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Stimulation-induced transient changes in neuronal activity, blood flow and N-acetylaspartate content in rat prefrontal cortex: a chemogenetic fMRS-BOLD study. 刺激诱导的大鼠前额叶皮层神经元活动、血流和 N-乙酰天冬氨酸含量的瞬时变化:一项化学遗传 fMRS-BOLD 研究。
IF 2.9 Pub Date : 2016-12-01 Epub Date: 2016-10-03 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3629
Morris H Baslow, Christopher K Cain, Robert Sears, Donald A Wilson, Alvin Bachman, Scott Gerum, David N Guilfoyle

Brain activation studies in humans have shown the dynamic nature of neuronal N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) based on changes in their MRS signals in response to stimulation. These studies demonstrated that upon visual stimulation there was a focal increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and a decrease in NAA or in the total of NAA and NAAG signals in the visual cortex, and that these changes were reversed upon cessation of stimulation. In the present study we have developed an animal model in order to explore the relationships between brain stimulation, neuronal activity, CBF and NAA. We use "designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs" (DREADDs) technology for site-specific neural activation, a local field potential electrophysiological method for measurement of changes in the rate of neuronal activity, functional MRS for measurement of changes in NAA and a blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) MR technique for evaluating changes in CBF. We show that stimulation of the rat prefrontal cortex using DREADDs results in the following: (i) an increase in level of neuronal activity; (ii) an increase in BOLD and (iii) a decrease in the NAA signal. These findings show for the first time the tightly coupled relationships between stimulation, neuron activity, CBF and NAA dynamics in brain, and also provide the first demonstration of the novel inverse stimulation-NAA phenomenon in an animal model.

根据神经元 N-乙酰天冬氨酸(NAA)和 N-乙酰天冬氨酰谷氨酸(NAAG)的 MRS 信号对刺激的反应变化,人体脑激活研究显示了神经元 N-乙酰天冬氨酸(NAA)和 N-乙酰天冬氨酰谷氨酸(NAAG)的动态性质。这些研究表明,在视觉刺激时,大脑皮层中的脑血流量(CBF)会出现局灶性增加,而 NAA 或 NAA 和 NAAG 的总信号则会减少,这些变化在刺激停止后会逆转。在本研究中,我们建立了一个动物模型,以探讨脑刺激、神经元活动、CBF 和 NAA 之间的关系。我们使用 "设计药物专门激活的设计受体"(DREADDs)技术来激活特定部位的神经,使用局部场电位电生理方法来测量神经元活动速率的变化,使用功能性 MRS 来测量 NAA 的变化,并使用依赖血氧水平(BOLD)的 MR 技术来评估 CBF 的变化。我们的研究表明,使用 DREADDs 刺激大鼠前额叶皮层会产生以下结果:(i) 神经元活动水平增加;(ii) BOLD 增加;(iii) NAA 信号减少。这些发现首次显示了大脑中刺激、神经元活动、CBF 和 NAA 动态之间的紧密耦合关系,并首次在动物模型中展示了新颖的刺激-NAA 逆现象。
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引用次数: 0
Predicting customer choice in services using discrete choice analysis 使用离散选择分析预测客户在服务中的选择
Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1147/sj.471.0179
R. Verma;G. R. Plaschka;B. Hanlon;A. Livingston;K. Kalcher
This paper presents an overview of the science and art of discrete choice modeling for service sector applications. With the ongoing momentum of service science, management, and engineering, the discrete choice modeling approach provides a sophisticated tool kit for assessing the needs and preferences of service customers. We provide directions for designing and executing discrete choice studies for services and discuss several examples for a number of industries including health care, financial services, retail, hospitality, and online services. We conclude with a discussion of the many managerial implications of the discrete choice approach.
本文概述了服务部门应用的离散选择建模的科学和艺术。随着服务科学、管理和工程的不断发展,离散选择建模方法为评估服务客户的需求和偏好提供了一个复杂的工具包。我们为设计和执行服务离散选择研究提供了指导,并讨论了多个行业的几个例子,包括医疗保健、金融服务、零售、酒店和在线服务。最后,我们讨论了离散选择方法的许多管理含义。
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引用次数: 28
The IBM telecommunications service delivery platform IBM电信服务交付平台
Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1147/sj.473.0433
S. Ramanathan;M. Alexander;G. Kerr
Telecommunications service providers (TSPs) are currently faced with a significant number of threats to their core business models. In addition to competition from traditional TSPs, they must also face increasing competition from Internet service providers such as Google, Yahoo!, and eBay, which have succeeded in implementing a variety of very useful communications services, including voice services, for a fraction of the traditional cost. This new set of threats is causing TSPs to reexamine their business models, explore ways of reducing their operational expenses, and devise a means of reducing the typical service life cycle (from concept to delivery, typically more than a year) to a few weeks. To help address these issues, IBM has created an SOA-centric (service-oriented-architecture-centric) reference architecture called the telecommunications service delivery platform (SDP). In this paper, we present three case studies involving field deployments to the networks of three major wireless TSPs and describe the role of the IBM SDP and its key benefits. We highlight the architecture and key use cases involved in these carrier-grade deployments, and articulate the best practices and valuable lessons gleaned from them.
