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Katydids Shift to Higher-Stability Gaits when Climbing Inclined Substrates. 当爬上倾斜的底物时,蝈蝈会转向更高稳定性的步态。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf133
Calvin A Riiska, Jacob S Harrison, Rebecca D Thompson, Jaime Quispe Nina, Geoffrey R Gallice, Jennifer M Rieser, Saad Bhamla

When terrestrial organisms locomote in natural settings, they must navigate complex surfaces that vary in incline angles and substrate roughness. Variable surface structures are common in arboreal environments and can be challenging to traverse. This study examines the walking gait of katydids (Tettigoniidae) as they traverse a custom-built platform with varying incline angles ($30^circ$, $45^circ$, $60^circ$, $75^circ$, $90^circ$) and substrate roughness (40, 120, and 320 grit sandpaper). Our results show that katydids walk more slowly as the incline angle increases and as katydid mass increases, with a decrease of around 0.3 body lengths per second for every 1$^circ$ increase in incline. At steeper inclines and larger sizes, katydids are also less likely to use an alternating tripod gait, opting instead to maintain more limbs in contact with the substrate during walking. Katydids also increased average duty factor when climbing steeper inclines and with increasing body mass. However, substrate roughness did not affect walking speed or gait preference in our trials. These findings provide insights into how environmental factors influence locomotor strategies in katydids and enhance our understanding of effective locomotor strategies in hexapods.

当陆生生物在自然环境中移动时,它们必须在倾斜角度和基底粗糙度不同的复杂表面上移动。可变的表面结构在树木环境中很常见,并且具有挑战性。本研究考察了行走步态的蝈蝈儿(螽斯科)遍历一个定制的平台不同倾斜角度(30○45○,75年60○○,90○)和基质粗糙度(40、120和320砂砾砂纸)。我们的研究结果表明,随着倾斜角的增加和质量的增加,蝈蝈的行走速度会变慢,倾斜角每增加1〇,蝈蝈的行走速度就会下降0.3个体长/秒左右。在更陡的斜坡和更大的体型下,蝈蝈也不太可能使用交替的三脚架步态,而是选择在行走时保持更多的四肢与基质接触。当爬陡坡和体重增加时,蝈蝈的平均占空系数也会增加。然而,在我们的试验中,基底的粗糙度并不影响步行速度或步态偏好。这些发现提供了环境因素如何影响蝈蝈运动策略的见解,并增强了我们对六足动物有效运动策略的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Proteomics Approaches to Ecoimmunology: New Insights into Wildlife Immunity and Disease. 生态免疫学的蛋白质组学方法:对野生动物免疫和疾病的新见解。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf044
Amanda Vicente-Santos, Natalia Sandoval-Herrera, Gábor Á Czirják, Benjamin A Neely, Daniel J Becker

Understanding wildlife immune responses is crucial for assessing disease risks, environmental stress effects, and conservation challenges. Traditional ecoimmunology approaches rely on targeted assays, which, while informative, often provide a fragmented and species-limited view of immune function. Proteomics offers a powerful alternative by enabling the high-throughput, system-wide quantification of immune-related proteins, providing a functional perspective on immunity that overcomes many limitations of conventional methods. However, proteomics remains underutilized in ecoimmunology despite its potential to enhance biomarker discovery, host-pathogen interaction studies, and environmental health assessments. This perspective highlights proteomics as a transformative tool for ecoimmunology, disease ecology, and conservation biology. We discuss its unique advantages over other -omics approaches, including its ability to capture realized immune function rather than inferred gene expression, its applicability to diverse wildlife taxa, and its potential for longitudinal immune monitoring of individuals using minimally invasive sampling. We also address key challenges, including limited genomic reference resources, sample constraints, reproducibility issues, and the need for standardized protocols. To overcome these barriers, we propose practical solutions, such as leveraging proteomes of closely related species for annotation and using their annotated genomes as search spaces for peptide mapping. Additionally, we highlight the importance of alternative quality control strategies and improved data-sharing practices to enhance the utility of proteomics in wildlife research. To fully integrate proteomics into ecoimmunology, we recommend expanding public reference databases for non-model species, refining field-adapted workflows, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration between ecologists, immunologists, and bioinformaticians. By embracing these advancements, the field can leverage proteomics to bridge the gap between molecular mechanisms and ecological processes, ultimately improving our ability to monitor wildlife health, predict disease risks, and inform conservation strategies in the face of environmental change.

