Journal of Applied Geophysics最新文献_第7页

Diffraction wave separation and imaging by encoder–decoder network embedded Transformer 用编码器-解码器网络嵌入变压器分离和成像衍射波

IF 2.1 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Applied Geophysics

Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106023

Ming Ma , Rui Zhang , Feng Ma , Qianzong Bao

High-precision detection of geological anomalies can be achieved through diffractions generated when seismic or electromagnetic waves propagate in subsurface discontinuities, e.g., caves and fractures. However, capturing the diffracted portions of the full wavefield from acquired seismic or ground penetrating radar (GPR) data is challenging due to the strong interference and waveform blending. Furthermore, compared with reflections, diffractions possess low magnitudes and complex shapes. The aforementioned factors hinder difficulty in deploying robust diffraction extraction and imaging across various data domains. To enhance the accuracy of diffraction imaging and simplify the processing steps, we have built a new intricate mapping from full wavefield in dip-angle domain common image gather (Dip-ADCIG) to unique migrated diffractions with deep learning (DL) technique. By virtue of the encoder–decoder framework, characteristics of diffracted waves can be depicted, which are applied to classify disordered waveforms with improved efficiency. Self-attention computation in the improved backbone Swin Transformer V2 ensures the coincident fidelity between input and prediction result. Apart from the utilization of optimally configured encoder panel, mode of feature maps concatenating is modified in decoder module so as to obtain the diffraction imaging of small-scale heterogeneities. Through a stable training with a flood of data for the diverse designed geological models, the new workflow can provide a high-resolution depth-domain imaging of diffractions even with poor quality input gathers. Numerical and field data tests verify the high performance and validity of our proposed method.

通过地震或电磁波在地下不连续（如洞穴和裂缝）中传播时产生的衍射，可以实现对地质异常的高精度探测。然而，由于强烈的干扰和波形混合，从获得的地震或探地雷达（GPR）数据中捕获整个波场的衍射部分是具有挑战性的。此外，与反射相比，衍射具有低幅度和复杂的形状。上述因素阻碍了在各种数据域中部署健壮的衍射提取和成像的困难。为了提高衍射成像的精度和简化处理步骤，我们利用深度学习技术建立了从倾角域共同图像采集（Dip-ADCIG）的全波场到独特偏移衍射的复杂映射。利用编码器-解码器框架，可以描述绕射波的特征，从而提高了对无序波形的分类效率。改进后的主干网Swin变压器V2的自关注计算保证了输入和预测结果的一致性。除了利用优化配置的编码器面板外，还在解码器模块中修改了特征图的拼接方式，从而获得小尺度异质的衍射成像。通过对不同设计地质模型的大量数据进行稳定的训练，新的工作流程可以在低质量输入集的情况下提供高分辨率的衍射深度域成像。数值和现场数据测试验证了所提方法的高性能和有效性。

{"title":"Diffraction wave separation and imaging by encoder–decoder network embedded Transformer","authors":"Ming Ma , Rui Zhang , Feng Ma , Qianzong Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-precision detection of geological anomalies can be achieved through diffractions generated when seismic or electromagnetic waves propagate in subsurface discontinuities, e.g., caves and fractures. However, capturing the diffracted portions of the full wavefield from acquired seismic or ground penetrating radar (GPR) data is challenging due to the strong interference and waveform blending. Furthermore, compared with reflections, diffractions possess low magnitudes and complex shapes. The aforementioned factors hinder difficulty in deploying robust diffraction extraction and imaging across various data domains. To enhance the accuracy of diffraction imaging and simplify the processing steps, we have built a new intricate mapping from full wavefield in dip-angle domain common image gather (Dip-ADCIG) to unique migrated diffractions with deep learning (DL) technique. By virtue of the encoder–decoder framework, characteristics of diffracted waves can be depicted, which are applied to classify disordered waveforms with improved efficiency. Self-attention computation in the improved backbone Swin Transformer V2 ensures the coincident fidelity between input and prediction result. Apart from the utilization of optimally configured encoder panel, mode of feature maps concatenating is modified in decoder module so as to obtain the diffraction imaging of small-scale heterogeneities. Through a stable training with a flood of data for the diverse designed geological models, the new workflow can provide a high-resolution depth-domain imaging of diffractions even with poor quality input gathers. Numerical and field data tests verify the high performance and validity of our proposed method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106023"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Deblending of simultaneous source seismic data in common shot domain based on multi-output U-shaped net transformer 基于多输出u型网变压器的共炮域同步震源数据解混

IF 2.1 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Applied Geophysics

Pub Date : 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106017

Binghui Zhao , Liguo Han , Laiyu Lu , Xiaomiao Tan

In seismic data acquisition, the simultaneous source technique has been widely used by virtue of its high acquisition efficiency. After collecting a large amount of simultaneous source data, the simultaneous source data needs to be deblended. Nevertheless，the highly coherent and intricate entanglement of aliased signals with desired signals poses a significant hurdle for effective shot deblending. Conventional deblending methods require determining the specific excitation time of each shot, and based on this, performing operations such as pseudo deblending, channel set conversion, and denoising. This not only requires high accuracy of the excitation time, but also is a complicated operation that requires denoising each shot separately, which is computationally huge. We designed a multi-output U-shaped Net Transformer (UNetr)based on the principles of imaging. By utilizing a transformer, which is more sensitive to positional information, as an encoder, this network can distinguish the waveform characteristics of different single shots and separate the blended data directly in the common shot channel set. After testing, the method is more capable for coherent signals and more effective for deblending of overlapping shots. Without relying on time coding, the method skips the complex processing flow. The processing efficiency is improved and the deblending effect is significant.

