首页 > 最新文献

Integrative and Comparative Biology最新文献

英文 中文
It Is Hard to Be Soft: Length-Force Relationships in Muscles of Hydrostatically Supported Animals. 很难变软:流体静力支撑动物肌肉中的长度-力关系。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf045
Kari R Taylor-Burt, William M Kier, Sameeha Hossain, Joseph T Thompson

Hydrostatic skeletal support is widespread among animals. If modeled as an isovolumetric cylinder that is longer than it is wide, a hydrostatic structure should undergo large changes in length for relatively small changes in diameter. This presents an underappreciated consequence for the muscle fibers controlling hydrostatic skeletal shape: longitudinally oriented muscle fibers may experience remarkably long operating ranges. Superelongation, or the ability to produce relatively high forces over an extreme range of muscle lengths, may thus be necessary for longitudinally oriented fibers. We discovered superelongation and an interesting morphological specialization in an obliquely striated muscle of the polychaete worm Glycera dibranchiata. These worms have an eversible proboscis that is used for burrowing and prey capture. The proboscis retractor muscles extend from the body wall to the gut and likely undergo a large stretch during proboscis eversion. Like two other previously described superelongating muscles in squid and leeches, the proboscis retractor muscles had a broad length-force relationship (LFR). At a given muscle length, however, some muscle fibers were folded while others were not (i.e., the folded fibers were longer than the whole muscle, at least when the muscle was partially contracted). The number of folded fibers and extent of folding were higher at shorter muscle lengths. We hypothesize that the short muscle fibers experience tension at all muscle lengths, while the folded fibers only experience tension at long whole muscle lengths. Thus, each retractor muscle contains populations of fibers of different lengths that may contribute differentially to the broad LFR. Superelongation with varying fiber folding may represent a previously unrecognized strategy in obliquely striated muscle for permitting high force production over a broad range of muscle lengths needed for hydrostatic skeletal support.

流体静力骨骼支撑在动物中广泛存在。如果将其建模为长大于宽的等体积圆柱体,则流体静力结构应该经历较大的长度变化而相对较小的直径变化。这为控制静水骨骼形状的肌纤维提出了一个未被充分认识的后果:纵向定向的肌纤维可能经历非常长的操作范围。因此,对于纵向定向纤维来说,超长伸长或在肌肉长度的极端范围内产生相对较高的力的能力可能是必要的。我们在多毛纲蠕虫甘油双分枝的斜横纹肌中发现了超伸长和一个有趣的形态特化。这些蠕虫有一个可伸缩的喙,用于挖洞和捕获猎物。长鼻牵开肌从体壁延伸到肠道,在长鼻外翻时可能会进行大的拉伸。与之前描述的鱿鱼和水蛭的另外两种超长肌肉一样,吻牵肌具有广泛的长度-力关系(LFR)。然而,在给定的肌肉长度下,一些肌肉纤维是折叠的,而另一些则不是(即,折叠的纤维比整个肌肉长,至少当肌肉部分收缩时是这样)。肌长越短,折叠纤维的数量和程度越高。我们假设短肌纤维在所有肌肉长度上都经历张力,而折叠的纤维只在整个长肌肉长度上经历张力。因此,每个牵开肌包含不同长度的纤维群,这可能对宽LFR有不同的贡献。在斜横纹肌中,不同纤维折叠的超伸长可能代表了一种以前未被认识到的策略,允许在流体静力骨骼支撑所需的大范围肌肉长度上产生高力。
{"title":"It Is Hard to Be Soft: Length-Force Relationships in Muscles of Hydrostatically Supported Animals.","authors":"Kari R Taylor-Burt, William M Kier, Sameeha Hossain, Joseph T Thompson","doi":"10.1093/icb/icaf045","DOIUrl":"10.1093/icb/icaf045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrostatic skeletal support is widespread among animals. If modeled as an isovolumetric cylinder that is longer than it is wide, a hydrostatic structure should undergo large changes in length for relatively small changes in diameter. This presents an underappreciated consequence for the muscle fibers controlling hydrostatic skeletal shape: longitudinally oriented muscle fibers may experience remarkably long operating ranges. Superelongation, or the ability to produce relatively high forces over an extreme range of muscle lengths, may thus be necessary for longitudinally oriented fibers. We discovered superelongation and an interesting morphological specialization in an obliquely striated muscle of the polychaete worm Glycera dibranchiata. These worms have an eversible proboscis that is used for burrowing and prey capture. The proboscis retractor muscles extend from the body wall to the gut and likely undergo a large stretch during proboscis eversion. Like two other previously described superelongating muscles in squid and leeches, the proboscis retractor muscles had a broad length-force relationship (LFR). At a given muscle length, however, some muscle fibers were folded while others were not (i.e., the folded fibers were longer than the whole muscle, at least when the muscle was partially contracted). The number of folded fibers and extent of folding were higher at shorter muscle lengths. We hypothesize that the short muscle fibers experience tension at all muscle lengths, while the folded fibers only experience tension at long whole muscle lengths. Thus, each retractor muscle contains populations of fibers of different lengths that may contribute differentially to the broad LFR. Superelongation with varying fiber folding may represent a previously unrecognized strategy in obliquely striated muscle for permitting high force production over a broad range of muscle lengths needed for hydrostatic skeletal support.</p>","PeriodicalId":54971,"journal":{"name":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","volume":" ","pages":"1448-1460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144103200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Foraging Under Fire: A Robotic Flower System Incorporating Multimodal Signaling and Aversive Stimuli. 火力下的觅食:一个结合多模态信号和厌恶刺激的机器人花卉系统。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf031
Joshua Foley, Skylar Mathieson, David Zollinger, Melissa R L Whitaker

Artificial flowers have long been used in pollinator research to understand and manipulate key floral features such as rewards and display. Increased access to 3D printing and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has expanded the capabilities of artificial flowers, enabling more precise control and real-time data collection. These IoT-enabled artificial flowers, referred to as robotic flowers or robo-flowers, integrate single-board computers, such as the Raspberry Pi series or similar embedded system devices, as well as affordable camera and sensor modules. However, despite their flexibility and modularity, the majority of robotic flowers are designed to investigate how pollinators make foraging decisions based on visual cues linked to floral rewards, with less attention paid to the broader information landscape that pollinators use to decide which flowers to visit. We have developed a robotic flower system that extends this approach to incorporate multimodal signaling capabilities as well as aversive floral stimuli. These stimuli were designed to allow for investigation into the more nuanced information tradeoffs that feature in pollinators foraging decisions, but the designs could be broadly useful for researchers interested in understanding insect nociception, decision-making, and apparent predation in the context of plant-pollinator interactions.