了解野生动物的免疫反应对于评估疾病风险、环境压力影响和保护挑战至关重要。传统的生态免疫学方法依赖于靶向分析,虽然信息丰富,但往往提供了一个碎片化和物种有限的免疫功能视图。蛋白质组学提供了一个强大的替代方案,使免疫相关蛋白的高通量,系统范围的定量,提供了免疫功能的角度,克服了传统方法的许多局限性。然而,尽管蛋白质组学在增强生物标志物发现、宿主-病原体相互作用研究和环境健康评估方面具有潜力,但在生态免疫学中仍未得到充分利用。这一观点强调了蛋白质组学作为生态免疫学、疾病生态学和保护生物学的变革工具。我们讨论了它相对于其他组学方法的独特优势,包括它能够捕获已实现的免疫功能而不是推断的基因表达,它适用于各种野生动物分类群,以及它使用微创采样对个体进行纵向免疫监测的潜力。我们还解决了关键挑战,包括有限的基因组参考资源、样本限制、可重复性问题以及对标准化方案的需求。为了克服这些障碍,我们提出了切实可行的解决方案,例如利用密切相关物种的蛋白质组进行注释,并使用其注释的基因组作为肽图谱的搜索空间。此外,我们强调了替代质量控制策略和改进数据共享实践的重要性,以提高蛋白质组学在野生动物研究中的效用。为了将蛋白质组学完全整合到生态免疫学中,我们建议扩大非模式物种的公共参考数据库,完善适应领域的工作流程,并促进生态学家、免疫学家和生物信息学家之间的跨学科合作。通过拥抱这些进步,该领域可以利用蛋白质组学来弥合分子机制和生态过程之间的差距,最终提高我们监测野生动物健康,预测疾病风险的能力,并在面对环境变化时为保护策略提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Magic Angles and Force Transmission in Helically Wrapped Worms. 螺旋缠绕蠕虫的魔角和力传递。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf106
Olaf Ellers, Matthew J McHenry, Amy S Johnson

Many animal structures and appendages are pressurized, cylindrical, and helically wrapped with fibers. Squid tentacles, elephant trunks, echinoderm tube feet, notochords, arteries, and the bodies of sharks, nematodes, and annelids are all helically wrapped and their structural function depends on force transmission by this wrapping. Classical understanding of helically-wrapped cylinders in biology originates with calculations and concepts developed in the context of worm bodies, particularly nemerteans, turbellarians, and nematodes. This work recognized the geometric effects of the fiber angle on the cylinder volume and the fiber stretch. Subsequent work on tongues, tentacles, trunks, and polychaete worms used cylinder geometry to infer mechanical advantage. However, these studies did not explicitly consider forces and hence are limited in developing a general understanding for the mechanics of soft skeletons. Recently, a more precise theory was developed that incorporates force transmission, enhancing an understanding of mechanical and displacement advantage in these biological hydrostats. Some general insights are derivable from this foundation. A pressurized cylinder has a hoop stress that is twice the longitudinal stress and a crossed-helical wrapping of fibers can carry all of those stresses, if the fibers are at the magic angle of 54.7°. In a variable-volume cylinder with inextensible fibers, the magic angle corresponds to the maximum enclosed volume, but in a constant-volume cylinder, shape change necessitates stretching of the helical fibers. Strain and the length-to-radius ratio (aspect ratio) are functions of fiber angle, but aspect ratio also depends on the number of fiber wrappings. A constant-volume cylinder at any other angle will generate higher pressure, stretch helical fibers, store energy, cause shape changes, and possibly generate axial or radial external forces. Due to geometry, the mechanical advantage of force transmission from longitudinal muscles to radial output forces is not the inverse of the mechanical advantage of circumferential muscles transmitting force to the axial direction. Additionally, the mechanical advantage of short, wide cylinders is higher in extension than that of longer, thinner cylinders, suggesting that short and wide earthworm and polychaete segments have a higher mechanical advantage in generating axial forces during burrowing. Helical fibers can reduce the mechanical advantage during extension and retraction because energy is stored in the fibers; stiffer fibers reduce the mechanical advantage more; and some worms have helical muscles that might allow behavioral modulation of mechanical advantage. These inferences demonstrate insights that may be gleaned from explicit considerations of the mechanical principles of hydrostatic skeletons.

