迎我们的读者提交简短的通讯报告,报告材料的物理性质的测量,以取代以前的数据或建议新的研究应用。
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引用次数: 0
In situ measurements of electrical resistivity of metals in a cubic multi-anvil apparatus by van der Pauw method. 用范德保法原位测量立方多砧装置中金属的电阻率。
Fan Yang, Xiaojun Hu, Y. Fei
On the basis of the van der Pauw method, we developed a new technique for measuring the electrical resistivity of metals in a cubic multi-anvil high-pressure apparatus. Four electrode wires were introduced into the sample chamber and in contact with the pre-pressed metal disk on the periphery. The sample temperature was measured with a NiCr-NiSi (K-type) thermocouple, which was separated from the sample by a thin hexagonal boron nitride layer. The electrodes and thermocouple were electrically insulated from each other and from the heater by an alumina tube as well. Their leads were in connection with cables through the gap between the tungsten carbide anvils. We performed experiments to determine the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity of pure iron at 3 and 5 GPa. The experiments produce reproducible measurements and the results provide an independent check on electrical resistivity data produced by other methods. The new technique provides reliable electrical resistivity measurements of metallic alloys and compounds at high pressure and temperature.
在范德保法的基础上,提出了一种测量立方多砧高压仪器中金属电阻率的新方法。将四根电极线引入样品室,并与外围的预压金属盘接触。用NiCr-NiSi (k型)热电偶测量样品温度,该热电偶与样品由薄六方氮化硼层隔开。电极和热电偶通过氧化铝管相互绝缘,并与加热器绝缘。它们的导线通过碳化钨铁砧之间的间隙与电缆连接。我们进行了实验,确定了纯铁在3和5 GPa时电阻率的温度依赖性。实验产生了可重复的测量结果,并为其他方法产生的电阻率数据提供了独立的检查。这项新技术提供了可靠的金属合金和化合物在高压和高温下的电阻率测量。
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引用次数: 2
Collective Thomson scattering diagnostic with in situ calibration system for velocity space analysis in large helical device. 大型螺旋装置速度空间分析现场标定系统的集体汤姆逊散射诊断。
M. Nishiura, Shun Adachi, Kenji Tanaka, S. Kubo, N. Kenmochi, T. Shimozuma, R. Yanai, T. Saito, H. Nuga, R. Seki
A collective Thomson scattering (CTS) diagnostic with a ±3 GHz band around a 77 GHz gyrotron probe beam was developed to measure the velocity distribution of bulk and fast ions in high-temperature plasmas. We propose a new in situ calibration method for a CTS diagnostic system combined with a raytracing code. The method is applied in two situations for electron cyclotron emission in plasmas and in a CTS diagnostic with a modulated probe beam. Experimental results highlight the importance of refraction correction in probe and receive beams. The CTS spectrum is measured with the in situ calibrated CTS receiver and responds to fast ions originating from a tangential neutral beam with an energy of 170 keV and from a perpendicular beam with an energy of 60 keV, both in the large helical device. From a velocity space analysis model, the results elucidate the measured anisotropic CTS spectrum caused by fast ions. The calibration methods and analyses demonstrated here are essential for CTS, millimeter-wave diagnostics, and electron cyclotron heating required under fusion reactor conditions.
在77 GHz回旋管探测波束周围±3 GHz波段建立了集体汤姆逊散射(CTS)诊断系统,用于测量高温等离子体中大块离子和快离子的速度分布。提出了一种结合光线追踪码的CTS诊断系统原位标定方法。该方法应用于等离子体中电子回旋发射和调制探针束CTS诊断两种情况。实验结果强调了探测和接收光束的折射校正的重要性。CTS光谱是用原位校准的CTS接收器测量的,并响应来自能量为170 keV的切向中性光束和能量为60 keV的垂直光束的快速离子,两者都在大型螺旋装置中。从速度空间分析模型出发,分析了快离子引起的CTS谱的各向异性。这里演示的校准方法和分析对于CTS,毫米波诊断和聚变反应堆条件下所需的电子回旋加速器加热是必不可少的。
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引用次数: 0
10-nanosecond dead time and low afterpulsing with a free-running reach-through single-photon avalanche diode. 10纳秒的死区时间和低后脉冲与自由运行的通达单光子雪崩二极管。
S. Farina, I. Labanca, G. Acconcia, M. Ghioni, I. Rech
The reduction of detector dead time represents an enabling factor in several photon counting applications. In this work, we investigate the free-running operation of reach-through single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) at ultra-low dead times. By employing a fast active quenching circuit with direct bonding to the detector, we are able to achieve a 10 ns dead time with a thick SPAD by Excelitas, still maintaining extremely low afterpulsing probabilities (below 1.5%).