人工花长期以来被用于传粉媒介研究,以了解和操纵关键的花卉特征,如奖励和展示。3D打印和物联网(IoT)技术的普及扩大了人造花的功能,实现了更精确的控制和实时数据收集。这些具有物联网功能的人造花,被称为机器人花或机器人花,集成了单板计算机,如树莓派系列或类似的嵌入式系统设备,以及价格合理的摄像头和传感器模块。然而,尽管它们具有灵活性和模块化,大多数机器人花的设计目的是研究传粉者如何根据与花的奖励相关的视觉线索做出觅食决定,而很少关注传粉者用来决定访问哪些花的更广泛的信息景观。我们已经开发了一个机器人花卉系统,扩展了这种方法,将多模式信号能力以及厌恶的花卉刺激结合起来。这些刺激的设计是为了研究传粉媒介觅食决策中更细微的信息权衡,但这些设计对研究人员在植物与传粉媒介相互作用的背景下理解昆虫的伤害感受、决策和明显的捕食行为有广泛的帮助。
{"title":"Foraging Under Fire: A Robotic Flower System Incorporating Multimodal Signaling and Aversive Stimuli.","authors":"Joshua Foley, Skylar Mathieson, David Zollinger, Melissa R L Whitaker","doi":"10.1093/icb/icaf031","DOIUrl":"10.1093/icb/icaf031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial flowers have long been used in pollinator research to understand and manipulate key floral features such as rewards and display. Increased access to 3D printing and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has expanded the capabilities of artificial flowers, enabling more precise control and real-time data collection. These IoT-enabled artificial flowers, referred to as robotic flowers or robo-flowers, integrate single-board computers, such as the Raspberry Pi series or similar embedded system devices, as well as affordable camera and sensor modules. However, despite their flexibility and modularity, the majority of robotic flowers are designed to investigate how pollinators make foraging decisions based on visual cues linked to floral rewards, with less attention paid to the broader information landscape that pollinators use to decide which flowers to visit. We have developed a robotic flower system that extends this approach to incorporate multimodal signaling capabilities as well as aversive floral stimuli. These stimuli were designed to allow for investigation into the more nuanced information tradeoffs that feature in pollinators foraging decisions, but the designs could be broadly useful for researchers interested in understanding insect nociception, decision-making, and apparent predation in the context of plant-pollinator interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54971,"journal":{"name":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","volume":" ","pages":"1736-1743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144043496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Katydids Shift to Higher-Stability Gaits when Climbing Inclined Substrates. 当爬上倾斜的底物时,蝈蝈会转向更高稳定性的步态。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf133
Calvin A Riiska, Jacob S Harrison, Rebecca D Thompson, Jaime Quispe Nina, Geoffrey R Gallice, Jennifer M Rieser, Saad Bhamla

When terrestrial organisms locomote in natural settings, they must navigate complex surfaces that vary in incline angles and substrate roughness. Variable surface structures are common in arboreal environments and can be challenging to traverse. This study examines the walking gait of katydids (Tettigoniidae) as they traverse a custom-built platform with varying incline angles ($30^circ$, $45^circ$, $60^circ$, $75^circ$, $90^circ$) and substrate roughness (40, 120, and 320 grit sandpaper). Our results show that katydids walk more slowly as the incline angle increases and as katydid mass increases, with a decrease of around 0.3 body lengths per second for every 1$^circ$ increase in incline. At steeper inclines and larger sizes, katydids are also less likely to use an alternating tripod gait, opting instead to maintain more limbs in contact with the substrate during walking. Katydids also increased average duty factor when climbing steeper inclines and with increasing body mass. However, substrate roughness did not affect walking speed or gait preference in our trials. These findings provide insights into how environmental factors influence locomotor strategies in katydids and enhance our understanding of effective locomotor strategies in hexapods.

当陆生生物在自然环境中移动时,它们必须在倾斜角度和基底粗糙度不同的复杂表面上移动。可变的表面结构在树木环境中很常见,并且具有挑战性。本研究考察了行走步态的蝈蝈儿(螽斯科)遍历一个定制的平台不同倾斜角度(30○45○,75年60○○,90○)和基质粗糙度(40、120和320砂砾砂纸)。我们的研究结果表明,随着倾斜角的增加和质量的增加,蝈蝈的行走速度会变慢,倾斜角每增加1〇,蝈蝈的行走速度就会下降0.3个体长/秒左右。在更陡的斜坡和更大的体型下,蝈蝈也不太可能使用交替的三脚架步态,而是选择在行走时保持更多的四肢与基质接触。当爬陡坡和体重增加时,蝈蝈的平均占空系数也会增加。然而,在我们的试验中,基底的粗糙度并不影响步行速度或步态偏好。这些发现提供了环境因素如何影响蝈蝈运动策略的见解,并增强了我们对六足动物有效运动策略的理解。
{"title":"Katydids Shift to Higher-Stability Gaits when Climbing Inclined Substrates.","authors":"Calvin A Riiska, Jacob S Harrison, Rebecca D Thompson, Jaime Quispe Nina, Geoffrey R Gallice, Jennifer M Rieser, Saad Bhamla","doi":"10.1093/icb/icaf133","DOIUrl":"10.1093/icb/icaf133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When terrestrial organisms locomote in natural settings, they must navigate complex surfaces that vary in incline angles and substrate roughness. Variable surface structures are common in arboreal environments and can be challenging to traverse. This study examines the walking gait of katydids (Tettigoniidae) as they traverse a custom-built platform with varying incline angles ($30^circ$, $45^circ$, $60^circ$, $75^circ$, $90^circ$) and substrate roughness (40, 120, and 320 grit sandpaper). Our results show that katydids walk more slowly as the incline angle increases and as katydid mass increases, with a decrease of around 0.3 body lengths per second for every 1$^circ$ increase in incline. At steeper inclines and larger sizes, katydids are also less likely to use an alternating tripod gait, opting instead to maintain more limbs in contact with the substrate during walking. Katydids also increased average duty factor when climbing steeper inclines and with increasing body mass. However, substrate roughness did not affect walking speed or gait preference in our trials. These findings provide insights into how environmental factors influence locomotor strategies in katydids and enhance our understanding of effective locomotor strategies in hexapods.</p>","PeriodicalId":54971,"journal":{"name":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","volume":" ","pages":"1667-1677"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144776961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comparing Functional Immune Responses in Three Aquatic Turtle Species. 比较三种水生海龟的功能性免疫反应。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf088
Isabella V Davis, Jennifer Terry, Lorin A Neuman-Lee