许多动物的结构和附属物都是受压的、圆柱形的、螺旋状的纤维包裹。鱿鱼的触手、象鼻、棘皮动物的管足、脊索、动脉,以及鲨鱼、线虫和环节动物的身体都是螺旋状包裹的,它们的结构功能取决于这种包裹的力传递。生物学中对螺旋缠绕圆柱体的经典理解起源于蠕虫体的计算和概念,特别是线虫、湍流虫和线虫。这项工作认识到纤维角度对圆柱体体积和纤维拉伸的几何影响。随后对舌头、触手、躯干和多毛类蠕虫的研究使用圆柱体几何来推断机械优势。然而,这些研究没有明确考虑力,因此在发展对软骨骼力学的一般理解方面受到限制。最近,一种更精确的理论被开发出来,该理论结合了力传递,增强了对这些生物静力器的机械和位移优势的理解。从这个基础上可以得出一些一般性的见解。受压圆柱体的环向应力是纵向应力的两倍,如果纤维呈54.7度的魔角,纤维的交叉螺旋缠绕可以承受所有这些应力。在具有不可伸缩纤维的变体积圆柱体中,魔角对应于最大封闭体积,但在定体积圆柱体中,形状变化需要拉伸螺旋纤维。应变和长径比(长径比)是纤维角度的函数,但长径比也取决于纤维缠绕的数量。任何其他角度的等体积圆柱体将产生更高的压力,拉伸螺旋纤维,储存能量,引起形状变化,并可能产生轴向或径向外力。由于几何学的原因,从纵向肌肉向径向输出力传递力的机械优势与圆周肌肉向轴向传递力的机械优势并不是相反的。此外,短而宽的圆柱体在伸展方面的机械优势高于长而薄的圆柱体,这表明短而宽的蚯蚓和多毛类在挖洞过程中产生轴向力方面具有更高的机械优势。螺旋纤维可以减少拉伸和收缩时的机械优势,因为能量储存在纤维中;纤维越硬,机械优势越低;一些蠕虫有螺旋状的肌肉,这可能允许机械优势的行为调节。这些推论证明了可以从流体静力骨架的机械原理的明确考虑中收集的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing Functional Immune Responses in Three Aquatic Turtle Species. 比较三种水生海龟的功能性免疫反应。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf088
Isabella V Davis, Jennifer Terry, Lorin A Neuman-Lee

Reptiles are increasingly faced with conservation challenges and ecoimmunological techniques would be a beneficial tool in monitoring and evaluating populations that are at-risk. However, the reptilian immune system is poorly understood, and few studies have made intraspecies comparisons, making generalizations difficult. To help address this gap, innate immune function across three conspecific freshwater turtle species was evaluated. Red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), Mississippi mud (Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis), and musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus), are found throughout the Southeastern USA and represent different ecological microhabitats and life histories. In spring 2024, male aquatic turtles were caught using hoop nets, and blood samples were taken to assess immune characteristics. Microbial killing assays were conducted using multiple blood serum and buffy layer (hereafter referred as "serum + BL") manipulations (fresh, frozen, and frozen + heat manipulated serum + BL) as well as three microbes that activate specific immunological responses: Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli), and a fungus (Candida albicans). By using this suite of microbial assays, differences in immune prioritization can be observed across species. This study revealed that there are differences in immunocompetence in each species of freshwater turtle that varied by microbe and serum + BL manipulation. We determined that because of the contribution of complement proteins when challenged against Gram-negative bacteria, frozen manipulated serum + BL appears to be a reliable way to assess immunocompetence in individuals across turtle species. Conducting intraspecies comparisons in immune function using integrative approaches can provide valuable insight into the underlying patterns of physiological variability within wild organisms, especially those that are of conservation concern.