探测器死区时间的缩短是若干光子计数应用中的一个有利因素。在这项工作中,我们研究了可达通单光子雪崩二极管(spad)在超低死区时间下的自由运行。通过采用与探测器直接连接的快速有源淬火电路,我们能够在Excelitas的厚SPAD上实现10 ns的死区时间,同时仍然保持极低的后脉冲概率(低于1.5%)。
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引用次数: 1
Study of beamlets extracted from a multi-aperture and five-stage acceleration system. 多孔径五段加速系统中光束提取的研究。
M. Kashiwagi, M. Kisaki, G. Saquilayan, A. Kojima, J. Hiratsuka, M. Ichikawa, Y. Shimabukuro, M. Murayama, H. Tobari
A beam optics study using the ITER-relevant high intense negative ion beams, such as 1 MeV, 200 A/m2, has been performed experimentally and analytically using a multi-aperture and five-stage accelerator. Initially, multi-beamlets generated from this accelerator were deflected in various directions due to the magnetic field and space charge repulsion between beams and showed various divergences. These had limited the pulse length and the beam energy. Compensation methods of the beamlet deflections have worked effectively and contributed to achieving the ITER requirement, the divergence angle of <7 mrad, and the deflection angle of <1 mrad for 1 MeV beam. The beam pulse has been gradually extended from 1 to 100 s and is now going to a longer pulse based on these results. One of the remaining issues is to understand and suppress peripheral components of the beam, namely, the halo, and to reduce the local heat loads observed around the aperture edge. This halo component has been successfully distinguished from the beam core by using a newly developed beam emittance measurement system for high intense beams. By combining this measured beam emittance and the beam simulation, it was clarified for the first time that the halo components are generated in an area of 1 mm width from the aperture edge.
利用1 MeV、200 A/m2等高强度负离子束流对iter进行了束流光学研究,并利用多孔径五级加速器进行了实验和分析。最初,该加速器产生的多束流由于束流之间的磁场和空间电荷斥力而向不同方向偏转,并表现出不同的发散度。这些限制了脉冲长度和光束能量。束流偏转的补偿方法有效地实现了ITER的要求,使得1mev束流的发散角< 7mrad,偏转角< 1mrad。根据这些结果,光束脉冲已经从1秒逐渐延长到100秒,现在正在走向一个更长的脉冲。剩下的问题之一是了解和抑制光束的外围成分,即光晕,并减少在孔径边缘周围观察到的局部热负荷。利用新开发的高强度光束发射度测量系统,成功地将光晕分量与光束核心区分开。通过将测量的光束发射度与光束模拟相结合,首次明确了光晕分量产生于距离孔径边缘1mm宽的区域。
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引用次数: 3
Image shift correction, noise analysis, and model fitting of (cathodo-)luminescence hyperspectral maps. 阴极发光高光谱图的像移校正、噪声分析及模型拟合。
N. Tappy, A. Fontcuberta i Morral, C. Monachon
Hyperspectral imaging is an important asset of modern spectroscopy. It allows us to perform optical metrology at a high spatial resolution, for example in cathodoluminescence in scanning electron microscopy. However, hyperspectral datasets present added challenges in their analysis compared to individually taken spectra due to their lower signal to noise ratio and specific aberrations. On the other hand, the large volume of information in a hyperspectral dataset allows the application of advanced statistical analysis methods derived from machine-learning. In this article, we present a methodology to perform model fitting on hyperspectral maps, leveraging principal component analysis to perform a thorough noise analysis of the dataset. We explain how to correct the imaging shift artifact, specific to imaging spectroscopy, by directly evaluating it from the data. The impact of goodness-of-fit-indicators and parameter uncertainties is discussed. We provide indications on how to apply this technique to a variety of hyperspectral datasets acquired using other experimental techniques. As a practical example, we provide an implementation of this analysis using the open-source Python library hyperspy, which is implemented using the well established Jupyter Notebook framework in the scientific community.