在地震数据采集中，同震源技术以其较高的采集效率得到了广泛的应用。在采集到大量的同时源数据后，需要对同时源数据进行解混。然而，混叠信号与期望信号的高度相干和复杂纠缠对有效的镜头去混构成了重大障碍。传统的去混方法需要确定每个镜头的具体激励时间，并在此基础上进行伪去混、信道集转换、去噪等操作。这不仅要求激发时间的精度高，而且是一个复杂的操作，需要对每个镜头分别去噪，计算量巨大。基于成像原理设计了一种多输出u型网络变压器（UNetr）。该网络利用对位置信息更敏感的变压器作为编码器，可以区分不同单镜头的波形特征，并在共镜头通道集中直接分离混合数据。经过测试，该方法对相干信号的处理能力更强，对重叠镜头的去混效果更好。该方法不依赖于时间编码，跳过了复杂的处理流程。提高了加工效率，脱混效果显著。

{"title":"Deblending of simultaneous source seismic data in common shot domain based on multi-output U-shaped net transformer","authors":"Binghui Zhao , Liguo Han , Laiyu Lu , Xiaomiao Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In seismic data acquisition, the simultaneous source technique has been widely used by virtue of its high acquisition efficiency. After collecting a large amount of simultaneous source data, the simultaneous source data needs to be deblended. Nevertheless，the highly coherent and intricate entanglement of aliased signals with desired signals poses a significant hurdle for effective shot deblending. Conventional deblending methods require determining the specific excitation time of each shot, and based on this, performing operations such as pseudo deblending, channel set conversion, and denoising. This not only requires high accuracy of the excitation time, but also is a complicated operation that requires denoising each shot separately, which is computationally huge. We designed a multi-output U-shaped Net Transformer (UNetr)based on the principles of imaging. By utilizing a transformer, which is more sensitive to positional information, as an encoder, this network can distinguish the waveform characteristics of different single shots and separate the blended data directly in the common shot channel set. After testing, the method is more capable for coherent signals and more effective for deblending of overlapping shots. Without relying on time coding, the method skips the complex processing flow. The processing efficiency is improved and the deblending effect is significant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 106017"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145625388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of the sign reversal phenomena in grounded-wire transient electromagnetic response—A case study of the Yemaquan skarn-type iron polymetallic deposit 接地线瞬变电磁响应信号反转现象分析——以野马泉矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床为例

IF 2.1 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Applied Geophysics

Pub Date : 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106024

Xinhao Wei , Nannan Zhou , Zhenghu Zhang

The transient electromagnetic response is significantly influenced by specific electrical structures and targets, which can lead to anomalous signal and sign reversal phenomena. Both resistive and conductive polarizable targets can contribute to sign reversal. Accurately distinguishing the response characteristics associated with different electrical targets is crucial for enhancing our understanding of underground electrical structures and field exploration. However, systematic research on the causes of this phenomenon remains lacking. We analyzed the Yemaquan skarn-type mineral deposit in the East Kunlun orogenic belt of China as a case study. This mining area comprises resistive granodiorite and conductive, highly polarizable carbonaceous rocks, making it an ideal site for investigating sign reversal phenomena. Our forward modeling shows that a subsurface low-to-high resistivity transition distorts early-time responses, reducing their amplitude relative to a uniform high-resistivity half-space. On the other hand, polarizable targets mainly induce a sign reversal in late-time responses, manifested as an increase in late-time values. The coexistence of these targets can lead to multiple sign reversals in the data, a finding that was validated with field measurements.

瞬变电磁响应受特定电结构和目标的显著影响，可导致异常信号和符号反转现象。电阻性和导电性极化目标都能导致信号反转。准确区分不同电靶的响应特征对提高对地下电结构的认识和野外勘探具有重要意义。然而，对这一现象的原因还缺乏系统的研究。本文以东昆仑造山带的野马关矽卡岩型矿床为例进行了分析。该矿区由电阻性花岗闪长岩和导电、高极化的碳质岩石组成，是研究标志反转现象的理想场所。我们的正演模拟显示，地下低电阻率到高电阻率的转变扭曲了早期响应，相对于均匀的高电阻率半空间，降低了它们的振幅。另一方面，极化目标主要诱导晚时响应的符号反转，表现为晚时值的增加。这些目标的共存可能导致数据中的多个符号反转，这一发现已通过现场测量得到验证。