Reptiles are increasingly faced with conservation challenges and ecoimmunological techniques would be a beneficial tool in monitoring and evaluating populations that are at-risk. However, the reptilian immune system is poorly understood, and few studies have made intraspecies comparisons, making generalizations difficult. To help address this gap, innate immune function across three conspecific freshwater turtle species was evaluated. Red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), Mississippi mud (Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis), and musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus), are found throughout the Southeastern USA and represent different ecological microhabitats and life histories. In spring 2024, male aquatic turtles were caught using hoop nets, and blood samples were taken to assess immune characteristics. Microbial killing assays were conducted using multiple blood serum and buffy layer (hereafter referred as "serum + BL") manipulations (fresh, frozen, and frozen + heat manipulated serum + BL) as well as three microbes that activate specific immunological responses: Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli), and a fungus (Candida albicans). By using this suite of microbial assays, differences in immune prioritization can be observed across species. This study revealed that there are differences in immunocompetence in each species of freshwater turtle that varied by microbe and serum + BL manipulation. We determined that because of the contribution of complement proteins when challenged against Gram-negative bacteria, frozen manipulated serum + BL appears to be a reliable way to assess immunocompetence in individuals across turtle species. Conducting intraspecies comparisons in immune function using integrative approaches can provide valuable insight into the underlying patterns of physiological variability within wild organisms, especially those that are of conservation concern.

爬行动物面临着越来越多的保护挑战,生态免疫学技术将是监测和评估处于危险中的种群的有益工具。然而,爬行动物的免疫系统知之甚少,并且很少有研究进行种内比较,这使得概括起来很困难。为了帮助解决这一差距,对三种同种淡水龟的先天免疫功能进行了评估。红耳滑鼠(Trachemys scripta elegans)、密西西比泥龟(Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis)和麝香龟(Sternotherus odoratus)遍布美国东南部,代表着不同的生态微栖息地和生活史。在2024年春季,用环形网捕获雄性水生海龟,并采集血液样本以评估免疫特征。微生物杀灭试验采用多种血清和血清+ BL(以下简称“血清+ BL”)处理方法(新鲜、冷冻和冷冻+热处理血清+ BL)以及激活特异性免疫反应的三种微生物:革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)、革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌)和真菌(白色念珠菌)。通过使用这套微生物测定,可以观察到不同物种之间免疫优先级的差异。本研究发现,不同种类淡水龟的免疫能力因微生物和血清+ BL处理的不同而存在差异。我们确定,由于补体蛋白在革兰氏阴性菌攻击时的作用,冷冻处理血清+ BL似乎是评估海龟个体免疫能力的可靠方法。利用综合方法进行种内免疫功能比较,可以为了解野生生物,特别是那些具有保护意义的生物体内生理变异的潜在模式提供有价值的见解。
{"title":"Comparing Functional Immune Responses in Three Aquatic Turtle Species.","authors":"Isabella V Davis, Jennifer Terry, Lorin A Neuman-Lee","doi":"10.1093/icb/icaf088","DOIUrl":"10.1093/icb/icaf088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reptiles are increasingly faced with conservation challenges and ecoimmunological techniques would be a beneficial tool in monitoring and evaluating populations that are at-risk. However, the reptilian immune system is poorly understood, and few studies have made intraspecies comparisons, making generalizations difficult. To help address this gap, innate immune function across three conspecific freshwater turtle species was evaluated. Red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), Mississippi mud (Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis), and musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus), are found throughout the Southeastern USA and represent different ecological microhabitats and life histories. In spring 2024, male aquatic turtles were caught using hoop nets, and blood samples were taken to assess immune characteristics. Microbial killing assays were conducted using multiple blood serum and buffy layer (hereafter referred as \"serum + BL\") manipulations (fresh, frozen, and frozen + heat manipulated serum + BL) as well as three microbes that activate specific immunological responses: Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli), and a fungus (Candida albicans). By using this suite of microbial assays, differences in immune prioritization can be observed across species. This study revealed that there are differences in immunocompetence in each species of freshwater turtle that varied by microbe and serum + BL manipulation. We determined that because of the contribution of complement proteins when challenged against Gram-negative bacteria, frozen manipulated serum + BL appears to be a reliable way to assess immunocompetence in individuals across turtle species. Conducting intraspecies comparisons in immune function using integrative approaches can provide valuable insight into the underlying patterns of physiological variability within wild organisms, especially those that are of conservation concern.</p>","PeriodicalId":54971,"journal":{"name":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","volume":" ","pages":"1871-1883"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Who Nose What Flows: Shark Narial Denticle Morphology and Hydrodynamic Implications. 谁嗅什么流:鲨鱼喙状小齿形态和流体动力学意义。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf104
Amani Webber-Schultz, Brooke Flammang, Kayla Hall, Lauren Simonitis