电信服务提供商(TSP)的核心业务模式目前面临着大量威胁。除了来自传统TSP的竞争,他们还必须面对来自互联网服务提供商的日益激烈的竞争,如谷歌、雅虎、!,和eBay,它们以传统成本的一小部分成功地实现了包括语音服务在内的各种非常有用的通信服务。这一系列新的威胁促使TSP重新审视其商业模式,探索降低运营费用的方法,并设计一种将典型的服务生命周期(从概念到交付,通常超过一年)缩短到几周的方法。为了帮助解决这些问题,IBM创建了一个以SOA为中心(以服务为中心的体系结构)的参考体系结构,称为电信服务交付平台(SDP)。在本文中,我们介绍了三个案例研究,涉及三个主要无线TSP的网络现场部署,并描述了IBM SDP的作用及其关键优势。我们强调了这些运营商级部署中涉及的体系结构和关键用例,并阐述了从中收集的最佳实践和宝贵经验教训。
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引用次数: 5
Resilient hosting in a continuously available virtualized environment 在持续可用的虚拟化环境中进行弹性托管
Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1147/SJ.2008.5386523
R. R. Scadden;R. J. Bogdany;J. W. Clifford;H. D. Pearthree;R. A. Locke
In this paper, we describe continuously available services and application hosting on the Events/IBM.comt Infrastructure (EI)—a continuously available virtualized environment based on three active data centers that has demonstrated 100-percent availability for many premier Web sites, including www.ibm.com. The environment consists of simultaneously active paths spanning three geographically diverse data centers. We describe techniques for automated rapid scaling and continuous availability using IBM WebSphere® clustering, IBM DB2™ replication, load balancing, virtualized network infrastructure components, and IBM System p® virtualization capabilities. We explore best practices for deploying application releases and updates, applying fix packs, and updating hardware and perating systems, all without interrupting service. In addition, we discuss how to troubleshoot and synchronize the vast flows of a multipath redundant solution. Finally, we describe the requirements that dictate continuously available hosting solutions and modifications to our multisite approach for use in fewer data centers. Application of the topics in this paper has resulted in continuous service with no planned or unplanned interruptions over many years of application hosting within the EI.
在本文中,我们描述了Events/IBM.comt基础设施(EI)上的持续可用服务和应用程序托管,这是一个基于三个活动数据中心的持续可用虚拟化环境,已证明许多顶级网站100%可用,包括www.ibm.com。该环境由跨越三个地理位置不同的数据中心的同时活动的路径组成。我们描述了使用IBM WebSphere®集群、IBM DB2实现自动化快速扩展和连续可用性的技术™ 复制、负载平衡、虚拟化网络基础架构组件以及IBM System p®虚拟化功能。我们探索在不中断服务的情况下部署应用程序版本和更新、应用修复包以及更新硬件和操作系统的最佳实践。此外,我们还讨论了如何对多路径冗余解决方案的大量流进行故障排除和同步。最后,我们描述了要求持续可用的托管解决方案的要求,以及对我们的多站点方法的修改,以便在更少的数据中心中使用。本文中主题的应用使EI中的应用程序托管多年来没有计划内或计划外中断的连续服务得以实现。
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引用次数: 8
Combining high availability and disaster recovery solutions for critical IT environments 结合关键IT环境的高可用性和灾难恢复解决方案
Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1147/SJ.2008.5386509
D. Clitherow;M. Brookbanks;N. Clayton;G. Spear
This paper discusses high availability and disaster recovery solutions and their differences and presents the concepts and technical details of various solutions that combine them for highly critical environments. It discusses the business and regulatory issues that are driving the requirements for these solutions and presents various data center topologies that customers are choosing when implementing 3-site solutions.
本文讨论了高可用性和灾难恢复解决方案及其差异,并介绍了针对高度关键环境将它们结合在一起的各种解决方案的概念和技术细节。它讨论了推动这些解决方案需求的业务和法规问题,并介绍了客户在实施三站点解决方案时选择的各种数据中心拓扑。
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引用次数: 16
Enhancing availability with service automation and a trusted support partner 通过服务自动化和值得信赖的支持合作伙伴提高可用性
Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1147/SJ.2008.5386512
B. Haataia;S. Fredericksen;E. Burris;L. Bragg;K. W. Eastley;J. Bird
Since the onset of the computer age, customers have been searching for ways to increase systems availability, maximizing the return on their investment and keeping their systems running continuously as much as possible. Traditionally, customers have used a combination of hardware and software architecture and processes in an attempt to address their continuous availability needs. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to provide high availability which leverages technology for both proactive and reactive support, while engaging a trusted support partner to automate services. We show how automated problem reporting reduces problem resolution time, often by sending the problem to a specialist rather than sending a generalist to the problem. We describe how inventory reporting enables proactive support by applying intellectual capital and knowledge to a specific customer configuration. We also describe how the IBM Electronic Service Agent™ can be used as a foundation for providing service automation and enabling a digital relationship that expands the capabilities of the trusted support partner.
