Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1109/MPE.2023.3247096
S. Imai, D. Novosel, D. Karlsson, A. Apostolov
Power system blackouts result in complete interruption of the electricity supply to all consumers in a large area. Systems need to be planned and engineered in a way that minimizes exposure to and prevents cascading blackouts. Blackouts are caused by a sequence of cascading outages caused by a combination of multiple low-probability events (e.g., a transmission line sagging into a tree, hidden failures in equipment protection, the loss of multiple generation units because of a weather event, and aging equipment failure) occurring in an unanticipated or unintended sequence. The likelihood for power system disturbances to escalate into a large-scale cascading outage increases when the grid is already under stress. This stress can be caused by lower operational margins, overloaded equipment, and other factors, which are discussed in detail in this article.
{"title":"Unexpected Consequences: Global Blackout Experiences and Preventive Solutions","authors":"S. Imai, D. Novosel, D. Karlsson, A. Apostolov","doi":"10.1109/MPE.2023.3247096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2023.3247096","url":null,"abstract":"Power system blackouts result in complete interruption of the electricity supply to all consumers in a large area. Systems need to be planned and engineered in a way that minimizes exposure to and prevents cascading blackouts. Blackouts are caused by a sequence of cascading outages caused by a combination of multiple low-probability events (e.g., a transmission line sagging into a tree, hidden failures in equipment protection, the loss of multiple generation units because of a weather event, and aging equipment failure) occurring in an unanticipated or unintended sequence. The likelihood for power system disturbances to escalate into a large-scale cascading outage increases when the grid is already under stress. This stress can be caused by lower operational margins, overloaded equipment, and other factors, which are discussed in detail in this article.","PeriodicalId":55020,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Power & Energy Magazine","volume":"21 1","pages":"16-29"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43365476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1109/MPE.2023.3247050
R. W. Cummings
The electric industry can learn many lessons from the analysis of both system disturbances and blackouts. It is extremely important to analyze both to identify trends in system behavior that are initiating, causal, contributory, or merely coincidental. Those trends can help prioritize efforts to eliminate, or at least reduce, the probability of recurrence of such events.
{"title":"System Disturbance and Blackout Analysis: Identifying Trends in System Behavior","authors":"R. W. Cummings","doi":"10.1109/MPE.2023.3247050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2023.3247050","url":null,"abstract":"The electric industry can learn many lessons from the analysis of both system disturbances and blackouts. It is extremely important to analyze both to identify trends in system behavior that are initiating, causal, contributory, or merely coincidental. Those trends can help prioritize efforts to eliminate, or at least reduce, the probability of recurrence of such events.","PeriodicalId":55020,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Power & Energy Magazine","volume":"21 1","pages":"30-42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44327170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1109/mpe.2023.3247055
F. Robertson, W. T. Boston
The 14 august 2003 blackout in the United States and Canada was big, but it wasn’t the first big one. On 9 November 1965, at 5:16 p.m., power failed throughout New York state, spreading to seven nearby states and parts of eastern Canada. Up until the blackout of August 2003, the November 1965 blackout was the biggest power failure in U.S. history, leaving 30 million people and virtually all of New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island without power for up to 13 h. The 1965 blackout led to many improvements in the resiliency and reliability of the grid, including the formation of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) in 1968, the creation of the Electric Power Research Institute in 1972, and perhaps most significantly, the operational robustness gained through the planning and buildout of the 500-kV interconnected electric grid. The 1965 blackout was also the motivation for enhancing the existing grid control systems to include underfrequency relays, automated generation control, as well as supplemental applications to perform network analysis, such as state estimation and training simulators for operators.