爬行动物面临着越来越多的保护挑战,生态免疫学技术将是监测和评估处于危险中的种群的有益工具。然而,爬行动物的免疫系统知之甚少,并且很少有研究进行种内比较,这使得概括起来很困难。为了帮助解决这一差距,对三种同种淡水龟的先天免疫功能进行了评估。红耳滑鼠(Trachemys scripta elegans)、密西西比泥龟(Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis)和麝香龟(Sternotherus odoratus)遍布美国东南部,代表着不同的生态微栖息地和生活史。在2024年春季,用环形网捕获雄性水生海龟,并采集血液样本以评估免疫特征。微生物杀灭试验采用多种血清和血清+ BL(以下简称“血清+ BL”)处理方法(新鲜、冷冻和冷冻+热处理血清+ BL)以及激活特异性免疫反应的三种微生物:革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)、革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌)和真菌(白色念珠菌)。通过使用这套微生物测定,可以观察到不同物种之间免疫优先级的差异。本研究发现,不同种类淡水龟的免疫能力因微生物和血清+ BL处理的不同而存在差异。我们确定,由于补体蛋白在革兰氏阴性菌攻击时的作用,冷冻处理血清+ BL似乎是评估海龟个体免疫能力的可靠方法。利用综合方法进行种内免疫功能比较,可以为了解野生生物,特别是那些具有保护意义的生物体内生理变异的潜在模式提供有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Who Nose What Flows: Shark Narial Denticle Morphology and Hydrodynamic Implications. 谁嗅什么流:鲨鱼喙状小齿形态和流体动力学意义。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf104
Amani Webber-Schultz, Brooke Flammang, Kayla Hall, Lauren Simonitis

Dermal denticles (scales) are important in influencing the movement of water around a shark's body. To date, most of the research on denticle morphology and their impacts on hydrodynamics has focused on the lateral flank of fast-swimming species. One understudied region where these interactions may be important is the nares of sharks. The constant flow of water through the nares is critical to olfaction and therefore a shark's survival. We imaged dermal denticles all around the incurrent and excurrent nares of the Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi), a benthopelagic species inhabiting eastern Pacific waters. At the incurrent naris, we quantified denticle morphological traits such as length, width, aspect ratio, ridge number, and angle of rotation off the anterior-posterior axis. We found that denticles at the incurrent naris display two primary morphologies: elongated with ridged crowns and rounded with smooth crowns. Moreover, we show denticles rotated to nearly 180 degrees off the anterior-posterior axis as denticles enter the incurrent naris at the cranial region. Using particle image velocimetry over a 3D printed model of a micro-computed tomography scan of the incurrent naris, we visualized the effects of this rotation on flow and found preliminary data for a reverse circulating vortex in addition to laminar flow into the olfactory chamber. Finally, we propose two hypotheses on the importance of this phenomenon. This work highlights the diversity of shark denticle morphology, particularly with respect to their role in fluid mechanics. Our findings challenge our current understanding of dermal denticle orientation and function, further supporting the need to investigate areas of interest across shark bodies that have not yet been studied in the literature.

真皮小齿(鳞片)在影响鲨鱼身体周围水的运动方面很重要。迄今为止,大多数关于小齿形态及其对水动力学影响的研究都集中在快游物种的侧翼。这些相互作用可能很重要的一个未被充分研究的领域是鲨鱼的名字。不断流过鼻孔的水流对嗅觉至关重要,因此对鲨鱼的生存至关重要。我们对生活在东太平洋水域的底栖动物——太平洋刺角鲨(Squalus suckleyi)的入流和出流颈部周围的皮肤小齿进行了成像。在内鼻孔处,我们量化了小齿的形态特征,如长度、宽度、纵横比、脊数和前后轴旋转角度。我们发现,在当前的小孔中,牙本质表现出两种主要形态:细长的脊状冠和圆形的光滑冠。此外,我们显示齿状体在进入颅区内鼻孔时,离前后轴旋转近180度。通过粒子图像测速(PIV)技术,研究人员利用3D打印模型对内鼻孔进行了微计算机断层扫描,可视化了这种旋转对流动的影响,并发现了除层流进入嗅室之外的反向循环涡的初步数据。最后,我们就这一现象的重要性提出了两个假设。这项工作突出了鲨鱼齿形态的多样性,特别是在流体力学方面的作用。我们的研究结果挑战了我们目前对真皮小齿方向和功能的理解,进一步支持了研究鲨鱼身体中尚未在文献中研究过的感兴趣领域的需要。
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引用次数: 0
The Effects of Vertebral Deformities on Swimming Kinematics in Lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus. 椎体畸形对圆尾鱼游泳运动学的影响。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf111
Taylor Lunningham, Katelyn M Sewcharran, Jules Johnson, Julia Sutton, Elizabeth Fairchild, Jessica Robinson, Stacy C Farina

