The primary objective of service-oriented architecture (SOA) is to use information technology to address the key goals of business today: innovation, agility, and market value. Agility in SOA is achieved by use of the principles of encapsulation, modularity, and loose coupling, which facilitates a cleaner separation of concerns. While loose coupling enables customers to rapidly reuse services in new applications, strong coherency must be maintained to achieve the primary business objectives of the application. When applications are composed of loosely coupled services that are independent (owned by different parts of the organization, based on disparate technology assumptions, and evolving on independent schedules and with diverse priorities) the coherency of the composite application can be undermined. In this paper, we examine how coherency can be created and maintained in loosely coupled applications. We examine, in this context, various techniques and design approaches, such as service management, the use of service buses, the role of industry models and semantic ontologies, and governance, to achieve and maintain coherency of composite applications using SOA.
{"title":"Creating and maintaining coherency in loosely coupled systems","authors":"R. High;G. Krishnan;M. Sanchez","doi":"10.1147/sj.473.0357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.473.0357","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of service-oriented architecture (SOA) is to use information technology to address the key goals of business today: innovation, agility, and market value. Agility in SOA is achieved by use of the principles of encapsulation, modularity, and loose coupling, which facilitates a cleaner separation of concerns. While loose coupling enables customers to rapidly reuse services in new applications, strong coherency must be maintained to achieve the primary business objectives of the application. When applications are composed of loosely coupled services that are independent (owned by different parts of the organization, based on disparate technology assumptions, and evolving on independent schedules and with diverse priorities) the coherency of the composite application can be undermined. In this paper, we examine how coherency can be created and maintained in loosely coupled applications. We examine, in this context, various techniques and design approaches, such as service management, the use of service buses, the role of industry models and semantic ontologies, and governance, to achieve and maintain coherency of composite applications using SOA.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"357-376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.473.0357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68016336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Loveland;E. M. Dow;F. LeFevre;D. Beyer;P. F. Chan
Leveraging redundant resources is a common means of addressing availability requirements, but it often implies redundant costs as well. At the same time, virtualization technologies promise cost reduction through resource consolidation. Virtualization and high-availability (HA) technologies can be combined to optimize availability while minimizing costs, but merging them properly introduces new challenges. This paper looks at how virtualization technologies and techniques can augment and amplify traditional HA approaches while avoiding potential pitfalls. Special attention is paid to applying HA configurations (such as active/active and active/passive) to virtualized environments, stretching virtual environments across physical machine boundaries, resource-sharing approaches, field experiences, and avoiding potential hazards.
{"title":"Leveraging virtualization to optimize high-availability system configurations","authors":"S. Loveland;E. M. Dow;F. LeFevre;D. Beyer;P. F. Chan","doi":"10.1147/SJ.2008.5386515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/SJ.2008.5386515","url":null,"abstract":"Leveraging redundant resources is a common means of addressing availability requirements, but it often implies redundant costs as well. At the same time, virtualization technologies promise cost reduction through resource consolidation. Virtualization and high-availability (HA) technologies can be combined to optimize availability while minimizing costs, but merging them properly introduces new challenges. This paper looks at how virtualization technologies and techniques can augment and amplify traditional HA approaches while avoiding potential pitfalls. Special attention is paid to applying HA configurations (such as active/active and active/passive) to virtualized environments, stretching virtual environments across physical machine boundaries, resource-sharing approaches, field experiences, and avoiding potential hazards.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 4","pages":"591-604"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/SJ.2008.5386515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68034516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a framework for the modeling and analysis of business model designs involving a network of interconnected business entities. The framework includes an ecosystem-modeling component, a simulation component, and a service-analysis component, and integrates methods from value network modeling, game theory analysis, and multiagent systems. A role-based paradigm is introduced for characterizing ecosystem entities in order to easily allow for the evolution of the ecosystem and duplicated functionality for entities. We show how the framework can be used to provide insight into value distribution among the entities and evaluation of business model performance under different scenarios. The methods are illustrated using a case study of a retail business-to-business service ecosystem.
{"title":"BEAM: A framework for business ecosystem analysis and modeling","authors":"C. H. Tian;B. K. Ray;J. Lee;R. Cao;W. Ding","doi":"10.1147/sj.471.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.471.0101","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a framework for the modeling and analysis of business model designs involving a network of interconnected business entities. The framework includes an ecosystem-modeling component, a simulation component, and a service-analysis component, and integrates methods from value network modeling, game theory analysis, and multiagent systems. A role-based paradigm is introduced for characterizing ecosystem entities in order to easily allow for the evolution of the ecosystem and duplicated functionality for entities. We show how the framework can be used to provide insight into value distribution among the entities and evaluation of business model performance under different scenarios. The methods are illustrated using a case study of a retail business-to-business service ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"101-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.471.0101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67993178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advancing service science requires a service-centered conceptual foundation. Toward this goal, we suggest that an emerging logic of value creation and exchange called service-dominant logic is a more robust framework for service science than the traditional goods-dominant logic. The primary tenets of service-dominant logic are: (1) the conceptualization of service as a process, rather than a unit of output; (2) a focus on dynamic resources, such as knowledge and skills, rather than static resources, such as natural resources; and (3) an understanding of value as a collaborative process between providers and customers, rather than what producers create and subsequently deliver to customers. These tenets are explored and a foundational lexicon for service science is suggested.