{"title":"Analysis of the sign reversal phenomena in grounded-wire transient electromagnetic response—A case study of the Yemaquan skarn-type iron polymetallic deposit","authors":"Xinhao Wei , Nannan Zhou , Zhenghu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transient electromagnetic response is significantly influenced by specific electrical structures and targets, which can lead to anomalous signal and sign reversal phenomena. Both resistive and conductive polarizable targets can contribute to sign reversal. Accurately distinguishing the response characteristics associated with different electrical targets is crucial for enhancing our understanding of underground electrical structures and field exploration. However, systematic research on the causes of this phenomenon remains lacking. We analyzed the Yemaquan skarn-type mineral deposit in the East Kunlun orogenic belt of China as a case study. This mining area comprises resistive granodiorite and conductive, highly polarizable carbonaceous rocks, making it an ideal site for investigating sign reversal phenomena. Our forward modeling shows that a subsurface low-to-high resistivity transition distorts early-time responses, reducing their amplitude relative to a uniform high-resistivity half-space. On the other hand, polarizable targets mainly induce a sign reversal in late-time responses, manifested as an increase in late-time values. The coexistence of these targets can lead to multiple sign reversals in the data, a finding that was validated with field measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106024"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of earthquake frequency content on the seismic behavior of earth core rockfill dams 地震频率含量对土心堆石坝抗震性能的影响

IF 2.1 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Applied Geophysics

Pub Date : 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106022

Van-Quang Nguyen

This study investigates the influence of earthquake frequency content on the seismic behavior of earth core rockfill dams (ECRDs) through two-dimensional nonlinear numerical simulations. A representative ECRD located in South Korea is modeled in FLAC^2D using hysteretic and elastic constitutive models for the dam materials, and the model is validated against centrifuge test data. Two groups of ground motions, categorized by low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) content, are used to perform nonlinear time history analyses. Results reveal that LF ground motions induce significantly greater crest settlements and lateral displacements compared to HF motions. Additionally, fragility curves developed based on crest settlement ratios show markedly higher damage probabilities under LF excitations across all damage states. These findings emphasize the critical role of earthquake frequency content in the seismic performance of ECRDs under the modeled two-dimensional conditions, highlighting the need to incorporate spectral characteristics into design and safety evaluations for similar dam geometries and material configurations.

通过二维非线性数值模拟，研究了地震频率对堆石坝抗震性能的影响。在FLAC2D中使用大坝材料的滞回和弹性本构模型对具有代表性的韩国ECRD进行了建模，并根据离心机试验数据对模型进行了验证。采用低频（LF）和高频（HF）两组地震动进行非线性时程分析。结果表明，与高频运动相比，低频地面运动引起的波峰沉降和横向位移明显更大。此外，基于波峰沉降比建立的脆性曲线表明，在所有损伤状态下，LF激励下的损伤概率都明显更高。这些发现强调了在模拟二维条件下，地震频率对ecrd抗震性能的关键作用，强调了将频谱特征纳入类似大坝几何形状和材料配置的设计和安全评估的必要性。

{"title":"Effect of earthquake frequency content on the seismic behavior of earth core rockfill dams","authors":"Van-Quang Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the influence of earthquake frequency content on the seismic behavior of earth core rockfill dams (ECRDs) through two-dimensional nonlinear numerical simulations. A representative ECRD located in South Korea is modeled in FLAC<sup>2D</sup> using hysteretic and elastic constitutive models for the dam materials, and the model is validated against centrifuge test data. Two groups of ground motions, categorized by low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) content, are used to perform nonlinear time history analyses. Results reveal that LF ground motions induce significantly greater crest settlements and lateral displacements compared to HF motions. Additionally, fragility curves developed based on crest settlement ratios show markedly higher damage probabilities under LF excitations across all damage states. These findings emphasize the critical role of earthquake frequency content in the seismic performance of ECRDs under the modeled two-dimensional conditions, highlighting the need to incorporate spectral characteristics into design and safety evaluations for similar dam geometries and material configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106022"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Application of passive surface-wave imaging for porphyrite iron deposit exploration: A case study of Nihe iron mine, Luzong ore district, Eastern China 被动面波成像在斑岩铁矿勘查中的应用——以陆枞矿区泥河铁矿为例

IF 2.1 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Applied Geophysics

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106021

Anguo Chen , Yingwei Yan , Shu Zhang , Yuanzhu Liang , Xiaofei Chen , Jing Li , Ruizhe Sun , Shichuan Yuan , Hanbing Ai