Vertebral deformities such as abnormal curvatures and shapes may influence kinematics of fishes during swimming. Our study examines the vertebral deformities of hatchery-reared lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) to better understand the effects of vertebral deformity on swimming kinematics. We recorded and analyzed videos of 50 juvenile lumpfish that were being raised as cleaner fish for salmonid farms. Each lumpfish was observed in 10-s video intervals and then euthanized for X-ray visualization of the skeleton. We used midline tracking to calculate speed, tailbeat amplitude, stride length, tailbeat frequency, and tail curvature during volitional swimming. Body shape analysis using 2D landmarking and principal component analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the number of deformities and body shape from a dorsal view. We also found that body shape from a lateral view was a significant predictor of speed and stride length. We expected that an increase in deformity would cause a change in tail curvature and a decrease in speed, stride length, tailbeat frequency, and tail amplitude. Instead, we found that the lumpfish swimming was mostly unaffected by the deformity. There was only a significant relationship between tailbeat amplitude and number of early compressed vertebrae. Since vertebral deformities had a significant relationship with body shape, there was also an indirect effect of deformity on swimming speed.

脊椎畸形,如异常曲率和形状可能会影响鱼类在游泳时的运动学。我们的研究检查了孵化场饲养的块状鱼(Cyclopterus lumpus)的椎体畸形,以更好地了解椎体畸形对游泳运动学的影响。我们记录并分析了50条小鱼的视频,这些小鱼被作为清洁鱼饲养在鲑鱼养殖场。每只肿块鱼在10秒的视频间隔内观察,然后安乐死以进行骨骼的x射线可视化。我们使用中线跟踪来计算游泳时的速度、尾拍幅度、步幅、尾拍频率和尾曲率。使用二维地标和主成分分析的身体形状分析表明,从背部角度来看,畸形数量与身体形状之间存在显着关系。我们还发现,从侧面看,体型是速度和步幅的重要预测指标。我们预计畸形的增加会导致尾巴曲率的改变,速度、步幅、尾拍频率和尾幅的减少。相反,我们发现肿块鱼游泳时基本不受畸形的影响。尾拍振幅与早期压缩椎体数量之间存在显著关系。由于椎体畸形与体型有显著关系,因此畸形对游泳速度也有间接影响。
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引用次数: 0
Morphology, DNA Barcoding and Range Extension of a Poorly Known Freshwater Stingray Fontitrygon garouaensis Stauch & Blanc, 1962 from Nigerian Inland Water. 尼日利亚内陆水域淡水黄貂鱼Fontitrygon garouaensis Stauch & Blanc的形态、DNA条形码和范围扩展。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf125
Segun O Oladipo, Amaya Everett, Jean-Dominique Durand, Kehinde M Adelakun, Wongibe Poupezo Dieudonne, Asiamah Maame, Ifeanyi C Nneji, Adeola O Ayoola, Olabisi T Atofarati, Jolly B Kachi, Lotanna M Nneji

