{"title":"Message from the Senior Vice President, Global Business Services","authors":"Ginni Rometty","doi":"10.1147/sj.471.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.471.0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.471.0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67993750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Dube;N. Halim;K. Karenos;M. Kim;Z. Liu;S. Parthasarathy;D. Pendarakis;H. Yang
In this paper, we present Harmony, a holistic messaging middleware for distributed, event-driven systems. Harmony supports various communication paradigms and heterogeneous networks. The key novelty of Harmony is the unified provision of end-to-end quality of service, security, and resiliency, which shields the applications from the underlying network dynamics, failures, and security configurations. We describe the Harmony architecture in the context of cyber-physical business applications and elaborate on the design of its critical system components, including routing, security, and mobility support.
{"title":"Harmony: Holistic messaging middleware for event-driven systems","authors":"P. Dube;N. Halim;K. Karenos;M. Kim;Z. Liu;S. Parthasarathy;D. Pendarakis;H. Yang","doi":"10.1147/sj.472.0281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.472.0281","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present Harmony, a holistic messaging middleware for distributed, event-driven systems. Harmony supports various communication paradigms and heterogeneous networks. The key novelty of Harmony is the unified provision of end-to-end quality of service, security, and resiliency, which shields the applications from the underlying network dynamics, failures, and security configurations. We describe the Harmony architecture in the context of cyber-physical business applications and elaborate on the design of its critical system components, including routing, security, and mobility support.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 2","pages":"281-287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.472.0281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68013564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Message from the General Manager, Global Consulting Services and SOA","authors":"Robert Le Blanc","doi":"10.1147/sj.473.0354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.473.0354","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.473.0354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68016338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Magid;D. Oren;D. Botzer;A. Adi;B. Shulman;E. Rabinovich;M. Barnea
We propose to exploit the technology for complex event processing (CEP) embodied in the rule-based engine known as IBM Active Middleware Technology™ and extend it to the development of real-time CEP applications. Specifically, we propose to develop a framework that includes an integrated development environment (IDE) for defining rules, and, given a set of rules, generates code for a CEP application and enables us to determine time bounds on the response of this application to a set of supported events. In particular, the IDE helps determine a time bound for the execution time of the code corresponding to each rule. The calculation of time bounds is based on a set of benchmark measurements to be performed on the target hardware and involves code segments corresponding to basic operations. Although we assume the code generation phase produces Java™ code, the same approach can be applied to any other suitable programming language. In support of a feasibility argument for the proposed approach, we present some preliminary experimental results obtained on a partially implemented tool.
{"title":"Generating real-time complex event-processing applications","authors":"Y. Magid;D. Oren;D. Botzer;A. Adi;B. Shulman;E. Rabinovich;M. Barnea","doi":"10.1147/sj.472.0251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.472.0251","url":null,"abstract":"We propose to exploit the technology for complex event processing (CEP) embodied in the rule-based engine known as IBM Active Middleware Technology™ and extend it to the development of real-time CEP applications. Specifically, we propose to develop a framework that includes an integrated development environment (IDE) for defining rules, and, given a set of rules, generates code for a CEP application and enables us to determine time bounds on the response of this application to a set of supported events. In particular, the IDE helps determine a time bound for the execution time of the code corresponding to each rule. The calculation of time bounds is based on a set of benchmark measurements to be performed on the target hardware and involves code segments corresponding to basic operations. Although we assume the code generation phase produces Java™ code, the same approach can be applied to any other suitable programming language. In support of a feasibility argument for the proposed approach, we present some preliminary experimental results obtained on a partially implemented tool.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 2","pages":"251-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.472.0251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68013563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing market demand for systems characterized by low-latency, deterministic behavior and the emphasis on the use of commodity hardware and software have led to a new breed of real-time operating systems (OSs), known as enterprise real-time OSs. In response to the demand for accelerated access to such features in a Linux™ kernel, the IBM Linux and Java™ Technology Centers collaborated to provide the first commercially available enterprise real-time Linux kernel with real-time Java support. Extending the PREEMPT RT patch from Ingo Molnar of Red Hat, Inc., the kernel contains additional features that were required to meet the demands of enterprise real-time OS customers. This paper describes how IBM developers helped to direct, implement, and test the real-time Linux kernel, bringing it from software patches to a finished product in nine months.
