Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2026.3658898
{"title":"2025 Index Systems Journal Vol. 19","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2026.3658898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2026.3658898","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"19 4","pages":"1317-1348"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11367809","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2025.3630426
Sabir Ali Kalhoro;Tarek Medalel Masaud;Ehab F. El-Saadany
There was an error during the copyediting [1], and (26) was omitted. See the following equation: begin{equation*} d{{f}_{st}} + c{{f}_{st}} leq 1. tag{26} end{equation*}
{"title":"Erratum to “Optimal Planning of a Hybrid Fuel-Cell–Battery System for Microgrid Applications”","authors":"Sabir Ali Kalhoro;Tarek Medalel Masaud;Ehab F. El-Saadany","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2025.3630426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2025.3630426","url":null,"abstract":"There was an error during the copyediting [1], and (26) was omitted. See the following equation: begin{equation*} d{{f}_{st}} + c{{f}_{st}} leq 1. tag{26} end{equation*}","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"19 4","pages":"1316-1316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11358644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2026.3651931
{"title":"IEEE Systems Council Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2026.3651931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2026.3651931","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"19 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11358806","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2026.3651933
{"title":"IEEE Systems Journal Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2026.3651933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2026.3651933","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"19 4","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11358642","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2025.3641251
Haili Liang;Lezhou Cai;Hu Zhou;Zhao Zhou
This article investigates the problem of bipartite consensus in multiagent systems with measurement noise over signed networks under reset control. Unlike existing studies that focus on noise-free or nonsigned network scenarios, agents are organized into multiple clusters with intra- and intercluster communications governed by distinct digraphs, where the intercluster topology is modeled by a structurally balanced signed digraph. We propose a novel hybrid protocol combining continuous-time dynamics within clusters and discrete-time interactions among cluster leaders. Under the assumption that each cluster forms a nonnegative connected digraph with a directed spanning tree, the overall system achieves stochastic stability via continuous-time dynamics. To mitigate the impact of measurement noise within clusters, a time-varying consensus-gain function is introduced. By leveraging Itô’s formula, linear matrix inequalities, and gauge transformations, we establish sufficient conditions for achieving mean-square bipartite quasi-synchronization under measurement noise and global bipartite consensus in its absence. The final consensus state depends on initial conditions and intracluster/intercluster topologies. Numerical simulations validate the theoretical results.
{"title":"Bipartite Consensus Under Measurement Disturbance: A Reset Control Approach for Clustered Signed Networked Systems","authors":"Haili Liang;Lezhou Cai;Hu Zhou;Zhao Zhou","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2025.3641251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2025.3641251","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the problem of bipartite consensus in multiagent systems with measurement noise over signed networks under reset control. Unlike existing studies that focus on noise-free or nonsigned network scenarios, agents are organized into multiple clusters with intra- and intercluster communications governed by distinct digraphs, where the intercluster topology is modeled by a structurally balanced signed digraph. We propose a novel hybrid protocol combining continuous-time dynamics within clusters and discrete-time interactions among cluster leaders. Under the assumption that each cluster forms a nonnegative connected digraph with a directed spanning tree, the overall system achieves stochastic stability via continuous-time dynamics. To mitigate the impact of measurement noise within clusters, a time-varying consensus-gain function is introduced. By leveraging Itô’s formula, linear matrix inequalities, and gauge transformations, we establish sufficient conditions for achieving mean-square bipartite quasi-synchronization under measurement noise and global bipartite consensus in its absence. The final consensus state depends on initial conditions and intracluster/intercluster topologies. Numerical simulations validate the theoretical results.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"19 4","pages":"1304-1315"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2025.3639426
Yan Xie;Lianghao Ji;Xing Guo;Huaqing Li
This article investigates the design of asynchronous optimal denial-of-service (DoS) attacks targeting consensus mechanisms in multiagent systems (MASs). Current research predominantly relies on random DoS attack strategies that fail to account for adversarial intentionality and high-intensity behavioral patterns inherent to cyber threats. To address this limitation, we propose an asynchronous optimal DoS (AODoS) attacks algorithm specifically designed for energy-constrained adversaries. The algorithm strategically optimizes channel selection to maximize consensus error. To counteract such attacks, secure control strategies integrating event-triggered and self-triggered mechanisms is developed to achieve resilient bipartite consensus of MASs. Theoretical analysis derives sufficient conditions for ensuring consensus convergence under AODoS attacks. Numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies in mitigating high-intensity DoS attacks.
