Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10919392.2019.1554281
Jiming Wu
ABSTRACT A comprehensive review of the information systems literature suggests that the traditional perception–intention–usage framework may be deficient in explaining post-adoption behaviors. As an effort to fill this gap, the current paper presents a new theory – the theory of need for information systems (TNIS) – and introduces two new constructs – need for technology and need for information. Drawing on the needs-based perspective on behaviors, TNIS conceptualizes these two need constructs as the key predictors of continuance intention and usage. The current paper also discusses useful insights, important implications, and an appropriate instrument for measuring the two new constructs. This study thus contributes to a novel framework to advance theoretical understanding of post-adoption behaviors and to direct future research toward new avenues.
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Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10919392.2019.1583456
Suchitra Veeravalli, V. Vijayalakshmi
ABSTRACT Introduction of Enterprise Social Media (ESM) in organizations is driven by a need to improve communication and knowledge sharing within the enterprise. Studies show that soon after ESM adoption, there is some initial enthusiasm and subsequently there is a perceptible drop in usage. A review of ESM literature in a morphological framework, with the aim of demystifying the troubling trend, is presented here. Morphological analysis of literature helps exhibit relevant work on ESM in a framework consisting of dimensions and options from which insights can be derived. The framework developed depicts ESM literature through seven dimensions – organizational level factors influencing ESM, unit of analysis, business objectives of ESM adoption, individual level factors influencing ESM, theoretical framework used, outcomes of adoption, and context of ESM implementation. For each of the dimensions, relevant options were explored and listed. Preliminary observation indicates that at an individual level, themes such as absorptive capacity and lurking behavior of individuals need to be studied in the context of ESM. At an organizational level, the impact of human resources (HR) policies on ESM adoption, uses of ESM for internal crowdsourcing need to be evaluated. Practitioners can use these findings to assess and design their ESM strategies and for academicians, the morphological framework reveals the state of current research in the field and identifies gaps for further research in specific areas of ESM.
{"title":"A morphological review of enterprise social media literature","authors":"Suchitra Veeravalli, V. Vijayalakshmi","doi":"10.1080/10919392.2019.1583456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2019.1583456","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction of Enterprise Social Media (ESM) in organizations is driven by a need to improve communication and knowledge sharing within the enterprise. Studies show that soon after ESM adoption, there is some initial enthusiasm and subsequently there is a perceptible drop in usage. A review of ESM literature in a morphological framework, with the aim of demystifying the troubling trend, is presented here. Morphological analysis of literature helps exhibit relevant work on ESM in a framework consisting of dimensions and options from which insights can be derived. The framework developed depicts ESM literature through seven dimensions – organizational level factors influencing ESM, unit of analysis, business objectives of ESM adoption, individual level factors influencing ESM, theoretical framework used, outcomes of adoption, and context of ESM implementation. For each of the dimensions, relevant options were explored and listed. Preliminary observation indicates that at an individual level, themes such as absorptive capacity and lurking behavior of individuals need to be studied in the context of ESM. At an organizational level, the impact of human resources (HR) policies on ESM adoption, uses of ESM for internal crowdsourcing need to be evaluated. Practitioners can use these findings to assess and design their ESM strategies and for academicians, the morphological framework reveals the state of current research in the field and identifies gaps for further research in specific areas of ESM.","PeriodicalId":54777,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce","volume":"29 1","pages":"139 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10919392.2019.1583456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42474215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10919392.2019.1568713
Dave Chatterjee
ABSTRACT The Consumer Data Protection Act, a new bill introduced by Senator Ron Wyden, is proposing “jail time of up to 20 years for executives who knowingly sign off on incorrect or inaccurate annual certifications of their companies’ data-security practices.” The bill also recommends that companies be fined “up to 4 percent of their annual revenue.” While the critics consider the penalties too harsh and severe, the proposed legislation reflects two key realities – a) active involvement and commitment of senior management is essential to achieving a high level of cybersecurity preparedness; and b) legislation and fear of severe penalties (such as Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation) is often necessary to motivate desired organizational behavior. In an increasingly digital ecosystem characterized by high levels of electronic connectivity, vulnerability to cyberattacks is growing. Organizations are in a perpetual state of breach with rapidly expanding attack surfaces and evolving threat vectors. Protecting confidential data and related digital assets is becoming critical to survival and success. Senior management must come to terms with this new business reality and give strategic priority to cybersecurity preparedness and investments. Research finds active involvement of top management in cyber risk mitigation initiatives to be a critical success factor and best practice. The onus is also on senior management to create a high-performance security culture founded on three key cornerstones – commitment, preparedness, and discipline. They also must lead the charge in establishing a cybersecurity governance structure characterized by joint ownership, responsibility, and accountability.