Increasingly sophisticated taxonomic tools have enhanced our understanding of species diversity and phylogenetic relationships in elasmobranchs. Nevertheless, ichthyologists continue to face challenges in resolving the taxonomic placement and authentication of some taxa, particularly those originally described based on morphology. The recently described genus Fontitrygon comprises several Atlantic dasyatid stingrays whose phylogenetic positions have remained unresolved due to the lack of molecular data. In this study, we employed an integrative taxonomic approach to identify and determine the phylogenetic position of the understudied Fontitrygon garouaensis from Nigeria. Specimens were collected from freshwater ecosystems along the Jebba and Lokoja stretches of the River Niger in Nigeria. Comparative morphological analysis distinguished F. garouaensis from other Fontitrygon species by the presence of a depressed central-spine shaft with flanges extending along either side, a flattened oval disc, an obtuse snout, a whip-like tail bearing a sting, a broad and elongated snout, small pelvic fins, and radially arranged pectoral fins. Additionally, morphological measurements of the newly collected F. garouaensis were consistent with those of the syntype and holotype, confirming species identification. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences recovered Fontitrygon as a monophyletic lineage and identified F. garouaensis as the sister taxon to F. margarita and F. margaritella. This study provides an integrative taxonomic assessment of F. garouaensis, clarifying its species identity and confirming the presence of F. garouaensis from the upstream of the Jebba stretch of the River Niger. We, therefore, propose an update to its IUCN geographic range.

越来越复杂的分类学工具增强了我们对板鳃门物种多样性和系统发育关系的理解。然而,鱼类学家在解决一些分类群的分类定位和鉴定方面仍然面临挑战,特别是那些最初基于形态学描述的分类群。最近描述的Fontitrygon属包括几种大西洋dasyatid黄貂鱼,由于缺乏分子数据,它们的系统发育位置仍未确定。在这项研究中,我们采用综合分类学方法鉴定和确定了来自尼日利亚的garouaensis的系统发育位置。标本采集自尼日利亚尼日尔河杰巴和洛科贾沿岸的淡水生态系统。通过比较形态学分析,将F. garouaensis与其他Fontitrygon物种区分开来,其存在如下特征:中央脊骨轴凹陷,两侧有法兰延伸,扁平的椭圆形圆盘,钝口,带刺的鞭状尾巴,宽而细长的鼻子,小腹鳍和放射状排列的胸鳍。此外,新采集到的加罗亚杉的形态特征与正型和正型的形态特征一致,证实了其物种的鉴定。基于线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚单位I (COI)基因序列的系统发育分析恢复了Fontitrygon为单系谱系,并确定F. garouaensis为F. margarita和F. margaritella的姐妹类群。本研究对尼日尔河杰巴河段上游地区garouaensis进行了综合分类鉴定,明确了其物种身份,并证实了该物种的存在。因此,我们建议对其IUCN地理范围进行更新。
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引用次数: 0
A Collaborative Multiple Stressor Approach for Identifying Spatial Heterogeneities in Wildlife Health and Conservation Priorities. 识别野生动物健康和保护优先事项的空间异质性的协作多压力源方法。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf123
Molly C Simonis, Sarah Ciarrachi, Kristin E Dyer, Meagan Allira, Bret Demory, Jaleel Zubayr, Dakota Van Parys, Kimberlee Whitmore, Katie Fitzgerald, Kevin T Castle, Tanya A Dewey, Joy M O'Keefe, Riley F Bernard, Matthew M Chumchal, Catherine G Haase, Jeffrey T Foster, Daniel J Becker

Wildlife face a number of extrinsic stressors, such as habitat loss, pathogen infections, and contaminant exposure, which can increase the energy needed to maintain optimal health and survival. These multiple extrinsic stressors can also occur simultaneously during intrinsically stressful life stages such as reproduction, migration, or hibernation. To fully understand how to support healthy wildlife populations, we must quantify physiological and immunological phenotypes across a variety of stressors. We pose a framework for conducting field studies to collect individual-level samples that can be used for measuring physiological and immunological phenotypes as well as the potentially stressful intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of those phenotypes. We suggest that collaborative efforts should then be made to create broader, spatially coordinated hypotheses for determining patterns of wildlife health under intrinsically stressful time periods and across extrinsically stressful landscapes. We provide an example and preliminary findings for this multi-stressor, collaborative, and spatially coordinated approach with an ongoing study of North American bat health. Quantifying direct and critical measures of wildlife health and identifying key intrinsic and extrinsic stressors that drive physiological and immunological phenotypes will provide broad targets for conservation strategies and where and when those strategies should be prioritized in the future.