Dermal denticles (scales) are important in influencing the movement of water around a shark's body. To date, most of the research on denticle morphology and their impacts on hydrodynamics has focused on the lateral flank of fast-swimming species. One understudied region where these interactions may be important is the nares of sharks. The constant flow of water through the nares is critical to olfaction and therefore a shark's survival. We imaged dermal denticles all around the incurrent and excurrent nares of the Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi), a benthopelagic species inhabiting eastern Pacific waters. At the incurrent naris, we quantified denticle morphological traits such as length, width, aspect ratio, ridge number, and angle of rotation off the anterior-posterior axis. We found that denticles at the incurrent naris display two primary morphologies: elongated with ridged crowns and rounded with smooth crowns. Moreover, we show denticles rotated to nearly 180 degrees off the anterior-posterior axis as denticles enter the incurrent naris at the cranial region. Using particle image velocimetry over a 3D printed model of a micro-computed tomography scan of the incurrent naris, we visualized the effects of this rotation on flow and found preliminary data for a reverse circulating vortex in addition to laminar flow into the olfactory chamber. Finally, we propose two hypotheses on the importance of this phenomenon. This work highlights the diversity of shark denticle morphology, particularly with respect to their role in fluid mechanics. Our findings challenge our current understanding of dermal denticle orientation and function, further supporting the need to investigate areas of interest across shark bodies that have not yet been studied in the literature.

真皮小齿(鳞片)在影响鲨鱼身体周围水的运动方面很重要。迄今为止,大多数关于小齿形态及其对水动力学影响的研究都集中在快游物种的侧翼。这些相互作用可能很重要的一个未被充分研究的领域是鲨鱼的名字。不断流过鼻孔的水流对嗅觉至关重要,因此对鲨鱼的生存至关重要。我们对生活在东太平洋水域的底栖动物——太平洋刺角鲨(Squalus suckleyi)的入流和出流颈部周围的皮肤小齿进行了成像。在内鼻孔处,我们量化了小齿的形态特征,如长度、宽度、纵横比、脊数和前后轴旋转角度。我们发现,在当前的小孔中,牙本质表现出两种主要形态:细长的脊状冠和圆形的光滑冠。此外,我们显示齿状体在进入颅区内鼻孔时,离前后轴旋转近180度。通过粒子图像测速(PIV)技术,研究人员利用3D打印模型对内鼻孔进行了微计算机断层扫描,可视化了这种旋转对流动的影响,并发现了除层流进入嗅室之外的反向循环涡的初步数据。最后,我们就这一现象的重要性提出了两个假设。这项工作突出了鲨鱼齿形态的多样性,特别是在流体力学方面的作用。我们的研究结果挑战了我们目前对真皮小齿方向和功能的理解,进一步支持了研究鲨鱼身体中尚未在文献中研究过的感兴趣领域的需要。
{"title":"Who Nose What Flows: Shark Narial Denticle Morphology and Hydrodynamic Implications.","authors":"Amani Webber-Schultz, Brooke Flammang, Kayla Hall, Lauren Simonitis","doi":"10.1093/icb/icaf104","DOIUrl":"10.1093/icb/icaf104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dermal denticles (scales) are important in influencing the movement of water around a shark's body. To date, most of the research on denticle morphology and their impacts on hydrodynamics has focused on the lateral flank of fast-swimming species. One understudied region where these interactions may be important is the nares of sharks. The constant flow of water through the nares is critical to olfaction and therefore a shark's survival. We imaged dermal denticles all around the incurrent and excurrent nares of the Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi), a benthopelagic species inhabiting eastern Pacific waters. At the incurrent naris, we quantified denticle morphological traits such as length, width, aspect ratio, ridge number, and angle of rotation off the anterior-posterior axis. We found that denticles at the incurrent naris display two primary morphologies: elongated with ridged crowns and rounded with smooth crowns. Moreover, we show denticles rotated to nearly 180 degrees off the anterior-posterior axis as denticles enter the incurrent naris at the cranial region. Using particle image velocimetry over a 3D printed model of a micro-computed tomography scan of the incurrent naris, we visualized the effects of this rotation on flow and found preliminary data for a reverse circulating vortex in addition to laminar flow into the olfactory chamber. Finally, we propose two hypotheses on the importance of this phenomenon. This work highlights the diversity of shark denticle morphology, particularly with respect to their role in fluid mechanics. Our findings challenge our current understanding of dermal denticle orientation and function, further supporting the need to investigate areas of interest across shark bodies that have not yet been studied in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":54971,"journal":{"name":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","volume":" ","pages":"1601-1612"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Effects of Vertebral Deformities on Swimming Kinematics in Lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus. 椎体畸形对圆尾鱼游泳运动学的影响。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf111
Taylor Lunningham, Katelyn M Sewcharran, Jules Johnson, Julia Sutton, Elizabeth Fairchild, Jessica Robinson, Stacy C Farina

Vertebral deformities such as abnormal curvatures and shapes may influence kinematics of fishes during swimming. Our study examines the vertebral deformities of hatchery-reared lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) to better understand the effects of vertebral deformity on swimming kinematics. We recorded and analyzed videos of 50 juvenile lumpfish that were being raised as cleaner fish for salmonid farms. Each lumpfish was observed in 10-s video intervals and then euthanized for X-ray visualization of the skeleton. We used midline tracking to calculate speed, tailbeat amplitude, stride length, tailbeat frequency, and tail curvature during volitional swimming. Body shape analysis using 2D landmarking and principal component analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the number of deformities and body shape from a dorsal view. We also found that body shape from a lateral view was a significant predictor of speed and stride length. We expected that an increase in deformity would cause a change in tail curvature and a decrease in speed, stride length, tailbeat frequency, and tail amplitude. Instead, we found that the lumpfish swimming was mostly unaffected by the deformity. There was only a significant relationship between tailbeat amplitude and number of early compressed vertebrae. Since vertebral deformities had a significant relationship with body shape, there was also an indirect effect of deformity on swimming speed.