{"title":"Event-Triggered Resilient Consensus Control for Multiagent Systems Under Asynchronous Optimal DoS Attacks","authors":"Yan Xie;Lianghao Ji;Xing Guo;Huaqing Li","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2025.3639426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2025.3639426","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the design of asynchronous optimal denial-of-service (DoS) attacks targeting consensus mechanisms in multiagent systems (MASs). Current research predominantly relies on random DoS attack strategies that fail to account for adversarial intentionality and high-intensity behavioral patterns inherent to cyber threats. To address this limitation, we propose an asynchronous optimal DoS (AODoS) attacks algorithm specifically designed for energy-constrained adversaries. The algorithm strategically optimizes channel selection to maximize consensus error. To counteract such attacks, secure control strategies integrating event-triggered and self-triggered mechanisms is developed to achieve resilient bipartite consensus of MASs. Theoretical analysis derives sufficient conditions for ensuring consensus convergence under AODoS attacks. Numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies in mitigating high-intensity DoS attacks.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"19 4","pages":"1294-1303"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2025.3630880
Hang Xu;Xing-Chen Shangguan;Yun-Hao An;Hong-Zhang Wang;Jian-Rong Zhang
In this article, the exponential consensus of a multiagent system with a sampled-data controller is investigated. The exponential stability and stabilization conditions are established using a two-sided looped Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. The existing methods exhibit high conservatism, and the linear matrix inequality computations involve high dimensions. To address these issues, the proposed method effectively extends the allowable sampling interval and reduces the computational complexity. To simplify the analysis, a novel order-reduction technique is introduced, which reformulates the Kronecker product-based quadratic form into a state-difference representation. Furthermore, an improved inequality is derived by incorporating Bernoulli inequality, explicitly considering the parameters of exponential convergence and the sampling interval. This refinement results in a less conservative stability condition, allowing for a wider range of sampling intervals without compromising system performance. In addition, a more flexible adjustable range is achieved by introducing free-weighting matrices in a zero-equation representation of the system and leveraging an inequality formulated based on the Laplacian matrix. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method, highlighting its effectiveness in extending the sampled interval and improving system performance compared to conventional approaches.
{"title":"Exponential Consensus of Multiagent System Using Sampled-Data Control Based on a Novel Order-Reduction Approach","authors":"Hang Xu;Xing-Chen Shangguan;Yun-Hao An;Hong-Zhang Wang;Jian-Rong Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2025.3630880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2025.3630880","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the exponential consensus of a multiagent system with a sampled-data controller is investigated. The exponential stability and stabilization conditions are established using a two-sided looped Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. The existing methods exhibit high conservatism, and the linear matrix inequality computations involve high dimensions. To address these issues, the proposed method effectively extends the allowable sampling interval and reduces the computational complexity. To simplify the analysis, a novel order-reduction technique is introduced, which reformulates the Kronecker product-based quadratic form into a state-difference representation. Furthermore, an improved inequality is derived by incorporating Bernoulli inequality, explicitly considering the parameters of exponential convergence and the sampling interval. This refinement results in a less conservative stability condition, allowing for a wider range of sampling intervals without compromising system performance. In addition, a more flexible adjustable range is achieved by introducing free-weighting matrices in a zero-equation representation of the system and leveraging an inequality formulated based on the Laplacian matrix. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method, highlighting its effectiveness in extending the sampled interval and improving system performance compared to conventional approaches.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"19 4","pages":"1247-1258"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates uplink transmission from a single-antenna mobile phone to a cluster of satellites, emphasizing the role of intersatellite links (ISLs) in cooperative signal detection. We study nonideal ISLs, focusing on terahertz (THz) and free-space optical (FSO) links with respect to ergodic capacity. A scenario based on the recent 3GPP standard specifies the frequency band, bandwidth, antenna gains, power levels, and channel characteristics for nonterrestrial networks. We also propose a satellite selection method to identify the optimal master node for signal processing, considering both the user–satellite link and ISL channels. For THz ISLs, we derive a closed-form capacity approximation under instantaneous or statistical channel state information, while for FSO ISLs, we present a closed-form approximate upper bound incorporating pointing error loss. We further assess the impact of ISL frequency and pointing errors on spectral efficiency. Simulations show that multisatellite multiple-input multiple-output communications significantly outperforms single-satellite systems, and that the proposed upper bound closely matches Monte Carlo results.