The application of passive surface-wave imaging (PSWI) in mineral prospecting remains limited, as the data acquirement process is often compromised by non-stationary noise originating from active mining production. In addition, the ore deposits are often hosted in hard rock environments, which is usually highly complex and heterogeneous compared with the sedimentary rock environments, these sites are indeed a challenge for current PSWI methods. As an experimental study, this paper presents a case study of mineral exploration using PSWI. Specifically, the S-wave velocity imaging of Nihe iron deposit, Luzong ore district, eastern China is realized using the PSWI with a linear array, and the preconditioned steepest-descent (PSD) is selected as the inversion algorithm. The obtained S-wave velocity tomogram is in good agreement with the geological materials of the survey area, and two known iron orebodies are also reflected, clearly. Furthermore, the extra prospecting target is also identified from the tomogram. The imaging result is also evaluated in the data domain, consisting of the fittings of dispersion data and sensitivity kernels, and the excellent convergence of the PSD algorithm has been confirmed. The S-wave velocity tomogram is also compared with those results of other geophysical methods to further show the advantages of the PSWI in mineral exploration. The comparison results indicate that the PSWI is highly suitable for detailed resource investigation during the mineral exploration or mining process. Finally, the stability of the inversion system and subarray division are also analyzed in the discussion part.

被动面波成像（PSWI）在矿产勘探中的应用仍然有限，因为数据获取过程经常受到来自主动采矿生产的非平稳噪声的影响。此外，矿床通常赋存于硬岩环境中，与沉积岩环境相比，通常是高度复杂和非均质的，这些地点确实是目前PSWI方法的挑战。作为一项实验研究，本文介绍了利用PSWI进行矿产勘查的实例。具体而言，利用线性阵列PSWI实现了中国东部陆总矿区泥河铁矿的横波速度成像，并选择预处理最陡下降（PSD）算法作为反演算法。得到的横波速度层析图与调查区的地质资料吻合较好，并清晰地反映了两个已知的铁矿体。此外，从层析图中还识别出了额外的找矿靶区。在色散数据和灵敏度核的拟合数据域对成像结果进行了评价，证实了PSD算法具有良好的收敛性。并将s波速度层析图与其他物探方法的结果进行了对比，进一步说明了PSWI在矿产勘查中的优势。对比结果表明，PSWI非常适合在矿产勘查或开采过程中进行详细的资源调查。最后，在讨论部分对反演系统的稳定性和子阵划分进行了分析。

{"title":"Application of passive surface-wave imaging for porphyrite iron deposit exploration: A case study of Nihe iron mine, Luzong ore district, Eastern China","authors":"Anguo Chen , Yingwei Yan , Shu Zhang , Yuanzhu Liang , Xiaofei Chen , Jing Li , Ruizhe Sun , Shichuan Yuan , Hanbing Ai","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of passive surface-wave imaging (PSWI) in mineral prospecting remains limited, as the data acquirement process is often compromised by non-stationary noise originating from active mining production. In addition, the ore deposits are often hosted in hard rock environments, which is usually highly complex and heterogeneous compared with the sedimentary rock environments, these sites are indeed a challenge for current PSWI methods. As an experimental study, this paper presents a case study of mineral exploration using PSWI. Specifically, the S-wave velocity imaging of Nihe iron deposit, Luzong ore district, eastern China is realized using the PSWI with a linear array, and the preconditioned steepest-descent (PSD) is selected as the inversion algorithm. The obtained S-wave velocity tomogram is in good agreement with the geological materials of the survey area, and two known iron orebodies are also reflected, clearly. Furthermore, the extra prospecting target is also identified from the tomogram. The imaging result is also evaluated in the data domain, consisting of the fittings of dispersion data and sensitivity kernels, and the excellent convergence of the PSD algorithm has been confirmed. The S-wave velocity tomogram is also compared with those results of other geophysical methods to further show the advantages of the PSWI in mineral exploration. The comparison results indicate that the PSWI is highly suitable for detailed resource investigation during the mineral exploration or mining process. Finally, the stability of the inversion system and subarray division are also analyzed in the discussion part.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Seismic local event slopes estimation using cycle generative adversarial network based on perceptual loss and self attention mechanism 基于感知损失和自注意机制的周期生成对抗网络地震局部事件斜率估计

IF 2.1 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Applied Geophysics

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106005

Chao Li, Chenghan Zhang, Xiaotao Wen, Xingye Liu, Fen Lyu, Shaohuan Zu

Accurate estimation of local event slopes is critical for seismic data processing. This study introduces an advanced deep learning framework for robust seismic local event slope estimation under challenging acquisition conditions. The proposed method integrates perceptual loss modules and self-attention mechanisms within a cycle-consistent adversarial network architecture. This approach operates without requiring precisely paired seismic-slope training data by leveraging bidirectional adversarial learning with cycle consistency loss constraints. The perceptual loss component preserves essential geological structural features through hierarchical feature space optimization, while self-attention mechanisms enable effective modeling of long-range dependencies in irregularly sampled seismic data. Comprehensive evaluation demonstrates the framework’s superior performance compared to conventional plane-wave destruction methods, particularly when processing seismic data with substantial noise contamination and missing traces. Validation across synthetic benchmarks and field datasets confirms enhanced slope estimation accuracy and improved structural continuity. The method’s ability to extract transferable seismic representations further benefits downstream processing tasks including data reconstruction and noise attenuation.