脊椎畸形,如异常曲率和形状可能会影响鱼类在游泳时的运动学。我们的研究检查了孵化场饲养的块状鱼(Cyclopterus lumpus)的椎体畸形,以更好地了解椎体畸形对游泳运动学的影响。我们记录并分析了50条小鱼的视频,这些小鱼被作为清洁鱼饲养在鲑鱼养殖场。每只肿块鱼在10秒的视频间隔内观察,然后安乐死以进行骨骼的x射线可视化。我们使用中线跟踪来计算游泳时的速度、尾拍幅度、步幅、尾拍频率和尾曲率。使用二维地标和主成分分析的身体形状分析表明,从背部角度来看,畸形数量与身体形状之间存在显着关系。我们还发现,从侧面看,体型是速度和步幅的重要预测指标。我们预计畸形的增加会导致尾巴曲率的改变,速度、步幅、尾拍频率和尾幅的减少。相反,我们发现肿块鱼游泳时基本不受畸形的影响。尾拍振幅与早期压缩椎体数量之间存在显著关系。由于椎体畸形与体型有显著关系,因此畸形对游泳速度也有间接影响。
{"title":"The Effects of Vertebral Deformities on Swimming Kinematics in Lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus.","authors":"Taylor Lunningham, Katelyn M Sewcharran, Jules Johnson, Julia Sutton, Elizabeth Fairchild, Jessica Robinson, Stacy C Farina","doi":"10.1093/icb/icaf111","DOIUrl":"10.1093/icb/icaf111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vertebral deformities such as abnormal curvatures and shapes may influence kinematics of fishes during swimming. Our study examines the vertebral deformities of hatchery-reared lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) to better understand the effects of vertebral deformity on swimming kinematics. We recorded and analyzed videos of 50 juvenile lumpfish that were being raised as cleaner fish for salmonid farms. Each lumpfish was observed in 10-s video intervals and then euthanized for X-ray visualization of the skeleton. We used midline tracking to calculate speed, tailbeat amplitude, stride length, tailbeat frequency, and tail curvature during volitional swimming. Body shape analysis using 2D landmarking and principal component analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the number of deformities and body shape from a dorsal view. We also found that body shape from a lateral view was a significant predictor of speed and stride length. We expected that an increase in deformity would cause a change in tail curvature and a decrease in speed, stride length, tailbeat frequency, and tail amplitude. Instead, we found that the lumpfish swimming was mostly unaffected by the deformity. There was only a significant relationship between tailbeat amplitude and number of early compressed vertebrae. Since vertebral deformities had a significant relationship with body shape, there was also an indirect effect of deformity on swimming speed.</p>","PeriodicalId":54971,"journal":{"name":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","volume":" ","pages":"1923-1936"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Morphology, DNA Barcoding and Range Extension of a Poorly Known Freshwater Stingray Fontitrygon garouaensis Stauch & Blanc, 1962 from Nigerian Inland Water. 尼日利亚内陆水域淡水黄貂鱼Fontitrygon garouaensis Stauch & Blanc的形态、DNA条形码和范围扩展。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf125
Segun O Oladipo, Amaya Everett, Jean-Dominique Durand, Kehinde M Adelakun, Wongibe Poupezo Dieudonne, Asiamah Maame, Ifeanyi C Nneji, Adeola O Ayoola, Olabisi T Atofarati, Jolly B Kachi, Lotanna M Nneji

Increasingly sophisticated taxonomic tools have enhanced our understanding of species diversity and phylogenetic relationships in elasmobranchs. Nevertheless, ichthyologists continue to face challenges in resolving the taxonomic placement and authentication of some taxa, particularly those originally described based on morphology. The recently described genus Fontitrygon comprises several Atlantic dasyatid stingrays whose phylogenetic positions have remained unresolved due to the lack of molecular data. In this study, we employed an integrative taxonomic approach to identify and determine the phylogenetic position of the understudied Fontitrygon garouaensis from Nigeria. Specimens were collected from freshwater ecosystems along the Jebba and Lokoja stretches of the River Niger in Nigeria. Comparative morphological analysis distinguished F. garouaensis from other Fontitrygon species by the presence of a depressed central-spine shaft with flanges extending along either side, a flattened oval disc, an obtuse snout, a whip-like tail bearing a sting, a broad and elongated snout, small pelvic fins, and radially arranged pectoral fins. Additionally, morphological measurements of the newly collected F. garouaensis were consistent with those of the syntype and holotype, confirming species identification. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences recovered Fontitrygon as a monophyletic lineage and identified F. garouaensis as the sister taxon to F. margarita and F. margaritella. This study provides an integrative taxonomic assessment of F. garouaensis, clarifying its species identity and confirming the presence of F. garouaensis from the upstream of the Jebba stretch of the River Niger. We, therefore, propose an update to its IUCN geographic range.