高光谱成像是现代光谱学的一项重要资产。它允许我们在高空间分辨率下进行光学计量,例如在扫描电子显微镜中的阴极发光。然而,与单独采集的光谱相比,高光谱数据集由于其较低的信噪比和特定像差,在分析中带来了额外的挑战。另一方面,高光谱数据集中的大量信息允许应用源自机器学习的高级统计分析方法。在本文中,我们提出了一种在高光谱地图上执行模型拟合的方法,利用主成分分析对数据集进行彻底的噪声分析。我们解释了如何纠正成像偏移伪影,具体到成像光谱,通过直接评估它从数据。讨论了拟合优度指标和参数不确定性的影响。我们提供了如何将该技术应用于使用其他实验技术获得的各种高光谱数据集的指示。作为一个实际示例,我们使用开源Python库hyperspy提供了该分析的实现,该库是使用科学界中建立良好的Jupyter Notebook框架实现的。
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引用次数: 1
High power high voltage bias-T for half wave resonators and radio frequency quadrupole couplers. 高功率高压偏置t半波谐振器和射频四极耦合器。
B. Kaizer, L. Weissman, A. Perry, T. Zchut, I. Fishman, J. Rodnizki, M. Eizenshtat, E. Farber
High power high voltage bias-T units capable of delivering up to 100 kW CW RF power at 176 MHz and up to 4 kV DC were developed at the Soreq Nuclear Research Center for the Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility linac. Two separate bias-T units with different requirements were designed for the radio frequency quadrupole couplers and the half wave resonator couplers. The purpose of this bias-T is to prevent multipacting phenomena by application of a high voltage DC bias to inner conductors of RF couplers. Underlying design principles, indigenous development, and successful off-line and on-line tests results are presented.
Soreq核研究中心为Soreq应用研究加速器设施直线加速器开发了高功率高压偏置t单元,能够在176 MHz下提供高达100 kW的连续射频功率和高达4 kV的直流功率。针对射频四极耦合器和半波谐振器耦合器分别设计了两个不同要求的偏置- t单元。这种偏置- t的目的是通过对射频耦合器的内导体施加高压直流偏置来防止多重冲击现象。介绍了基本的设计原则、自主开发以及成功的离线和在线测试结果。
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引用次数: 1
Optimization of transverse emittance for RF-driven negative hydrogen ion source developed at China Spallation Neutron Source. 中国散裂中子源研制的rf驱动负氢离子源横向发射度优化。
R. Zhu, Weidong Chen, Hui Li, H. Ouyang, Shengjin Liu, Yongchuan Xiao, Y. Lü, X. Cao, Fa-Bin Li, Jilei Sun, Shunming Liu, K. Xue
The China Spallation Neutron Source project Phase-II aims to deliver 500 kW beam power to the spallation target. To meet the beam power requirement, an RF-driven negative hydrogen ion source with an external-antenna has been developed. In order to optimize the beam transmission through the radio frequency quadrupole and the downstream linac, the low energy beam transport line needs to be carefully studied and the transverse emittance is focused in this paper. With computational simulation and experimental verification, the emittance growth caused by nonlinear magnetic fields of the solenoid and the residual magnetic fields at the measuring position has been carefully analyzed. The measurement uncertainty of the double-slit scanner has also been quantitatively estimated. Using the same plasma-beam boundary setting, the beam extraction system is also optimized with particle tracking simulation in CST PARTICLE STUDIO.