准确估计局部事件斜率是地震资料处理的关键。本研究引入了一种先进的深度学习框架，用于在具有挑战性的采集条件下进行鲁棒地震局部事件斜率估计。该方法将感知损失模块和自注意机制集成在一个周期一致的对抗网络架构中。这种方法不需要精确配对的地震斜率训练数据，而是利用具有周期一致性损失约束的双向对抗性学习。感知损失组件通过分层特征空间优化保留了基本的地质结构特征，而自关注机制可以有效地模拟不规则采样地震数据中的远程依赖关系。综合评估表明，与传统的平面波破坏方法相比，该框架具有优越的性能，特别是在处理具有大量噪声污染和缺失痕迹的地震数据时。综合基准和现场数据集的验证证实了坡度估计精度的提高和结构连续性的改善。该方法提取可转移地震表示的能力进一步有利于下游处理任务，包括数据重建和噪声衰减。

{"title":"Seismic local event slopes estimation using cycle generative adversarial network based on perceptual loss and self attention mechanism","authors":"Chao Li, Chenghan Zhang, Xiaotao Wen, Xingye Liu, Fen Lyu, Shaohuan Zu","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate estimation of local event slopes is critical for seismic data processing. This study introduces an advanced deep learning framework for robust seismic local event slope estimation under challenging acquisition conditions. The proposed method integrates perceptual loss modules and self-attention mechanisms within a cycle-consistent adversarial network architecture. This approach operates without requiring precisely paired seismic-slope training data by leveraging bidirectional adversarial learning with cycle consistency loss constraints. The perceptual loss component preserves essential geological structural features through hierarchical feature space optimization, while self-attention mechanisms enable effective modeling of long-range dependencies in irregularly sampled seismic data. Comprehensive evaluation demonstrates the framework’s superior performance compared to conventional plane-wave destruction methods, particularly when processing seismic data with substantial noise contamination and missing traces. Validation across synthetic benchmarks and field datasets confirms enhanced slope estimation accuracy and improved structural continuity. The method’s ability to extract transferable seismic representations further benefits downstream processing tasks including data reconstruction and noise attenuation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106005"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

DG-TSEM: A discontinuous Galerkin tetrahedral spectral element method for elastic wave propagation in complex geological models 复杂地质模型中弹性波传播的不连续Galerkin四面体谱元方法

IF 2.1 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Applied Geophysics

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106006

Naixing Feng , Shuai Zhang , Wei Wang , Zhixiang Huang

Precise modeling of elastic wave propagation in complex geological media is essential for applications including seismic exploration and geophysical simulations. Traditional numerical approaches, including the Finite Difference Method (FDM) and Finite Element Method (FEM), encounter difficulties in managing complex geometries and computational efficiency, especially for high-accuracy simulations on unstructured meshes. While hybrid hp-FEM enhances convergence properties, the costs associated with adaptive refinement and matrix inversion are still prohibitively high. Spectral Element Methods (SEM) using hexahedral meshes exhibit exponential convergence rates yet struggle to handle geometrically sharp features effectively. Tetrahedral Spectral Methods (TSEM) achieve high precision and improved geometric flexibility, yet retain the costly mass matrix inversion issue inherent to FEM. In this work, we introduce a discontinuous Galerkin tetrahedral spectral element method (DG-TSEM) to overcome these constraints. This approach integrates DG’s localized mass matrix benefits with TSEM’s high precision and geometric versatility, leverages generalized Vandermonde matrices for computationally efficient integration-free operations, and adopts Warp-Blend (WB) node arrangements to suppress Runge oscillations. Additionally, we develop a perfectly matched layer (PML) to minimize elastic wave boundary reflections and employ Message Passing Interface (MPI) parallelization to enhance computational efficiency. Numerical experiments demonstrate DG-TSEM’s superior accuracy, computational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and the effectiveness of the PML implementation.

复杂地质介质中弹性波传播的精确建模对于地震勘探和地球物理模拟等应用至关重要。传统的数值方法，包括有限差分法（FDM）和有限元法（FEM），在处理复杂几何形状和计算效率方面遇到困难，特别是在非结构化网格上的高精度模拟。虽然混合hp-FEM增强了收敛性，但与自适应细化和矩阵反演相关的成本仍然过高。使用六面体网格的谱元方法（SEM）具有指数收敛速度，但难以有效地处理几何上的尖锐特征。四面体谱法（TSEM）具有较高的精度和几何灵活性，但保留了FEM固有的昂贵的质量矩阵反演问题。在这项工作中，我们引入了不连续伽辽金四面体谱元方法（DG-TSEM）来克服这些限制。该方法将DG的局部质量矩阵优势与tsm的高精度和几何通用性相结合，利用广义Vandermonde矩阵进行计算效率高的无积分操作，并采用Warp-Blend （WB）节点排列来抑制Runge振荡。此外，我们开发了一个完美匹配层（PML）来减少弹性波边界反射，并采用消息传递接口（MPI）并行化来提高计算效率。数值实验证明了DG-TSEM具有优越的精度、计算效率、成本效益和PML实现的有效性。