野生动物面临许多外部压力,如栖息地丧失、病原体感染和污染物暴露,这可能会增加维持最佳健康和生存所需的能量。这些多重外在压力源也可能同时发生在内在压力的生命阶段,如繁殖、迁徙或冬眠。为了充分了解如何支持健康的野生动物种群,我们必须量化各种压力源的生理和免疫表型。我们提出了一个进行实地研究的框架,以收集个人水平的样本,这些样本可用于测量生理和免疫表型以及这些表型的潜在压力内在和外在驱动因素。我们建议,应该共同努力,建立更广泛的、空间协调的假设,以确定内在压力时期和外在压力景观下野生动物健康的模式。我们提供了一个关于北美蝙蝠健康的正在进行的多压力源、协作和空间协调方法的例子和初步发现。量化野生动物健康的直接和关键措施,并确定驱动生理和免疫表型的关键内在和外在压力源,将为保护战略提供广泛的目标,以及未来应在何时何地优先考虑这些战略。
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引用次数: 0
Proteomic Signatures of SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility in Mexican Free-tailed Bats and Their Application to Viral Surveillance. 墨西哥无尾蝙蝠对SARS-CoV-2易感性的蛋白质组学特征及其在病毒监测中的应用
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf148
Daniel J Becker, Amanda Vicente-Santos, Ariadna E Morales, Kristin E Dyer, Beckett L Olbrys, Lauren R Lock, Michael S Smotherman, Sonja C Vernes, Michael Hiller, Amanda M Adams, Brett S Phinney, Winifred F Frick, Jeffrey S Hall

The increasing emergence of virulent pathogens necessitates novel approaches to predict and manage infectious disease risks. The importance of integrating observational and experimental approaches to studying host-pathogen interactions has long been recognized, as captive studies can mechanistically test hypotheses derived from field studies and identify causal factors shaping host susceptibility or tolerance of infection. However, captive experiments can also determine biomarkers of infection outcomes that could improve later interpretation of field data and identify at-risk hosts in wild populations. Such work could be especially useful in preempting or managing risks of pathogen spillover or spillback. SARS-CoV-2 emerged in humans in late 2019 and was rapidly followed by spillback into naïve wildlife, leading to both mortality events and novel enzootic cycles. Of special concern is whether SARS-CoV-2 could establish in bats in the Americas, given that sarbecoviruses coevolved with rhinolophid bats in the Eastern Hemisphere, and as coronavirus infection may exacerbate effects of white-nose syndrome. Here, we leverage residual plasma samples from a previous SARS-CoV-2 challenge study of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) to identify candidate protein biomarkers of susceptibility and test whether these can predict coronavirus risks in wild bats. We generated plasma proteomes from captive (n = 20; four resistant, five susceptible, 11 unchallenged) and wild (n = 15) bats using the S-Trap method and LC-MS/MS, identifying 475 proteins using data-independent acquisition and a species-specific genome annotation generated by the Bat1K Project. Receiver operator characteristic curves identified 27 potential biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility (AUC ≥ 0.8), and subsequent enrichment analyses of these proteins suggested downregulation of blood clotting and upregulation of complement activation and humoral immunity in susceptible bats. We then mined plasma proteomes from wild bats (sampled in 2022 from Bracken Cave Preserve, the largest known Mexican free-tailed bat population) to show that all candidate biomarkers were present in this population, with coefficients of variation ranging from 16 to 150% per protein. We detected coronaviruses in 20% of wild bats, with two cases of potential SARS-CoV-2 spillback. We demonstrate that at least four of these candidate susceptibility biomarkers classified bats with and without coronavirus infection in the wild. Our results inform the possible immune strategies underlying SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility in bats and give a preliminary example of how captive challenge studies can be coupled with field studies to inform zoonotic and conservation risks.