{"title":"Real-time Linux in real time","authors":"D. Hart;J. Stultz;T. Ts'o","doi":"10.1147/sj.472.0207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.472.0207","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing market demand for systems characterized by low-latency, deterministic behavior and the emphasis on the use of commodity hardware and software have led to a new breed of real-time operating systems (OSs), known as enterprise real-time OSs. In response to the demand for accelerated access to such features in a Linux™ kernel, the IBM Linux and Java™ Technology Centers collaborated to provide the first commercially available enterprise real-time Linux kernel with real-time Java support. Extending the PREEMPT RT patch from Ingo Molnar of Red Hat, Inc., the kernel contains additional features that were required to meet the demands of enterprise real-time OS customers. This paper describes how IBM developers helped to direct, implement, and test the real-time Linux kernel, bringing it from software patches to a finished product in nine months.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 2","pages":"207-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.472.0207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68013574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. T. McLaughlin;L. Y. Liu;D. J. DeGroff;K. W. Fleck
This paper surveys the current state of information technology (IT) availability on the IBM System p5® server platform, then describes how selected hardware and software features of the next-generation IBM Power™ Systems platform (by which we specifically mean IBM POWER6™ processor-based systems running the IBM AIX™ 6 operating system) will enable client IT organizations to more closely approach true continuous availability. Also presented is information on several IT management disciplines that are critical to achieving high levels of availability. The objective is to enable accelerated adoption and success with the new Power Systems platform by explaining how the technologies can be used to improve IT availability. We define the underlying dependencies required to implement the new live partition mobility and the live application mobility features and show how the environment can be best designed for planned maintenance. Until now, the concept of server virtualization in the UNIX® environment has been limited to a single server, but the Power Systems platform extends the virtualization realm. A brief discussion is given comparing software clustering with the new mobility features and illustrating how they are complementary.
本文调查了IBM System p5®服务器平台上信息技术（IT）可用性的现状，然后描述了如何选择下一代IBM Power的硬件和软件功能™ 系统平台（我们具体指的是IBM POWER6™ 运行IBM AIX的基于处理器的系统™ 6操作系统）将使客户IT组织能够更紧密地接近真正的连续可用性。还介绍了对实现高可用性至关重要的几个IT管理规程的信息。目标是通过解释如何使用这些技术来提高IT可用性，加快新电力系统平台的采用并取得成功。我们定义了实现新的实时分区移动和实时应用程序移动功能所需的底层依赖关系，并展示了如何为计划维护最佳地设计环境。到目前为止，UNIX®环境中的服务器虚拟化概念仅限于单个服务器，但Power Systems平台扩展了虚拟化领域。简要讨论了软件集群和新的移动性特征的比较，并说明了它们是如何互补的。
{"title":"IBM Power Systems platform: Advancements in the state of the art in IT availability","authors":"G. T. McLaughlin;L. Y. Liu;D. J. DeGroff;K. W. Fleck","doi":"10.1147/SJ.2008.5386517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/SJ.2008.5386517","url":null,"abstract":"This paper surveys the current state of information technology (IT) availability on the IBM System p5® server platform, then describes how selected hardware and software features of the next-generation IBM Power™ Systems platform (by which we specifically mean IBM POWER6™ processor-based systems running the IBM AIX™ 6 operating system) will enable client IT organizations to more closely approach true continuous availability. Also presented is information on several IT management disciplines that are critical to achieving high levels of availability. The objective is to enable accelerated adoption and success with the new Power Systems platform by explaining how the technologies can be used to improve IT availability. We define the underlying dependencies required to implement the new live partition mobility and the live application mobility features and show how the environment can be best designed for planned maintenance. Until now, the concept of server virtualization in the UNIX® environment has been limited to a single server, but the Power Systems platform extends the virtualization realm. A brief discussion is given comparing software clustering with the new mobility features and illustrating how they are complementary.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 4","pages":"519-533"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/SJ.2008.5386517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68033288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Service systems produce all services of significance and scope, yet the concept of a service system is not well articulated in the service literature. This paper presents three interrelated frameworks as a first attempt to define the fundamentals of service systems. These frameworks identify basic building blocks and organize important attributes and change processes that apply across all service systems. Although relevant regardless of whether a service system uses information technology, the frameworks are also potentially useful in visualizing the realities of moving toward automated service architectures. This paper uses two examples, one largely manual and one highly automated, to illustrate the potential usefulness of the three frameworks, which can be applied together to describe, analyze, and study how service systems are created, how they operate, and how they evolve through a combination of planned and unplanned change.
{"title":"Service system fundamentals: Work system, value chain, and life cycle","authors":"S. Alter","doi":"10.1147/sj.471.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.471.0071","url":null,"abstract":"Service systems produce all services of significance and scope, yet the concept of a service system is not well articulated in the service literature. This paper presents three interrelated frameworks as a first attempt to define the fundamentals of service systems. These frameworks identify basic building blocks and organize important attributes and change processes that apply across all service systems. Although relevant regardless of whether a service system uses information technology, the frameworks are also potentially useful in visualizing the realities of moving toward automated service architectures. This paper uses two examples, one largely manual and one highly automated, to illustrate the potential usefulness of the three frameworks, which can be applied together to describe, analyze, and study how service systems are created, how they operate, and how they evolve through a combination of planned and unplanned change.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"71-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.471.0071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67993175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. S. Caswell;C. Nikolaou;J. Sairamesh;M. Bitsaki;G. D. Koutras;G. Iacovidis
The economic structure of service systems has steadily increased in complexity in recent years. This is due not only to specialization in direct material production and services offered, but also in the ownership and management of resources, the role of intangible assets such as process knowledge, and the context in which goods and services are consumed. This increase in complexity represents both a challenge and an opportunity in a service-oriented economy. In this paper, we offer a descriptive structure for the analysis of this complexity which combines graph theory and network flows with economic tools. Our analysis is based on publicly observable information and can be used to analyze service systems in terms of the value they deliver, how they deliver it, and how value can be discovered and increased. We show how this analysis can be applied (in the example of a car manufacturer and its service system for suppliers and dealerships) to improve customer satisfaction and provide options and analysis models for outsourcing decision makers.