{"title":"DG-TSEM: A discontinuous Galerkin tetrahedral spectral element method for elastic wave propagation in complex geological models","authors":"Naixing Feng , Shuai Zhang , Wei Wang , Zhixiang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precise modeling of elastic wave propagation in complex geological media is essential for applications including seismic exploration and geophysical simulations. Traditional numerical approaches, including the Finite Difference Method (FDM) and Finite Element Method (FEM), encounter difficulties in managing complex geometries and computational efficiency, especially for high-accuracy simulations on unstructured meshes. While hybrid hp-FEM enhances convergence properties, the costs associated with adaptive refinement and matrix inversion are still prohibitively high. Spectral Element Methods (SEM) using hexahedral meshes exhibit exponential convergence rates yet struggle to handle geometrically sharp features effectively. Tetrahedral Spectral Methods (TSEM) achieve high precision and improved geometric flexibility, yet retain the costly mass matrix inversion issue inherent to FEM. In this work, we introduce a discontinuous Galerkin tetrahedral spectral element method (DG-TSEM) to overcome these constraints. This approach integrates DG’s localized mass matrix benefits with TSEM’s high precision and geometric versatility, leverages generalized Vandermonde matrices for computationally efficient integration-free operations, and adopts Warp-Blend (WB) node arrangements to suppress Runge oscillations. Additionally, we develop a perfectly matched layer (PML) to minimize elastic wave boundary reflections and employ Message Passing Interface (MPI) parallelization to enhance computational efficiency. Numerical experiments demonstrate DG-TSEM’s superior accuracy, computational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and the effectiveness of the PML implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106006"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on the failure modes of frozen loess under uniaxial compression with varying moisture contents 不同含水率下冻结黄土单轴压缩破坏模式研究

IF 2.1 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Applied Geophysics

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106019

Yuan Xin , Qiang Sun , Pingye Guo , Jingjing Nan , Jishi Geng , Ziyu Wang , Rui Lv , Shaoli Liu

The study of the engineering properties of frozen loess in loess-covered regions is essential for addressing the challenges posed by global climate change. To investigate the failure modes of frozen loess, tests were conducted on the longitudinal wave velocity and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of remodeled loess at varying temperatures (25 °C (ambient), −5 °C, −10 °C, −15 °C, and − 20 °C). Additionally, uniaxial compression tests were performed, and resistance changes were recorded in real time. Results indicated that freezing temperature significantly influences the wave velocity of loess, with longitudinal wave velocity exhibiting a linear increase as freezing temperature decreases. The mechanical properties of frozen loess are jointly influenced by water content and freezing temperature, with peak strength increasing as freezing and thawing temperatures decrease. Failure modes of loess vary with water content and freezing temperature. Conjugate shear failure is more prevalent at high water content (18 %) and low freezing temperatures (−15 °C, −20 °C), where cracks propagate in an “x-shape” pattern. Increased water content markedly impacts the electrical conductivity of loess, particularly in the frozen state, as pore ice compression and melting alter resistance values. The behavior and phase transitions of pore water differ between ambient and frozen conditions, with pore ice formation and the pre-melting state caused by the reduced melting point under frozen conditions influencing the mechanical response and electrical conductivity of loess. These findings provide insights into the relationship between the damage process and pore water dynamics in frozen loess under uniaxial compression.

研究黄土覆盖区冻土的工程特性对于应对全球气候变化带来的挑战至关重要。为了研究冻结黄土的破坏模式，对重塑黄土在不同温度（25°C（环境）、- 5°C、- 10°C、- 15°C和- 20°C）下的纵波速度和核磁共振（NMR）进行了试验。此外，进行单轴压缩试验，实时记录阻力变化。结果表明：冻结温度对黄土的波速影响显著，纵波波速随冻结温度的降低呈线性增加；冻结黄土的力学性能受含水量和冻结温度的共同影响，峰值强度随冻融温度的降低而增大。黄土的破坏模式随含水量和冻结温度的变化而变化。共轭剪切破坏在高含水量（18%）和低温（- 15°C, - 20°C）下更为普遍，裂缝以“x形”模式扩展。含水量的增加显著影响黄土的电导率，特别是在冻结状态下，因为孔隙冰压缩和融化改变了电阻值。环境和冻结条件下孔隙水的行为和相变不同，冻结条件下孔隙冰的形成和熔点降低导致的预融化状态影响黄土的力学响应和电导率。研究结果揭示了冻结黄土单轴压缩损伤过程与孔隙水动力学之间的关系。