{"title":"The Utility Operational Response to the 14 August 2003 Blackout: Analysis and Case Studies","authors":"F. Robertson, W. T. Boston","doi":"10.1109/mpe.2023.3247055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mpe.2023.3247055","url":null,"abstract":"The 14 august 2003 blackout in the United States and Canada was big, but it wasn’t the first big one. On 9 November 1965, at 5:16 p.m., power failed throughout New York state, spreading to seven nearby states and parts of eastern Canada. Up until the blackout of August 2003, the November 1965 blackout was the biggest power failure in U.S. history, leaving 30 million people and virtually all of New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island without power for up to 13 h. The 1965 blackout led to many improvements in the resiliency and reliability of the grid, including the formation of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) in 1968, the creation of the Electric Power Research Institute in 1972, and perhaps most significantly, the operational robustness gained through the planning and buildout of the 500-kV interconnected electric grid. The 1965 blackout was also the motivation for enhancing the existing grid control systems to include underfrequency relays, automated generation control, as well as supplemental applications to perform network analysis, such as state estimation and training simulators for operators.","PeriodicalId":55020,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Power & Energy Magazine","volume":"21 1","pages":"43-50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43336895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1109/mpe.2023.3247051
P. Sauer
This book is probably the first engineering book that I have ever read that has no equations. I have always told my wife that I will not read anything that does not have equations or figures/pictures. This book does have figures and pictures plus a whole lot of good ideas on how to improve engineering design by considering input from the users/customers.
{"title":"Asking questions: Engineering for people, places, and time [Book review]","authors":"P. Sauer","doi":"10.1109/mpe.2023.3247051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mpe.2023.3247051","url":null,"abstract":"This book is probably the first engineering book that I have ever read that has no equations. I have always told my wife that I will not read anything that does not have equations or figures/pictures. This book does have figures and pictures plus a whole lot of good ideas on how to improve engineering design by considering input from the users/customers.","PeriodicalId":55020,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Power & Energy Magazine","volume":"21 1","pages":"87-87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43560643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1109/mpe.2023.3247044
Julie A. Cohn
For the past century, Americans have experienced blackouts both accidental and intentional in many settings, under many circumstances, and for many reasons. Blackouts happen in real time, and we interpret their significance through imaginary as well as documentary depictions. In a 1930s Marx Brothers movie, for example, comical art thieves get to work when a storm causes the lights to go out, and the laughs follow (Figure 1). In the sharpest of contrasts, efforts to prevent a cascading power failure in February 2021 left millions of Texans without electricity for days, with widespread coverage in the news.
{"title":"From “Animal Crackers” to Winter Storm Uri: Reflecting on Blackouts in the United States","authors":"Julie A. Cohn","doi":"10.1109/mpe.2023.3247044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mpe.2023.3247044","url":null,"abstract":"For the past century, Americans have experienced blackouts both accidental and intentional in many settings, under many circumstances, and for many reasons. Blackouts happen in real time, and we interpret their significance through imaginary as well as documentary depictions. In a 1930s Marx Brothers movie, for example, comical art thieves get to work when a storm causes the lights to go out, and the laughs follow (Figure 1). In the sharpest of contrasts, efforts to prevent a cascading power failure in February 2021 left millions of Texans without electricity for days, with widespread coverage in the news.","PeriodicalId":55020,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Power & Energy Magazine","volume":"21 1","pages":"70-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45467084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1109/MPE.2023.3247053
F. Capitanescu
Many major transmission power grids’ blackouts occurred worldwide, including grids with modern infrastructure, since the infamous one affecting parts of North America in 1965. Blackouts have had devastating social impacts (deaths, chaos, and severe discomfort due to disruption in sectors dependent on electricity, such as heat, transport, water, and communication) and economic impacts (exorbitant costs stemming from, e.g., the loss of production and equipment damage). The postmortem analysis of blackouts reveals root causes and enhances the understanding of grid operation, triggering organizational and technical improvements. Blackouts will continue to happen, at least because the complex grid neither was planned nor can be operated to cope with massive natural disasters damaging several grid components. However, despite previous experiences, there have been recurrent but avoidable blackouts due to the lack of fulfilling or inefficient handling of N-1 security, which degenerated into cascading outages.