{"title":"Should executives go to jail over cybersecurity breaches?","authors":"Dave Chatterjee","doi":"10.1080/10919392.2019.1568713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2019.1568713","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Consumer Data Protection Act, a new bill introduced by Senator Ron Wyden, is proposing “jail time of up to 20 years for executives who knowingly sign off on incorrect or inaccurate annual certifications of their companies’ data-security practices.” The bill also recommends that companies be fined “up to 4 percent of their annual revenue.” While the critics consider the penalties too harsh and severe, the proposed legislation reflects two key realities – a) active involvement and commitment of senior management is essential to achieving a high level of cybersecurity preparedness; and b) legislation and fear of severe penalties (such as Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation) is often necessary to motivate desired organizational behavior. In an increasingly digital ecosystem characterized by high levels of electronic connectivity, vulnerability to cyberattacks is growing. Organizations are in a perpetual state of breach with rapidly expanding attack surfaces and evolving threat vectors. Protecting confidential data and related digital assets is becoming critical to survival and success. Senior management must come to terms with this new business reality and give strategic priority to cybersecurity preparedness and investments. Research finds active involvement of top management in cyber risk mitigation initiatives to be a critical success factor and best practice. The onus is also on senior management to create a high-performance security culture founded on three key cornerstones – commitment, preparedness, and discipline. They also must lead the charge in establishing a cybersecurity governance structure characterized by joint ownership, responsibility, and accountability.","PeriodicalId":54777,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce","volume":"29 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10919392.2019.1568713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47984318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10919392.2019.1552747
Aaron Zimba, Zhaoshun Wang, Mwenge Mulenga
ABSTRACT Crypto-mining attacks have emerged as a new generation of web-based attacks which have seen cybercriminals eschew the infamous crypto ransomware. The watering hole attack vector has by far been the most widely employed attack methodology but it faces the task of luring the victim to the infected web resources. However, cryptojacking injection presents a paradigm shift to web-based crypto-mining attacks in that it eliminates the need for a pivotal third-party such as the exploitable web server. Thus, instead of attacking credit card and other private information of e-commerce users, attackers seek to maliciously abuse a victim’s CPU to generate cryptocurrency. In this paper, we investigate and evaluate cryptojacking injection – a state-of-the-art web-centric attack vector in the crypto-mining attacks landscape. We formulate an attack model based on finite state machines which depicts the various breaches of confidentiality, integrity and availability in the web system as the attack progresses. We show how this new attack vector attacks some of the core components of e-commerce (URL, HTTP and HTML) to generate Monero crypto currency from benign web users. We evaluate our modeling approach with a series of experiments with two attack scenarios using different operating systems. Results show that the attack is indeed cross-platform and feasible on any operating system of a browser-capable device. We analyze the generated network traffic during the attack and draw features such as URLs and the parsed files, the associated cryptographic hashes, and the IP addresses of the crypto-mining domains. These, together with host-based features such as exhaustive CPU usage can be used as indicators of compromise and subsequently act as feed into intrusion detection systems.