越来越复杂的分类学工具增强了我们对板鳃门物种多样性和系统发育关系的理解。然而,鱼类学家在解决一些分类群的分类定位和鉴定方面仍然面临挑战,特别是那些最初基于形态学描述的分类群。最近描述的Fontitrygon属包括几种大西洋dasyatid黄貂鱼,由于缺乏分子数据,它们的系统发育位置仍未确定。在这项研究中,我们采用综合分类学方法鉴定和确定了来自尼日利亚的garouaensis的系统发育位置。标本采集自尼日利亚尼日尔河杰巴和洛科贾沿岸的淡水生态系统。通过比较形态学分析,将F. garouaensis与其他Fontitrygon物种区分开来,其存在如下特征:中央脊骨轴凹陷,两侧有法兰延伸,扁平的椭圆形圆盘,钝口,带刺的鞭状尾巴,宽而细长的鼻子,小腹鳍和放射状排列的胸鳍。此外,新采集到的加罗亚杉的形态特征与正型和正型的形态特征一致,证实了其物种的鉴定。基于线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚单位I (COI)基因序列的系统发育分析恢复了Fontitrygon为单系谱系,并确定F. garouaensis为F. margarita和F. margaritella的姐妹类群。本研究对尼日尔河杰巴河段上游地区garouaensis进行了综合分类鉴定,明确了其物种身份,并证实了该物种的存在。因此,我们建议对其IUCN地理范围进行更新。
{"title":"Morphology, DNA Barcoding and Range Extension of a Poorly Known Freshwater Stingray Fontitrygon garouaensis Stauch & Blanc, 1962 from Nigerian Inland Water.","authors":"Segun O Oladipo, Amaya Everett, Jean-Dominique Durand, Kehinde M Adelakun, Wongibe Poupezo Dieudonne, Asiamah Maame, Ifeanyi C Nneji, Adeola O Ayoola, Olabisi T Atofarati, Jolly B Kachi, Lotanna M Nneji","doi":"10.1093/icb/icaf125","DOIUrl":"10.1093/icb/icaf125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increasingly sophisticated taxonomic tools have enhanced our understanding of species diversity and phylogenetic relationships in elasmobranchs. Nevertheless, ichthyologists continue to face challenges in resolving the taxonomic placement and authentication of some taxa, particularly those originally described based on morphology. The recently described genus Fontitrygon comprises several Atlantic dasyatid stingrays whose phylogenetic positions have remained unresolved due to the lack of molecular data. In this study, we employed an integrative taxonomic approach to identify and determine the phylogenetic position of the understudied Fontitrygon garouaensis from Nigeria. Specimens were collected from freshwater ecosystems along the Jebba and Lokoja stretches of the River Niger in Nigeria. Comparative morphological analysis distinguished F. garouaensis from other Fontitrygon species by the presence of a depressed central-spine shaft with flanges extending along either side, a flattened oval disc, an obtuse snout, a whip-like tail bearing a sting, a broad and elongated snout, small pelvic fins, and radially arranged pectoral fins. Additionally, morphological measurements of the newly collected F. garouaensis were consistent with those of the syntype and holotype, confirming species identification. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences recovered Fontitrygon as a monophyletic lineage and identified F. garouaensis as the sister taxon to F. margarita and F. margaritella. This study provides an integrative taxonomic assessment of F. garouaensis, clarifying its species identity and confirming the presence of F. garouaensis from the upstream of the Jebba stretch of the River Niger. We, therefore, propose an update to its IUCN geographic range.</p>","PeriodicalId":54971,"journal":{"name":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","volume":" ","pages":"1946-1954"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144585706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Collaborative Multiple Stressor Approach for Identifying Spatial Heterogeneities in Wildlife Health and Conservation Priorities. 识别野生动物健康和保护优先事项的空间异质性的协作多压力源方法。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf123
Molly C Simonis, Sarah Ciarrachi, Kristin E Dyer, Meagan Allira, Bret Demory, Jaleel Zubayr, Dakota Van Parys, Kimberlee Whitmore, Katie Fitzgerald, Kevin T Castle, Tanya A Dewey, Joy M O'Keefe, Riley F Bernard, Matthew M Chumchal, Catherine G Haase, Jeffrey T Foster, Daniel J Becker

Wildlife face a number of extrinsic stressors, such as habitat loss, pathogen infections, and contaminant exposure, which can increase the energy needed to maintain optimal health and survival. These multiple extrinsic stressors can also occur simultaneously during intrinsically stressful life stages such as reproduction, migration, or hibernation. To fully understand how to support healthy wildlife populations, we must quantify physiological and immunological phenotypes across a variety of stressors. We pose a framework for conducting field studies to collect individual-level samples that can be used for measuring physiological and immunological phenotypes as well as the potentially stressful intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of those phenotypes. We suggest that collaborative efforts should then be made to create broader, spatially coordinated hypotheses for determining patterns of wildlife health under intrinsically stressful time periods and across extrinsically stressful landscapes. We provide an example and preliminary findings for this multi-stressor, collaborative, and spatially coordinated approach with an ongoing study of North American bat health. Quantifying direct and critical measures of wildlife health and identifying key intrinsic and extrinsic stressors that drive physiological and immunological phenotypes will provide broad targets for conservation strategies and where and when those strategies should be prioritized in the future.

野生动物面临许多外部压力,如栖息地丧失、病原体感染和污染物暴露,这可能会增加维持最佳健康和生存所需的能量。这些多重外在压力源也可能同时发生在内在压力的生命阶段,如繁殖、迁徙或冬眠。为了充分了解如何支持健康的野生动物种群,我们必须量化各种压力源的生理和免疫表型。我们提出了一个进行实地研究的框架,以收集个人水平的样本,这些样本可用于测量生理和免疫表型以及这些表型的潜在压力内在和外在驱动因素。我们建议,应该共同努力,建立更广泛的、空间协调的假设,以确定内在压力时期和外在压力景观下野生动物健康的模式。我们提供了一个关于北美蝙蝠健康的正在进行的多压力源、协作和空间协调方法的例子和初步发现。量化野生动物健康的直接和关键措施,并确定驱动生理和免疫表型的关键内在和外在压力源,将为保护战略提供广泛的目标,以及未来应在何时何地优先考虑这些战略。
{"title":"A Collaborative Multiple Stressor Approach for Identifying Spatial Heterogeneities in Wildlife Health and Conservation Priorities.","authors":"Molly C Simonis, Sarah Ciarrachi, Kristin E Dyer, Meagan Allira, Bret Demory, Jaleel Zubayr, Dakota Van Parys, Kimberlee Whitmore, Katie Fitzgerald, Kevin T Castle, Tanya A Dewey, Joy M O'Keefe, Riley F Bernard, Matthew M Chumchal, Catherine G Haase, Jeffrey T Foster, Daniel J Becker","doi":"10.1093/icb/icaf123","DOIUrl":"10.1093/icb/icaf123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wildlife face a number of extrinsic stressors, such as habitat loss, pathogen infections, and contaminant exposure, which can increase the energy needed to maintain optimal health and survival. These multiple extrinsic stressors can also occur simultaneously during intrinsically stressful life stages such as reproduction, migration, or hibernation. To fully understand how to support healthy wildlife populations, we must quantify physiological and immunological phenotypes across a variety of stressors. We pose a framework for conducting field studies to collect individual-level samples that can be used for measuring physiological and immunological phenotypes as well as the potentially stressful intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of those phenotypes. We suggest that collaborative efforts should then be made to create broader, spatially coordinated hypotheses for determining patterns of wildlife health under intrinsically stressful time periods and across extrinsically stressful landscapes. We provide an example and preliminary findings for this multi-stressor, collaborative, and spatially coordinated approach with an ongoing study of North American bat health. Quantifying direct and critical measures of wildlife health and identifying key intrinsic and extrinsic stressors that drive physiological and immunological phenotypes will provide broad targets for conservation strategies and where and when those strategies should be prioritized in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":54971,"journal":{"name":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","volume":" ","pages":"1772-1780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12690475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Proteomic Signatures of SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility in Mexican Free-tailed Bats and Their Application to Viral Surveillance. 墨西哥无尾蝙蝠对SARS-CoV-2易感性的蛋白质组学特征及其在病毒监测中的应用
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf148
Daniel J Becker, Amanda Vicente-Santos, Ariadna E Morales, Kristin E Dyer, Beckett L Olbrys, Lauren R Lock, Michael S Smotherman, Sonja C Vernes, Michael Hiller, Amanda M Adams, Brett S Phinney, Winifred F Frick, Jeffrey S Hall