{"title":"Are We Prepared Against Blackouts During the Energy Transition?: Probabilistic Risk-Based Decision Making Encompassing Jointly Security and Resilience","authors":"F. Capitanescu","doi":"10.1109/MPE.2023.3247053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2023.3247053","url":null,"abstract":"Many major transmission power grids’ blackouts occurred worldwide, including grids with modern infrastructure, since the infamous one affecting parts of North America in 1965. Blackouts have had devastating social impacts (deaths, chaos, and severe discomfort due to disruption in sectors dependent on electricity, such as heat, transport, water, and communication) and economic impacts (exorbitant costs stemming from, e.g., the loss of production and equipment damage). The postmortem analysis of blackouts reveals root causes and enhances the understanding of grid operation, triggering organizational and technical improvements. Blackouts will continue to happen, at least because the complex grid neither was planned nor can be operated to cope with massive natural disasters damaging several grid components. However, despite previous experiences, there have been recurrent but avoidable blackouts due to the lack of fulfilling or inefficient handling of N-1 security, which degenerated into cascading outages.","PeriodicalId":55020,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Power & Energy Magazine","volume":"21 1","pages":"77-86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42414402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1109/mpe.2023.3247106
I. Kamwa, Ning Liu
{"title":"How to keep the lights on: Lessons from major blackouts over the last 35 years [Editors’ voice]","authors":"I. Kamwa, Ning Liu","doi":"10.1109/mpe.2023.3247106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mpe.2023.3247106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55020,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Power & Energy Magazine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47084126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1109/mpe.2023.3247086
{"title":"PES meetings: For more information, www.ieee-pes.org [Calendar]","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/mpe.2023.3247086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mpe.2023.3247086","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55020,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Power & Energy Magazine","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136012349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1109/MPE.2023.3247090
J. Giri
The objectives of real-time grid management (RTGM) are to prevent widespread blackouts, ensure the grid is operating within safe limits, and to basically “keep the lights on” for all customers.
{"title":"Real-Time Grid Management: Keeping the Lights On!","authors":"J. Giri","doi":"10.1109/MPE.2023.3247090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2023.3247090","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of real-time grid management (RTGM) are to prevent widespread blackouts, ensure the grid is operating within safe limits, and to basically “keep the lights on” for all customers.","PeriodicalId":55020,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Power & Energy Magazine","volume":"21 1","pages":"51-60"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43803608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1109/MPE.2023.3247045
A. Bose, R. Podmore, U. Spanel
The training of power grid operators took a major leap forward with the introduction of operator training simulators (OTSs) in the late 1970s, but the demands on OTS-based training have increased with the ongoing transformation of the grid. Today, blackouts occur as a result of outages that typically impact multiple transmission operators, multiple balancing authorities (BAs), and multiple reliability coordinators (RCs). Therefore, this article focuses on training that involves teams of system operators who work cooperatively in neighboring control centers. With more generation resources being placed in the distribution systems, these coordinating operators to be trained are in the distribution control centers. Blackouts used to be associated mainly with instability, uncontrolled separation, and cascading outages. This situation is changing, with blackouts now also occurring due to systemic emergencies, such as firestorms, extreme weather, hurricanes, and cyberattacks.
{"title":"Challenges in Operator Training: Avoiding Blackouts in the Evolving Power Grid","authors":"A. Bose, R. Podmore, U. Spanel","doi":"10.1109/MPE.2023.3247045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2023.3247045","url":null,"abstract":"The training of power grid operators took a major leap forward with the introduction of operator training simulators (OTSs) in the late 1970s, but the demands on OTS-based training have increased with the ongoing transformation of the grid. Today, blackouts occur as a result of outages that typically impact multiple transmission operators, multiple balancing authorities (BAs), and multiple reliability coordinators (RCs). Therefore, this article focuses on training that involves teams of system operators who work cooperatively in neighboring control centers. With more generation resources being placed in the distribution systems, these coordinating operators to be trained are in the distribution control centers. Blackouts used to be associated mainly with instability, uncontrolled separation, and cascading outages. This situation is changing, with blackouts now also occurring due to systemic emergencies, such as firestorms, extreme weather, hurricanes, and cyberattacks.","PeriodicalId":55020,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Power & Energy Magazine","volume":"21 1","pages":"61-69"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42278572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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