{"title":"Cryptojacking injection: A paradigm shift to cryptocurrency-based web-centric internet attacks","authors":"Aaron Zimba, Zhaoshun Wang, Mwenge Mulenga","doi":"10.1080/10919392.2019.1552747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2019.1552747","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Crypto-mining attacks have emerged as a new generation of web-based attacks which have seen cybercriminals eschew the infamous crypto ransomware. The watering hole attack vector has by far been the most widely employed attack methodology but it faces the task of luring the victim to the infected web resources. However, cryptojacking injection presents a paradigm shift to web-based crypto-mining attacks in that it eliminates the need for a pivotal third-party such as the exploitable web server. Thus, instead of attacking credit card and other private information of e-commerce users, attackers seek to maliciously abuse a victim’s CPU to generate cryptocurrency. In this paper, we investigate and evaluate cryptojacking injection – a state-of-the-art web-centric attack vector in the crypto-mining attacks landscape. We formulate an attack model based on finite state machines which depicts the various breaches of confidentiality, integrity and availability in the web system as the attack progresses. We show how this new attack vector attacks some of the core components of e-commerce (URL, HTTP and HTML) to generate Monero crypto currency from benign web users. We evaluate our modeling approach with a series of experiments with two attack scenarios using different operating systems. Results show that the attack is indeed cross-platform and feasible on any operating system of a browser-capable device. We analyze the generated network traffic during the attack and draw features such as URLs and the parsed files, the associated cryptographic hashes, and the IP addresses of the crypto-mining domains. These, together with host-based features such as exhaustive CPU usage can be used as indicators of compromise and subsequently act as feed into intrusion detection systems.","PeriodicalId":54777,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce","volume":"29 1","pages":"40 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10919392.2019.1552747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47307687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10919392.2019.1552743
H. Khan, Khalid A. Alshare
ABSTRACT The present study analyzes the elements that differentiate violators from non-violators of information security measures. Various elements are derived from established theories and models such as general deterrence theory, theory of planned behavior, theory of reasoned action, protection motivation theory, and social cognitive theory. To examine these factors, the data are gathered through an online study conducted in a Midwestern University, USA. The data are collected using questionnaires, and after scrutiny, 195 questionnaires are selected for final analysis. This data are analyzed using second-level statistical techniques, such as chi-square analysis and ANOVA. Results reveal that violators and non-violators of information security measures differ significantly with respect to many factors. These factors include perceived privacy, subjective norms, perceived information security policy (ISP) scope, perceived severity of penalty, perceived celerity of penalty, management support, organizational security culture, and perceived organizational IT capability. The non-significant factors are trust and work load. Implications for practitioners and researchers are provided.
{"title":"Violators versus non-violators of information security measures in organizations—A study of distinguishing factors","authors":"H. Khan, Khalid A. Alshare","doi":"10.1080/10919392.2019.1552743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2019.1552743","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The present study analyzes the elements that differentiate violators from non-violators of information security measures. Various elements are derived from established theories and models such as general deterrence theory, theory of planned behavior, theory of reasoned action, protection motivation theory, and social cognitive theory. To examine these factors, the data are gathered through an online study conducted in a Midwestern University, USA. The data are collected using questionnaires, and after scrutiny, 195 questionnaires are selected for final analysis. This data are analyzed using second-level statistical techniques, such as chi-square analysis and ANOVA. Results reveal that violators and non-violators of information security measures differ significantly with respect to many factors. These factors include perceived privacy, subjective norms, perceived information security policy (ISP) scope, perceived severity of penalty, perceived celerity of penalty, management support, organizational security culture, and perceived organizational IT capability. The non-significant factors are trust and work load. Implications for practitioners and researchers are provided.","PeriodicalId":54777,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce","volume":"29 1","pages":"23 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10919392.2019.1552743","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43826929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10919392.2019.1552745
A. Burns, M. E. Johnson, Deanna D. Caputo
ABSTRACT Executives in many industries have fallen prey to socially engineered attacks known as spear phishing. Using highly targeted emails, social engineers trick victims into performing unintended actions by masquerading as legitimate actors. To shed light on effective spear phishing training, we conducted a multi-round experiment. Our results indicate that training users with individual loss messaging might increase the effectiveness of the training. Additionally, we found potential evidence that organizational training can lead to increased overall spear phishing awareness, even for those not directly trained. Despite these promising results, however, individuals’ susceptibility to highly targeted spear phishing attacks remains troubling for practitioners and researchers.