The increasing emergence of virulent pathogens necessitates novel approaches to predict and manage infectious disease risks. The importance of integrating observational and experimental approaches to studying host-pathogen interactions has long been recognized, as captive studies can mechanistically test hypotheses derived from field studies and identify causal factors shaping host susceptibility or tolerance of infection. However, captive experiments can also determine biomarkers of infection outcomes that could improve later interpretation of field data and identify at-risk hosts in wild populations. Such work could be especially useful in preempting or managing risks of pathogen spillover or spillback. SARS-CoV-2 emerged in humans in late 2019 and was rapidly followed by spillback into naïve wildlife, leading to both mortality events and novel enzootic cycles. Of special concern is whether SARS-CoV-2 could establish in bats in the Americas, given that sarbecoviruses coevolved with rhinolophid bats in the Eastern Hemisphere, and as coronavirus infection may exacerbate effects of white-nose syndrome. Here, we leverage residual plasma samples from a previous SARS-CoV-2 challenge study of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) to identify candidate protein biomarkers of susceptibility and test whether these can predict coronavirus risks in wild bats. We generated plasma proteomes from captive (n = 20; four resistant, five susceptible, 11 unchallenged) and wild (n = 15) bats using the S-Trap method and LC-MS/MS, identifying 475 proteins using data-independent acquisition and a species-specific genome annotation generated by the Bat1K Project. Receiver operator characteristic curves identified 27 potential biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility (AUC ≥ 0.8), and subsequent enrichment analyses of these proteins suggested downregulation of blood clotting and upregulation of complement activation and humoral immunity in susceptible bats. We then mined plasma proteomes from wild bats (sampled in 2022 from Bracken Cave Preserve, the largest known Mexican free-tailed bat population) to show that all candidate biomarkers were present in this population, with coefficients of variation ranging from 16 to 150% per protein. We detected coronaviruses in 20% of wild bats, with two cases of potential SARS-CoV-2 spillback. We demonstrate that at least four of these candidate susceptibility biomarkers classified bats with and without coronavirus infection in the wild. Our results inform the possible immune strategies underlying SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility in bats and give a preliminary example of how captive challenge studies can be coupled with field studies to inform zoonotic and conservation risks.