{"title":"Estimating value in service systems: A case study of a repair service system","authors":"N. S. Caswell;C. Nikolaou;J. Sairamesh;M. Bitsaki;G. D. Koutras;G. Iacovidis","doi":"10.1147/sj.471.0087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.471.0087","url":null,"abstract":"The economic structure of service systems has steadily increased in complexity in recent years. This is due not only to specialization in direct material production and services offered, but also in the ownership and management of resources, the role of intangible assets such as process knowledge, and the context in which goods and services are consumed. This increase in complexity represents both a challenge and an opportunity in a service-oriented economy. In this paper, we offer a descriptive structure for the analysis of this complexity which combines graph theory and network flows with economic tools. Our analysis is based on publicly observable information and can be used to analyze service systems in terms of the value they deliver, how they deliver it, and how value can be discovered and increased. We show how this analysis can be applied (in the example of a car manufacturer and its service system for suppliers and dealerships) to improve customer satisfaction and provide options and analysis models for outsourcing decision makers.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"87-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.471.0087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67993177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conventional messaging technologies have been designed for large transactional systems, making the prediction and calibration of their delay impractical. In this paper, we present a minimal messaging system, implemented in Java™, that is designed to enable the analysis, modeling, and calibration of the expected performance of these technologies. We describe the algorithms and protocols that underlie this messaging system, show how an analysis can be performed, and give the actual measured performance figures. We show that the system achieves a throughput of more than 100,000 messages per second with less than 120-millisecond maximum latency, in the test environment. At 10,000 messages per second, a maximum latency of 5 milliseconds is measured. The algorithms make use of lock-free data structures, which allow the throughput to scale on multi-core systems.
{"title":"Toward scalable real-time messaging","authors":"D. Bauer;L. Garces-Erice;S. Rooney;P. Scotton","doi":"10.1147/sj.472.0237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.472.0237","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional messaging technologies have been designed for large transactional systems, making the prediction and calibration of their delay impractical. In this paper, we present a minimal messaging system, implemented in Java™, that is designed to enable the analysis, modeling, and calibration of the expected performance of these technologies. We describe the algorithms and protocols that underlie this messaging system, show how an analysis can be performed, and give the actual measured performance figures. We show that the system achieves a throughput of more than 100,000 messages per second with less than 120-millisecond maximum latency, in the test environment. At 10,000 messages per second, a maximum latency of 5 milliseconds is measured. The algorithms make use of lock-free data structures, which allow the throughput to scale on multi-core systems.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 2","pages":"237-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.472.0237","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68013572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper introduces responsive systems: systems that are real-time, event-based, or time-dependent. There are a number of trends that are accelerating the adoption of responsive systems: timeliness requirements for business information systems are becoming more prevalent, embedded systems are increasingly integrated into soft real-time command-and-control systems, improved message-oriented middleware is facilitating growth in event-processing applications, and advances in service-oriented and component-based techniques are lowering the costs of developing and deploying responsive applications. The use of responsive systems is illustrated here in two application areas: the defense industry and online gaming. The papers in this special issue of the IBM Systems Journal are then introduced. The paper concludes with a discussion of the key remaining challenges in this area and ideas for further work.
{"title":"Responsive systems: An introduction","authors":"R. F. Berry;P. E. McKenney;F. N. Parr","doi":"10.1147/sj.472.0197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.472.0197","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces responsive systems: systems that are real-time, event-based, or time-dependent. There are a number of trends that are accelerating the adoption of responsive systems: timeliness requirements for business information systems are becoming more prevalent, embedded systems are increasingly integrated into soft real-time command-and-control systems, improved message-oriented middleware is facilitating growth in event-processing applications, and advances in service-oriented and component-based techniques are lowering the costs of developing and deploying responsive applications. The use of responsive systems is illustrated here in two application areas: the defense industry and online gaming. The papers in this special issue of the IBM Systems Journal are then introduced. The paper concludes with a discussion of the key remaining challenges in this area and ideas for further work.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 2","pages":"197-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.472.0197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68013569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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