{"title":"Spear phishing in a barrel: Insights from a targeted phishing campaign","authors":"A. Burns, M. E. Johnson, Deanna D. Caputo","doi":"10.1080/10919392.2019.1552745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2019.1552745","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Executives in many industries have fallen prey to socially engineered attacks known as spear phishing. Using highly targeted emails, social engineers trick victims into performing unintended actions by masquerading as legitimate actors. To shed light on effective spear phishing training, we conducted a multi-round experiment. Our results indicate that training users with individual loss messaging might increase the effectiveness of the training. Additionally, we found potential evidence that organizational training can lead to increased overall spear phishing awareness, even for those not directly trained. Despite these promising results, however, individuals’ susceptibility to highly targeted spear phishing attacks remains troubling for practitioners and researchers.","PeriodicalId":54777,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce","volume":"29 1","pages":"24 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10919392.2019.1552745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45248576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10919392.2018.1523353
C. Holsapple
When considering where to submit an article for possible publication, one factor a researcher may want to assess is whether a candidate journal’s contributor profile is consistent with the kind of company his/her research deserves/aspires to keep. The following profile of contributors to the Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce is suggestive of the stature of JOCEC as a venue for publishing research about topics related to e-commerce and organizational computing. Over the past dozen years, articles published in JOCEC have been authored by researchers at such U.S. universities as:
{"title":"Profile of JOCEC contributors","authors":"C. Holsapple","doi":"10.1080/10919392.2018.1523353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2018.1523353","url":null,"abstract":"When considering where to submit an article for possible publication, one factor a researcher may want to assess is whether a candidate journal’s contributor profile is consistent with the kind of company his/her research deserves/aspires to keep. The following profile of contributors to the Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce is suggestive of the stature of JOCEC as a venue for publishing research about topics related to e-commerce and organizational computing. Over the past dozen years, articles published in JOCEC have been authored by researchers at such U.S. universities as:","PeriodicalId":54777,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce","volume":"28 1","pages":"291 - 293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10919392.2018.1523353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45745873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10919392.2018.1522774
C. Holsapple
Given that DORA is rarely mentioned in scholarly journals devoted to the information systems (IS) field, it is likely safe to say that most contributors to, and users of, this and other IS journals are unfamiliar with DORA. Although the same holds for other functional areas of business, the situation is quite different in scientific and medical disciplines. Just maybe, these disciplines are onto something – something that could benefit ongoing development and recognition of IS as a discipline. So, what is DORA? Should we care? Why? The answers are important for shaping the development/future of IS as a scholarly discipline, encouraging/facilitating innovation in IS research, allowing/fostering research liberty for young IS scholars, and spurring a productive academic career that avoids disillusionment. Before addressing the questions, think about the state of approaches to evaluating researchers for merit, promotion, tenure, or funding purposes. Disregarding intrusions of organizational politics and personal relationships (which can be quite vexing to those on the short end of power), it seems typical to focus on where a researcher has published his or her work. It is most common for evaluation to focus on placement of articles in journals. This is usually the case for IS, other business disciplines, physical sciences, live sciences, and medical fields. Simply put, the value of a publication is considered to depend primarily on the journal in which it appears. In other words, the value of a gift is considered to depend on judgments about the wrapping that contains it, rather than the nature or utility of the gift itself (Zhang, Rousseau, and Sivertsen 2017). If it has a particular wrapping, then it must