越来越多的毒性病原体的出现需要新的方法来预测和管理传染病风险。长期以来,人们一直认识到将观察和实验方法结合起来研究宿主-病原体相互作用的重要性,因为圈养研究可以机械地检验从实地研究中得出的假设,并确定影响宿主对感染易感性或耐受性的因果因素。然而,圈养实验也可以确定感染结果的生物标志物,这可以改善对野外数据的后期解释,并识别野生种群中的高危宿主。这种工作在预防或管理病原体溢出或溢出的风险方面可能特别有用。SARS-CoV-2于2019年底在人类中出现,随后迅速蔓延到naïve野生动物中,导致死亡事件和新的地方性动物循环。特别值得关注的是,SARS-CoV-2是否会在美洲的蝙蝠中建立,因为沙伯病毒与东半球的鼻蝠共同进化,而且冠状病毒感染可能会加剧白鼻综合征的影响。在这里,我们利用先前对墨西哥无尾蝙蝠(Tadarida brasiliensis)进行的SARS-CoV-2挑战研究的剩余血浆样本,确定敏感性的候选蛋白质生物标志物,并测试这些标志物是否可以预测野生蝙蝠的冠状病毒风险。我们从俘虏(n = 20;利用S-Trap方法和LC-MS/MS对4只抗性、5只易感、11只未受挑战的蝙蝠和野生蝙蝠(n = 15)进行了分析,利用数据独立采集和Bat1K项目生成的物种特异性基因组注释鉴定了475种蛋白质。受体操作者特征曲线鉴定出27个潜在的SARS-CoV-2易感性生物标志物(AUC≥0.8),随后对这些蛋白的富集分析表明,易感蝙蝠的凝血功能下调、补体激活和体液免疫上调。然后,我们从野生蝙蝠(2022年从已知最大的墨西哥无尾蝙蝠种群Bracken Cave Preserve取样)中提取血浆蛋白质组,显示所有候选生物标志物都存在于该种群中,每种蛋白质的变异系数在16-150%之间。我们在20%的野生蝙蝠中检测到冠状病毒,其中有两例潜在的SARS-CoV-2外溢。我们证明,这些候选易感性生物标志物中至少有四种可以在野外对感染和未感染冠状病毒的蝙蝠进行分类。我们的研究结果揭示了蝙蝠对SARS-CoV-2易感性可能的免疫策略,并提供了一个初步的例子,说明圈养挑战研究如何与实地研究相结合,以告知人畜共患病和保护风险。
{"title":"Proteomic Signatures of SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility in Mexican Free-tailed Bats and Their Application to Viral Surveillance.","authors":"Daniel J Becker, Amanda Vicente-Santos, Ariadna E Morales, Kristin E Dyer, Beckett L Olbrys, Lauren R Lock, Michael S Smotherman, Sonja C Vernes, Michael Hiller, Amanda M Adams, Brett S Phinney, Winifred F Frick, Jeffrey S Hall","doi":"10.1093/icb/icaf148","DOIUrl":"10.1093/icb/icaf148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing emergence of virulent pathogens necessitates novel approaches to predict and manage infectious disease risks. The importance of integrating observational and experimental approaches to studying host-pathogen interactions has long been recognized, as captive studies can mechanistically test hypotheses derived from field studies and identify causal factors shaping host susceptibility or tolerance of infection. However, captive experiments can also determine biomarkers of infection outcomes that could improve later interpretation of field data and identify at-risk hosts in wild populations. Such work could be especially useful in preempting or managing risks of pathogen spillover or spillback. SARS-CoV-2 emerged in humans in late 2019 and was rapidly followed by spillback into naïve wildlife, leading to both mortality events and novel enzootic cycles. Of special concern is whether SARS-CoV-2 could establish in bats in the Americas, given that sarbecoviruses coevolved with rhinolophid bats in the Eastern Hemisphere, and as coronavirus infection may exacerbate effects of white-nose syndrome. Here, we leverage residual plasma samples from a previous SARS-CoV-2 challenge study of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) to identify candidate protein biomarkers of susceptibility and test whether these can predict coronavirus risks in wild bats. We generated plasma proteomes from captive (n = 20; four resistant, five susceptible, 11 unchallenged) and wild (n = 15) bats using the S-Trap method and LC-MS/MS, identifying 475 proteins using data-independent acquisition and a species-specific genome annotation generated by the Bat1K Project. Receiver operator characteristic curves identified 27 potential biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility (AUC ≥ 0.8), and subsequent enrichment analyses of these proteins suggested downregulation of blood clotting and upregulation of complement activation and humoral immunity in susceptible bats. We then mined plasma proteomes from wild bats (sampled in 2022 from Bracken Cave Preserve, the largest known Mexican free-tailed bat population) to show that all candidate biomarkers were present in this population, with coefficients of variation ranging from 16 to 150% per protein. We detected coronaviruses in 20% of wild bats, with two cases of potential SARS-CoV-2 spillback. We demonstrate that at least four of these candidate susceptibility biomarkers classified bats with and without coronavirus infection in the wild. Our results inform the possible immune strategies underlying SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility in bats and give a preliminary example of how captive challenge studies can be coupled with field studies to inform zoonotic and conservation risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":54971,"journal":{"name":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","volume":" ","pages":"1884-1900"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12690474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144857061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Innovative techniques to investigate comparative biomaterials across disciplines and length scales. 研究跨学科和长度尺度比较生物材料的创新技术。
IF 2.1 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaf113
Andrew K Schulz

Comparative biomechanics describes investigating animal models to inform, understand, and improve health and locomotor understanding in humans and across biological organisms and species. In recent years, there has been an increased understanding of comparative biomaterials, which utilizes intincredibly diverse, yet can primarilyerdisciplinary techniques spanning physics, materials science, engineering, and biology to mimic and model the complex morphology and mechanics of biological structures. This perspective piece highlights some recent innovations in biological material characterization of mechanics, morphology, and composition, highlighting specific innovations that help address classical challenges in biomaterials analysis. It concludes with a review of highlights in material fabrication techniques that have expanded the scope of biomaterials through bio-inspired multi-material 3-dimensional printing, textiles, and bio-hybrids. This perspective serves as a starting guide for researchers to broaden their understanding of the innovations that different disciplines have made in characterizing biological materials across various length scales, which could be applied to bio-inspired design.

比较生物力学描述了研究动物模型,以告知、理解和提高对人类和生物有机体和物种的健康和运动的理解。近年来,人们对比较生物材料的了解有所增加,比较生物材料利用跨学科技术,包括物理学、材料科学、工程学和生物学,来模拟和模拟生物结构的复杂形态和力学。这篇透视文章强调了生物材料在力学、形态和成分表征方面的一些最新创新,突出了有助于解决生物材料分析中的经典挑战的具体创新。它总结了材料制造技术的亮点,通过生物启发的多材料3D打印,纺织品和生物混合材料扩大了生物材料的范围。这一视角为研究人员提供了一个开始指南,以扩大他们对不同学科在不同长度尺度上表征生物材料的创新的理解,这些创新可以应用于生物灵感设计。
{"title":"Innovative techniques to investigate comparative biomaterials across disciplines and length scales.","authors":"Andrew K Schulz","doi":"10.1093/icb/icaf113","DOIUrl":"10.1093/icb/icaf113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Comparative biomechanics describes investigating animal models to inform, understand, and improve health and locomotor understanding in humans and across biological organisms and species. In recent years, there has been an increased understanding of comparative biomaterials, which utilizes intincredibly diverse, yet can primarilyerdisciplinary techniques spanning physics, materials science, engineering, and biology to mimic and model the complex morphology and mechanics of biological structures. This perspective piece highlights some recent innovations in biological material characterization of mechanics, morphology, and composition, highlighting specific innovations that help address classical challenges in biomaterials analysis. It concludes with a review of highlights in material fabrication techniques that have expanded the scope of biomaterials through bio-inspired multi-material 3-dimensional printing, textiles, and bio-hybrids. This perspective serves as a starting guide for researchers to broaden their understanding of the innovations that different disciplines have made in characterizing biological materials across various length scales, which could be applied to bio-inspired design.</p>","PeriodicalId":54971,"journal":{"name":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","volume":" ","pages":"1613-1619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Integrative and Comparative Biology
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1