中国散裂中子源二期工程的目标是向散裂目标输送500千瓦束流功率。为了满足束流功率的要求,研制了一种带外置天线的射频驱动负氢离子源。为了优化束流通过射频四极杆和下游直线器的传输,需要对低能束流输运线进行仔细研究,并重点研究了束流的横向发射度。通过计算仿真和实验验证,仔细分析了电磁阀非线性磁场和测量位置残余磁场引起的发射度增长。对双缝扫描仪的测量不确定度进行了定量估计。采用相同的等离子体束边界设置,在CST particle STUDIO中对光束提取系统进行了粒子跟踪仿真优化。
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引用次数: 2
Modulation-free portable laser frequency and power stabilization system. 无调制便携式激光频率和功率稳定系统。
Mengke Wang, J. Kong, Jiqing Fu, Hao Liu, Xiaoyun Lu
The performance of laser-based instruments heavily depends on the stability of their laser source. Some instruments, such as the Cs-4He magnetometer, even require the frequency stabilization and the power stabilization at the same time. In this work, we design a double-locking system with a fiber-coupled output on a small bread board and apply it to the pump laser of a Cs-4He magnetometer. By carefully choosing the stabilization methods, we significantly improve the long-term simultaneous stability of frequency and power of the pump laser. The laser frequency drifts in 2 h are reduced from 100 to 10 MHz. For 10 h continuous measurements, their Allan deviation obtains about two orders of magnitude improvement for the averaging time larger than 200 s and reaches σ(τ) = 1.57 × 10-9 with a 200 s averaging time. The laser power stability for 1.8 h also obtains two orders of magnitude improvement from 3.22% to 0.031%, and its power noise reaches a level that is very close to the electronic noise of the detector. Applying this stabilization system to the pump laser of a fiber-coupled Cs-4He magnetometer, its magnetic sensor noise is significantly reduced from 0.158 to 0.009 nT, which is a reasonable noise for magnetic field detection. With this on-board design of the laser stabilization system, it is more convenient to transform the magnetometer into an outdoor device.
激光仪器的性能在很大程度上取决于其激光源的稳定性。有些仪器,如Cs-4He磁强计,甚至需要同时进行频率稳定和功率稳定。本文在小面包板上设计了一种光纤耦合输出双锁系统,并将其应用于Cs-4He磁强计的泵浦激光器。通过精心选择稳定方法,我们显著提高了泵浦激光器频率和功率的长期同时稳定性。激光在2h内的频率漂移从100 MHz减小到10 MHz。对于连续10 h的测量,当平均时间大于200 s时,其Allan偏差提高了约2个数量级,平均时间为200 s时达到σ(τ) = 1.57 × 10-9。1.8 h的激光功率稳定性也从3.22%提高到0.031%,提高了两个数量级,其功率噪声达到了与探测器电子噪声非常接近的水平。将该稳定系统应用于光纤耦合Cs-4He磁强计泵浦激光器,其磁传感器噪声从0.158 nT显著降低到0.009 nT,是磁场检测的合理噪声。采用这种机载设计的激光稳定系统,可以更方便地将磁力计转换为户外设备。
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引用次数: 1
A three-dimensional small angle measurement system based on autocollimation method. 基于自准直法的三维小角度测量系统。
Wenran Ren, Jiwen Cui, Jiubin Tan
A laser autocollimator based on transmission grating and combined reflector is proposed to simultaneously measure a three-dimensional angle. The optical configuration of the proposed autocollimator is designed, and a mathematical model for measuring a three-dimensional angle is established. The three-dimensional angle is obtained by detecting the change in the direction of the three measurement beams generated by grating diffraction and reflected by a combined reflector. The experimental setup based on the proposed autocollimator was constructed, and a series of experiments were performed to verify the feasibility of the proposed autocollimator for precision angle measurement. The experimental results showed that the measurement resolution of three-dimensional angles is better than 0.01", with measurement repeatability of yaw, pitch, and roll angles being 0.013", 0.012", and 0.009", respectively.
提出了一种基于透射光栅和组合反射镜的激光自准直仪,用于同时测量三维角度。设计了自准直器的光学结构,建立了三维角度测量的数学模型。三维角度是通过检测光栅衍射产生的三束测量光束的方向变化,并通过组合反射器反射得到的。建立了基于该自准直仪的实验装置,并进行了一系列实验,验证了该自准直仪用于高精度角度测量的可行性。实验结果表明,三维角度的测量分辨率优于0.01”,横摆角、俯仰角和横滚角的测量重复性分别为0.013”、0.012”和0.009”。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of Scientific Instruments
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