{"title":"Research on the failure modes of frozen loess under uniaxial compression with varying moisture contents","authors":"Yuan Xin , Qiang Sun , Pingye Guo , Jingjing Nan , Jishi Geng , Ziyu Wang , Rui Lv , Shaoli Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of the engineering properties of frozen loess in loess-covered regions is essential for addressing the challenges posed by global climate change. To investigate the failure modes of frozen loess, tests were conducted on the longitudinal wave velocity and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of remodeled loess at varying temperatures (25 °C (ambient), −5 °C, −10 °C, −15 °C, and − 20 °C). Additionally, uniaxial compression tests were performed, and resistance changes were recorded in real time. Results indicated that freezing temperature significantly influences the wave velocity of loess, with longitudinal wave velocity exhibiting a linear increase as freezing temperature decreases. The mechanical properties of frozen loess are jointly influenced by water content and freezing temperature, with peak strength increasing as freezing and thawing temperatures decrease. Failure modes of loess vary with water content and freezing temperature. Conjugate shear failure is more prevalent at high water content (18 %) and low freezing temperatures (−15 °C, −20 °C), where cracks propagate in an “x-shape” pattern. Increased water content markedly impacts the electrical conductivity of loess, particularly in the frozen state, as pore ice compression and melting alter resistance values. The behavior and phase transitions of pore water differ between ambient and frozen conditions, with pore ice formation and the pre-melting state caused by the reduced melting point under frozen conditions influencing the mechanical response and electrical conductivity of loess. These findings provide insights into the relationship between the damage process and pore water dynamics in frozen loess under uniaxial compression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106019"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on outburst risk prediction method for coal roadway excavation process based on resistivity- electromagnetic radiation detection 基于电阻率-电磁辐射探测的煤巷开挖突出危险性预测方法研究

IF 2.1 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Applied Geophysics

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106011

Qiang Liu , Liming Qiu , Yankun Ma , Dazhao Song , Miaomiao Yan , Wei Wang , Jie Liu , Limin Qie , Qi Jia , Peiwu Liao

The safety monitoring of high gas coal seam excavation is a critical measure for the prevention and control of coal and gas outburst accidents. In this paper, the geophysical methods such as direct current (DC) method and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) monitoring were used to evaluate the effectiveness of hydraulic flushing in the coal seam and to monitor and warn the safety of the coal seam roadway. The main conclusions are as follows: An outburst risk prediction method for coal roadway excavation process based on resistivity- electromagnetic radiation detection was proposed. The effective range of hydraulic flushing in the coal seam was found to be 8–12 m using the DC method. The reduction in gas content ranged from approximately 0.2 to 3 m³/t per unit, resulting in an overall decrease of around 40 %. EMR is effective in monitoring the dynamic events of the coal seam boring process. The signal was a fluctuation in the EMR signal after excavation began, reaching its maximum value during a coal burst. A method based on processing EMR-AE data to detect precursor signals is proposed. The Unified Precursor Index (UPI) of 0.75 is used as the early-warning threshold for coal burst events, indicating intense state changes in the coal mass. The UPI allows for the coal burst event to be detected 20 min in advance. The research provides a new perspective for the monitoring of coal rock dynamic disasters.

高瓦斯煤层开挖安全监测是防治煤与瓦斯突出事故的关键措施。本文采用直流（DC）法和电磁辐射（EMR）监测等地球物理方法对煤层液压冲洗效果进行评价，对煤层巷道的安全进行监测和预警。主要结论如下：提出了一种基于电阻率-电磁辐射探测的煤巷开挖过程突出危险性预测方法。采用直流电法对煤层进行水力冲洗的有效范围为8 ~ 12 m。气体含量的减少幅度约为每单位0.2至3立方米/吨，总体减少约40%。EMR对煤层掘进过程的动态事件监测是有效的。该信号是开挖开始后EMR信号中的一个波动，在冲击地压时达到最大值。提出了一种基于EMR-AE数据处理的前兆信号检测方法。采用统一前兆指数（UPI） 0.75作为冲击地压事件的预警阈值，表明煤体状态变化剧烈。UPI允许提前20分钟检测到煤爆事件。该研究为煤岩动力灾害监测提供了新的视角。

{"title":"Research on outburst risk prediction method for coal roadway excavation process based on resistivity- electromagnetic radiation detection","authors":"Qiang Liu , Liming Qiu , Yankun Ma , Dazhao Song , Miaomiao Yan , Wei Wang , Jie Liu , Limin Qie , Qi Jia , Peiwu Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The safety monitoring of high gas coal seam excavation is a critical measure for the prevention and control of coal and gas outburst accidents. In this paper, the geophysical methods such as direct current (DC) method and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) monitoring were used to evaluate the effectiveness of hydraulic flushing in the coal seam and to monitor and warn the safety of the coal seam roadway. The main conclusions are as follows: An outburst risk prediction method for coal roadway excavation process based on resistivity- electromagnetic radiation detection was proposed. The effective range of hydraulic flushing in the coal seam was found to be 8–12 m using the DC method. The reduction in gas content ranged from approximately 0.2 to 3 m<sup>3</sup>/t per unit, resulting in an overall decrease of around 40 %. EMR is effective in monitoring the dynamic events of the coal seam boring process. The signal was a fluctuation in the EMR signal after excavation began, reaching its maximum value during a coal burst. A method based on processing EMR-AE data to detect precursor signals is proposed. The Unified Precursor Index (UPI) of 0.75 is used as the early-warning threshold for coal burst events, indicating intense state changes in the coal mass. The UPI allows for the coal burst event to be detected 20 min in advance. The research provides a new perspective for the monitoring of coal rock dynamic disasters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106011"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simulation of dielectric response in composite media based on Maxwell-Garnett theory and development of a multiphase dielectric model 基于麦克斯韦-加内特理论的复合介质介质响应模拟及多相介质模型的建立