越来越多的毒性病原体的出现需要新的方法来预测和管理传染病风险。长期以来,人们一直认识到将观察和实验方法结合起来研究宿主-病原体相互作用的重要性,因为圈养研究可以机械地检验从实地研究中得出的假设,并确定影响宿主对感染易感性或耐受性的因果因素。然而,圈养实验也可以确定感染结果的生物标志物,这可以改善对野外数据的后期解释,并识别野生种群中的高危宿主。这种工作在预防或管理病原体溢出或溢出的风险方面可能特别有用。SARS-CoV-2于2019年底在人类中出现,随后迅速蔓延到naïve野生动物中,导致死亡事件和新的地方性动物循环。特别值得关注的是,SARS-CoV-2是否会在美洲的蝙蝠中建立,因为沙伯病毒与东半球的鼻蝠共同进化,而且冠状病毒感染可能会加剧白鼻综合征的影响。在这里,我们利用先前对墨西哥无尾蝙蝠(Tadarida brasiliensis)进行的SARS-CoV-2挑战研究的剩余血浆样本,确定敏感性的候选蛋白质生物标志物,并测试这些标志物是否可以预测野生蝙蝠的冠状病毒风险。我们从俘虏(n = 20;利用S-Trap方法和LC-MS/MS对4只抗性、5只易感、11只未受挑战的蝙蝠和野生蝙蝠(n = 15)进行了分析,利用数据独立采集和Bat1K项目生成的物种特异性基因组注释鉴定了475种蛋白质。受体操作者特征曲线鉴定出27个潜在的SARS-CoV-2易感性生物标志物(AUC≥0.8),随后对这些蛋白的富集分析表明,易感蝙蝠的凝血功能下调、补体激活和体液免疫上调。然后,我们从野生蝙蝠(2022年从已知最大的墨西哥无尾蝙蝠种群Bracken Cave Preserve取样)中提取血浆蛋白质组,显示所有候选生物标志物都存在于该种群中,每种蛋白质的变异系数在16-150%之间。我们在20%的野生蝙蝠中检测到冠状病毒,其中有两例潜在的SARS-CoV-2外溢。我们证明,这些候选易感性生物标志物中至少有四种可以在野外对感染和未感染冠状病毒的蝙蝠进行分类。我们的研究结果揭示了蝙蝠对SARS-CoV-2易感性可能的免疫策略,并提供了一个初步的例子,说明圈养挑战研究如何与实地研究相结合,以告知人畜共患病和保护风险。
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引用次数: 0
Innovative techniques to investigate comparative biomaterials across disciplines and length scales. 研究跨学科和长度尺度比较生物材料的创新技术。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf113
Andrew K Schulz

Comparative biomechanics describes investigating animal models to inform, understand, and improve health and locomotor understanding in humans and across biological organisms and species. In recent years, there has been an increased understanding of comparative biomaterials, which utilizes intincredibly diverse, yet can primarilyerdisciplinary techniques spanning physics, materials science, engineering, and biology to mimic and model the complex morphology and mechanics of biological structures. This perspective piece highlights some recent innovations in biological material characterization of mechanics, morphology, and composition, highlighting specific innovations that help address classical challenges in biomaterials analysis. It concludes with a review of highlights in material fabrication techniques that have expanded the scope of biomaterials through bio-inspired multi-material 3-dimensional printing, textiles, and bio-hybrids. This perspective serves as a starting guide for researchers to broaden their understanding of the innovations that different disciplines have made in characterizing biological materials across various length scales, which could be applied to bio-inspired design.

比较生物力学描述了研究动物模型,以告知、理解和提高对人类和生物有机体和物种的健康和运动的理解。近年来,人们对比较生物材料的了解有所增加,比较生物材料利用跨学科技术,包括物理学、材料科学、工程学和生物学,来模拟和模拟生物结构的复杂形态和力学。这篇透视文章强调了生物材料在力学、形态和成分表征方面的一些最新创新,突出了有助于解决生物材料分析中的经典挑战的具体创新。它总结了材料制造技术的亮点,通过生物启发的多材料3D打印,纺织品和生物混合材料扩大了生物材料的范围。这一视角为研究人员提供了一个开始指南,以扩大他们对不同学科在不同长度尺度上表征生物材料的创新的理解,这些创新可以应用于生物灵感设计。
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引用次数: 0
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Integrative and Comparative Biology
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