{"title":"Direct Uplink Connectivity in Space MIMO Systems With THz and FSO Intersatellite Links","authors":"Zohre Mashayekh Bakhsh;Yasaman Omid;Gaojie Chen;Yi Ma;Farbod Kayhan;Rahim Tafazolli","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2025.3633170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2025.3633170","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates uplink transmission from a single-antenna mobile phone to a cluster of satellites, emphasizing the role of intersatellite links (ISLs) in cooperative signal detection. We study nonideal ISLs, focusing on terahertz (THz) and free-space optical (FSO) links with respect to ergodic capacity. A scenario based on the recent 3GPP standard specifies the frequency band, bandwidth, antenna gains, power levels, and channel characteristics for nonterrestrial networks. We also propose a satellite selection method to identify the optimal master node for signal processing, considering both the user–satellite link and ISL channels. For THz ISLs, we derive a closed-form capacity approximation under instantaneous or statistical channel state information, while for FSO ISLs, we present a closed-form approximate upper bound incorporating pointing error loss. We further assess the impact of ISL frequency and pointing errors on spectral efficiency. Simulations show that multisatellite multiple-input multiple-output communications significantly outperforms single-satellite systems, and that the proposed upper bound closely matches Monte Carlo results.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"19 4","pages":"1270-1281"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2025.3631863
Yingxin Ren;Jiao Wang;Juan Zhang
Maintaining the formation of multiple uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) under directional denial-of-service (DoS) attacks is challenging because selective link disruptions degrade estimation, coordination, and communication efficiency. This study develops a resilient distributed framework comprising four main components. First, an adaptive topology recovery mechanism exploits the residual connectivity via confidence-weighted exponential recovery, yielding graceful degradation and smooth restoration during attack transitions. Second, a locally implementable distributed observer with locally verifiable stability margins removes dependence on global spectral information and guarantees convergence under intermittent connectivity. Third, an average-based event-triggered controller with separate position and velocity gains reduces communication while preserving tracking accuracy and enforcing a strictly positive minimum interevent time compatible with hardware limits. Fourth, a neighborhood level parameter tuning strategy uses an $varepsilon$-constraint formulation with closed form feasible regions. We evaluate the method in 30-run Monte Carlo simulations under directional DoS attacks, and further test it under saturation-level global denial-of-service attacks against a recent baseline. Across both scenarios, the proposed method exhibits superior robustness and steady-state accuracy under the same bandwidth budget, with 30-run Monte Carlo statistics for directional DoS confirming consistent performance. The framework provides a principled solution for resilient formation control in contested communication environments.