IF 2.1 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Applied Geophysics

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106020

Hao Hu , Shizhen Ke , Hongwei Shi , Yuhang Zhang , Hu Luo

The Maxwell-Garnett theory, a classical model for rock electrical properties, is widely used in interpreting formation dielectric characteristics and well-log responses. It enables inversion of key reservoir parameters such as water saturation and pore structure from dielectric logging data. However, its assumption of isolated inclusions may break down under conditions of high porosity or complex internal structures, leading to non-negligible prediction errors that could in turn affect the accuracy of inversion. This study employs Monte Carlo simulations to compute the effective permittivity of composite media consistent with the Maxwell-Garnett geometric assumptions and systematically analyzes the factors influencing model error and applicability. A Multiphase Iterative Maxwell-Garnett (MIMG) model is then proposed for media containing multiple types of inclusions. Results show that when inclusion permittivity exceeds that of the matrix, prediction errors increase markedly with volume fraction and permittivity contrast. In contrast, errors remain low when inclusion permittivity is lower. Regarding shape effects, errors increase with aspect ratio for oblate inclusions, while for prolate inclusions they either decrease then increase or decrease monotonically, depending on the permittivity contrast. Multiphase systems generally exhibit higher overall prediction errors than single-phase mixtures, indicating error accumulation. By iteratively introducing inclusions in a prescribed sequence, the MIMG model produces effective permittivity estimates more consistent with Maxwell-Garnett assumptions, thereby reducing prediction errors in multiphase systems and extending the theory's applicability in formation evaluation.

麦克斯韦-加内特理论是岩石电性的经典模型，被广泛用于解释地层介电特性和测井响应。它可以从介电测井数据中反演关键的储层参数，如含水饱和度和孔隙结构。然而，在高孔隙度或内部结构复杂的条件下，孤立包裹体的假设可能会被打破，导致不可忽略的预测误差，进而影响反演的准确性。本研究采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法，计算了符合Maxwell-Garnett几何假设的复合介质的有效介电常数，系统分析了影响模型误差和适用性的因素。在此基础上，提出了包含多种类型包裹体的多相迭代麦克斯韦-加内特（MIMG）模型。结果表明，当包体介电常数大于基体介电常数时，预测误差随体积分数和介电常数对比的增大而显著增大。相反，当包含介电常数较低时，误差保持较低。在形状效应方面，扁型夹杂物的误差随长宽比增大而增大，而长宽形夹杂物的误差则随介电常数对比的不同而依次减小、增大或减小。多相系统通常比单相混合物表现出更高的总体预测误差，表明误差积累。通过按规定的顺序迭代引入夹杂物，MIMG模型产生的有效介电常数估计更符合麦克斯韦-加内特假设，从而减少了多相系统的预测误差，扩大了理论在地层评价中的适用性。

{"title":"Simulation of dielectric response in composite media based on Maxwell-Garnett theory and development of a multiphase dielectric model","authors":"Hao Hu , Shizhen Ke , Hongwei Shi , Yuhang Zhang , Hu Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Maxwell-Garnett theory, a classical model for rock electrical properties, is widely used in interpreting formation dielectric characteristics and well-log responses. It enables inversion of key reservoir parameters such as water saturation and pore structure from dielectric logging data. However, its assumption of isolated inclusions may break down under conditions of high porosity or complex internal structures, leading to non-negligible prediction errors that could in turn affect the accuracy of inversion. This study employs Monte Carlo simulations to compute the effective permittivity of composite media consistent with the Maxwell-Garnett geometric assumptions and systematically analyzes the factors influencing model error and applicability. A Multiphase Iterative Maxwell-Garnett (MIMG) model is then proposed for media containing multiple types of inclusions. Results show that when inclusion permittivity exceeds that of the matrix, prediction errors increase markedly with volume fraction and permittivity contrast. In contrast, errors remain low when inclusion permittivity is lower. Regarding shape effects, errors increase with aspect ratio for oblate inclusions, while for prolate inclusions they either decrease then increase or decrease monotonically, depending on the permittivity contrast. Multiphase systems generally exhibit higher overall prediction errors than single-phase mixtures, indicating error accumulation. By iteratively introducing inclusions in a prescribed sequence, the MIMG model produces effective permittivity estimates more consistent with Maxwell-Garnett assumptions, thereby reducing prediction errors in multiphase systems and extending the theory's applicability in formation evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106020"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0