自计算机时代开始以来,客户一直在寻找提高系统可用性的方法,最大限度地提高投资回报,并尽可能保持系统的连续运行。传统上,客户使用硬件和软件体系结构及流程的组合来满足其持续可用性需求。在本文中,我们介绍了一种提供高可用性的新方法,该方法利用技术提供主动和被动支持,同时聘请值得信赖的支持合作伙伴来自动化服务。我们展示了自动问题报告如何减少问题解决时间,通常是通过将问题发送给专家而不是发送通才来解决问题。我们介绍了库存报告如何通过将智力资本和知识应用于特定的客户配置来实现主动支持。我们还描述了IBM电子服务代理™ 可以用作提供服务自动化和实现数字关系的基础,该数字关系扩展了受信任的支持伙伴的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Contents of Volume 47, 2008 2008年第47卷目录
Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1147/SJ.2008.5386525
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引用次数: 0
Errata [Erratum] 错误[错误]
Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1147/sj.472.0351
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引用次数: 0
The read-copy-update mechanism for supporting real-time applications on shared-memory multiprocessor systems with Linux 支持Linux共享内存多处理器系统上实时应用程序的读拷贝更新机制
Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1147/sj.472.0221
D. Guniguntala;P. E. McKenney;J. Triplett;J. Walpole
Read-copy update (RCU) is a synchronization mechanism in the Linux™ kernel that provides significant improvements in multiprocessor scalability by eliminating the writer-delay problem of readers-writer locking. RCU implementations to date, however, have had the side effect of expanding non-preemptible regions of code, thereby degrading real-time response. We present here a variant of RCU that allows preemption of read-side critical sections and thus is better suited for real-time applications. We summarize priority-inversion issues with locking, present an overview of the RCU mechanism, discuss our counter-based adaptation of RCU for real-time use, describe an additional adaptation of RCU that permits general blocking in read-side critical sections, and present performance results. We also discuss an approach for replacing the readers-writer synchronization with RCU in existing implementations.
读拷贝更新(RCU)是Linux中的一种同步机制™ 内核,通过消除读取器-写入器锁定的写入器延迟问题,显著提高了多处理器的可扩展性。然而,迄今为止,RCU实现的副作用是扩展了代码的不可抢占区域,从而降低了实时响应。我们在这里介绍了RCU的一种变体,它允许抢占读取端关键部分,因此更适合实时应用。我们总结了锁定的优先级反转问题,概述了RCU机制,讨论了我们对RCU进行的基于计数器的实时自适应,描述了RCU的额外自适应,该自适应允许在读取侧关键部分进行一般阻塞,并给出了性能结果。我们还讨论了在现有实现中用RCU替换读写器同步的方法。
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引用次数: 67
Improving service delivery through integrated quality initiatives: A case study 通过综合质量举措改进服务提供:案例研究
Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1147/sj.471.0167
J. Hickey;J. Siegel
Providers of highly reliable information technology (IT) services have historically adopted multiple service delivery quality standards and have obtained certificates of registration or certification associated with these standards. In this paper, we present a case study involving a provider of IT infrastructure services and solutions. We describe the business context of the service provider, its approach to the analysis of the requirements of multiple standards, process integration efforts (both local and global), and the reuse of documentation and other evidentiary data in the context of obtaining certificates of registration or certifications. We compare the evidentiary data (e.g., documentation, observations, and interviews) used in the diagnostics of the International Standards Organization 9001:2000 standard and the eSourcing Capability Model for Service Providers standard to evaluate the unique value that each standard contributes to IT service delivery. The case study also provides initial examples of measures resulting from the adoption of these two quality standards that may be used to improve service delivery.
高度可靠的信息技术(IT)服务提供商历来采用多种服务提供质量标准,并已获得与这些标准相关的注册证书或认证。在本文中,我们介绍了一个涉及IT基础设施服务和解决方案提供商的案例研究。我们描述了服务提供商的业务背景,其分析多种标准要求的方法,流程集成工作(本地和全球),以及在获得注册证书或认证的背景下重复使用文件和其他证据数据。我们比较了国际标准组织9001:2000标准和服务提供商电子采购能力模型标准诊断中使用的证据数据(如文件、观察和访谈),以评估每个标准对IT服务提供的独特价值。案例研究还提供了采用这两个质量标准所产生的措施的初步例子,这些措施可用于改善服务的提供。
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引用次数: 10
期刊
IBM systems journal
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