{"title":"Resilient Distributed Event-Triggered Formation Control for Multi-UAV Systems Under DoS Attacks","authors":"Yingxin Ren;Jiao Wang;Juan Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2025.3631863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2025.3631863","url":null,"abstract":"Maintaining the formation of multiple uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) under directional denial-of-service (DoS) attacks is challenging because selective link disruptions degrade estimation, coordination, and communication efficiency. This study develops a resilient distributed framework comprising four main components. First, an adaptive topology recovery mechanism exploits the residual connectivity via confidence-weighted exponential recovery, yielding graceful degradation and smooth restoration during attack transitions. Second, a locally implementable distributed observer with locally verifiable stability margins removes dependence on global spectral information and guarantees convergence under intermittent connectivity. Third, an average-based event-triggered controller with separate position and velocity gains reduces communication while preserving tracking accuracy and enforcing a strictly positive minimum interevent time compatible with hardware limits. Fourth, a neighborhood level parameter tuning strategy uses an <inline-formula><tex-math>$varepsilon$</tex-math></inline-formula>-constraint formulation with closed form feasible regions. We evaluate the method in 30-run Monte Carlo simulations under directional DoS attacks, and further test it under saturation-level global denial-of-service attacks against a recent baseline. Across both scenarios, the proposed method exhibits superior robustness and steady-state accuracy under the same bandwidth budget, with 30-run Monte Carlo statistics for directional DoS confirming consistent performance. The framework provides a principled solution for resilient formation control in contested communication environments.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"19 4","pages":"1259-1269"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Distributed secondary control enhances the reliability of networked microgrids with high-penetration distributed generators (DGs) through its decentralized structure and flexible communication mechanisms. However, it typically requires each DG to continuously communicate with neighboring DGs within a small fixed sampling period, resulting in both excessive communication burdens and increased risk of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. To solve these problems, this article proposes a novel robust distributed dynamic event-triggered (ET) secondary control strategy for networked microgrids under DoS attacks. First, to compensate the frequency and voltage deviations caused by primary control, a novel distributed secondary controller based on ET is proposed, which not only achieves accurate active power sharing, but also reduces communication burden. Second, to address the inaccurate distribution of reactive power caused by ET secondary control, the adaptive virtual impedance is introduced, which can dynamically adjust the virtual impedance based on real-time system condition to improve power-sharing accuracy. Third, considering the impact of DoS attacks, the linear active disturbance rejection control method is introduced, which can dynamically adjust control input to mitigate the adverse impact of DoS attacks. Then, a novel Lyapunov function is constructed to analyze the stability of the proposed control method, which is rigorously proven to be free from Zeno behavior. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is demonstrated through comprehensive simulation results.
{"title":"Robust Distributed Dynamic Event-Triggered Secondary Control for Networked Microgrids Under DoS Attacks","authors":"Yongsheng Zhu;Kaifei Xia;Junlin Yang;Yuhua Cheng;Shuqin He;Guoqing Zhu","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2025.3633493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2025.3633493","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed secondary control enhances the reliability of networked microgrids with high-penetration distributed generators (DGs) through its decentralized structure and flexible communication mechanisms. However, it typically requires each DG to continuously communicate with neighboring DGs within a small fixed sampling period, resulting in both excessive communication burdens and increased risk of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. To solve these problems, this article proposes a novel robust distributed dynamic event-triggered (ET) secondary control strategy for networked microgrids under DoS attacks. First, to compensate the frequency and voltage deviations caused by primary control, a novel distributed secondary controller based on ET is proposed, which not only achieves accurate active power sharing, but also reduces communication burden. Second, to address the inaccurate distribution of reactive power caused by ET secondary control, the adaptive virtual impedance is introduced, which can dynamically adjust the virtual impedance based on real-time system condition to improve power-sharing accuracy. Third, considering the impact of DoS attacks, the linear active disturbance rejection control method is introduced, which can dynamically adjust control input to mitigate the adverse impact of DoS attacks. Then, a novel Lyapunov function is constructed to analyze the stability of the proposed control method, which is rigorously proven to be free from Zeno behavior. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is demonstrated through comprehensive simulation results.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"19 4","pages":"1282-1293"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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