certainly be of the highest value. It follows that, if packaged in a different type of wrapping, that very same gift must be less valuable. Adopting such a method for evaluating a researcher’s work means that an article is judged to have less/more merit if it appears in one journal rather than another. Being in one journal versus another somehow diminishes/improves an article’s merit. The article is perceived as becoming imbued with a halo that a journal exudes, and that halo is seen as defining the article’s value. Adopting the halo method of research evaluation transforms the problem from one of assessing the merit of individual articles to the task of assessing the merit of individual journals (i.e., the strengths of their halos; the shininess/aesthetics/approval signaled by the wrapping papers). To support the efforts of evaluators, various approaches have been advanced/adopted for settling on the relative merits of journals in a field. Ultimately, it is the evaluator (or evaluator’s superiors) who selects what journal evaluation approach will be used in a halo exercise. Approaches range from largely subjective to largely objective. Comparative examples of various evaluation approaches can be found in a series of quizzes that are applied to th
鉴于DORA很少在专门研究信息系统(is)领域的学术期刊中被提及，可以肯定地说，本杂志和其他is期刊的大多数贡献者和用户都不熟悉DORA。虽然这同样适用于其他业务职能领域，但在科学和医学领域的情况却大不相同。也许，这些学科是在做一些事情——一些可以有利于IS作为一门学科的持续发展和认可的事情。那么，DORA是什么?我们应该在意吗?为什么?这些问题的答案对于塑造信息系统作为一门学术学科的发展/未来、鼓励/促进信息系统研究的创新、允许/培养年轻的信息系统学者的研究自由，以及刺激富有成效的学术生涯、避免幻灭都很重要。在回答这些问题之前，考虑一下评估研究人员的能力、晋升、任期或资助目的的方法的现状。不考虑组织政治和个人关系的干扰(这对那些处于权力短线的人来说是相当恼人的)，关注研究人员在哪里发表了他或她的工作似乎是典型的。最常见的评估是关注文章在期刊中的位置。这通常是信息系统、其他商业学科、物理科学、生命科学和医学领域的情况。简单地说，一篇文章的价值主要取决于发表它的期刊。换句话说，礼物的价值被认为取决于对其包装的判断，而不是礼物本身的性质或效用(Zhang, Rousseau, and Sivertsen 2017)。如果它有一个特殊的包装，那么它肯定是最高价值的。由此可见，如果用不同类型的包装，同样的礼物一定不那么值钱。采用这种方法来评估研究人员的工作意味着，如果一篇文章出现在一个期刊上，而不是另一个期刊上，那么它就会被判断为具有更少/更多的价值。发表在某一期刊上与发表在另一期刊上相比，在某种程度上削弱/提高了一篇文章的价值。这篇文章被认为充满了期刊散发出的光环，而这种光环被视为定义了这篇文章的价值。采用光环法进行研究评价，将问题从评估个别文章的价值转变为评估个别期刊的价值(即其光环的优势;包装纸发出的光泽/美感/赞许)。为了支持评价者的工作，已经提出/采用了各种方法来确定一个领域中期刊的相对优点。最终，是评估者(或评估者的上级)选择在halo练习中使用哪种期刊评估方法。方法的范围从很大程度上主观到很大程度上客观。各种评估方法的比较例子可以在应用于IS期刊背景的一系列测验中找到(Chen和Holsapple 2013)。在主观情况下，归因于期刊光环的力量程度取决于评估者(上级)的有利位置、观点、解释、先入为主的观念、培训、偏见、价值观等。例子包括依赖传统，接受他人的声明，或者为专门研究某个机构或资助机构特别强调的主题的期刊调整账目。为了减轻主观方法的缺点，已经设计了更多的数据驱动方法来评估期刊的价值，将各种技术应用于各种类型的数据集，以便产生:●对每个感兴趣的期刊进行数字评级，反映其光环的强度●将期刊分为几层，其中一层中的期刊具有可比较的光环，但与其他层中的期刊明显不同。组织计算与电子商务学报，2018年第28卷，第2期。4,287 - 290 https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2018.1522774
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Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10919392.2018.1517480
Evangelia Kopanaki, Panagiota Karvela, N. Georgopoulos
ABSTRACT The fast changing business environment and the intensive market competition forces firms to adjust and remodel their business strategy continuously. As a solution, firms seek flexibility, not only internally but also at the level of their supply chain. To accomplish this, companies invest in information technology (IT), aiming to improve their business processes and collaboration with trading partners. As previous research supports, the use of IT combined with agile supply chain management improves business performance and offers sustainable competitive advantage. However, the extent to which IT enables and supports supply chain flexibility is still debatable and warrants investigation. Although contemporary Internet-based systems (web-based platforms and cloud-based solutions) seem to overcome the rigidity and inflexibility of traditional interorganisational systems (IOS), they are still associated with issues of interoperability and incompatibility. Although they facilitate supply chain collaboration, by providing access to all stakeholders and enabling information-sharing, they may often lead to closed networks of collaboration. To examine these issues, this paper primarily aims to clarify the notion of flexibility at the level of the supply chain. It also aims to contribute to the process by which organisations effectively evaluate and prioritise competing IT investments. Taking into consideration the multidimensional nature of flexibility, this paper proposes a conceptual framework of supply chain flexibility, distinguishing between the operational, structural, and strategic levels of flexibility. It then uses this framework to explain the impact of IT infrastructures (specifically comprising traditional IOS, web-based collaboration platforms and cloud-based solutions) on the various levels of flexibility. Based on previous research, it identifies specific IT characteristics and provides an approach through which practitioners and researchers can compare different technologies and analyse their benefits and limitations, in terms of supply chain flexibility.
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