{"title":"Toward a conceptual foundation for service science: Contributions from service-dominant logic","authors":"R. F. Lusch;S. L. Vargo;G. Wessels","doi":"10.1147/sj.471.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.471.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Advancing service science requires a service-centered conceptual foundation. Toward this goal, we suggest that an emerging logic of value creation and exchange called service-dominant logic is a more robust framework for service science than the traditional goods-dominant logic. The primary tenets of service-dominant logic are: (1) the conceptualization of service as a process, rather than a unit of output; (2) a focus on dynamic resources, such as knowledge and skills, rather than static resources, such as natural resources; and (3) an understanding of value as a collaborative process between providers and customers, rather than what producers create and subsequently deliver to customers. These tenets are explored and a foundational lexicon for service science is suggested.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"5-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.471.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67994361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Arsanjani;S. Ghosh;A. Allam;T. Abdollah;S. Ganapathy;K. Holley
Service-oriented modeling and architecture (SOMA) has been used to conduct projects of varying scope in multiple industries worldwide for the past five years. We report on the usage and structure of the method used to effectively analyze, design, implement, and deploy service-oriented architecture (SOA) projects as part of a fractal model of software development. We also assert that the construct of a service and service modeling, although introduced by SOA, is a software engineering best practice for which an SOA method aids both SOA usage and adoption. In this paper we present the latest updates to this method and share some of the lessons learned. The SOMA method incorporates the key aspects of overall SOA solution design and delivery and is integrated with existing software development methods through a set of placeholders for key activity areas, forming what we call solution templates. We also present a fractal model of software development that can enable the SOMA method to evolve in an approach that goes beyond the iterative and incremental and instead leverages method components and patterns in a recursive, self-similar manner opportunistically at points of variability in the life cycle.
{"title":"SOMA: A method for developing service-oriented solutions","authors":"A. Arsanjani;S. Ghosh;A. Allam;T. Abdollah;S. Ganapathy;K. Holley","doi":"10.1147/sj.473.0377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.473.0377","url":null,"abstract":"Service-oriented modeling and architecture (SOMA) has been used to conduct projects of varying scope in multiple industries worldwide for the past five years. We report on the usage and structure of the method used to effectively analyze, design, implement, and deploy service-oriented architecture (SOA) projects as part of a fractal model of software development. We also assert that the construct of a service and service modeling, although introduced by SOA, is a software engineering best practice for which an SOA method aids both SOA usage and adoption. In this paper we present the latest updates to this method and share some of the lessons learned. The SOMA method incorporates the key aspects of overall SOA solution design and delivery and is integrated with existing software development methods through a set of placeholders for key activity areas, forming what we call solution templates. We also present a fractal model of software development that can enable the SOMA method to evolve in an approach that goes beyond the iterative and incremental and instead leverages method components and patterns in a recursive, self-similar manner opportunistically at points of variability in the life cycle.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"377-396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.473.0377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68016334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We first provide an overview of the state-of-the-art architectures for continuous availability, briefly covering such traditional concepts as high-availability (HA) clustering on distributed platforms and on the mainframe. We explain how HA can be achieved in environments based on Sun Microsystems J2EE™, which differ from classical clustering approaches, and we discuss how disaster recovery DR) has become an extension of HA. The paper then presents aspects of service management, including the use and orchestration of process-based (ITIL®) systems management tasks within DR scenarios, where the key challenge is to ensure the right level of redundancy in the integration and service-oriented management of heterogeneous information technology landscapes.
{"title":"From high availability and disaster recovery to business continuity solutions","authors":"Th. Lumpp;J. Schneider;J. Holtz;M. Mueller;N. Lenz;A. Biazetti;D. Petersen","doi":"10.1147/SJ.2008.5386516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/SJ.2008.5386516","url":null,"abstract":"We first provide an overview of the state-of-the-art architectures for continuous availability, briefly covering such traditional concepts as high-availability (HA) clustering on distributed platforms and on the mainframe. We explain how HA can be achieved in environments based on Sun Microsystems J2EE™, which differ from classical clustering approaches, and we discuss how disaster recovery DR) has become an extension of HA. The paper then presents aspects of service management, including the use and orchestration of process-based (ITIL®) systems management tasks within DR scenarios, where the key challenge is to ensure the right level of redundancy in the integration and service-oriented management of heterogeneous information technology landscapes.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 4","pages":"605-619"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/SJ.2008.5386516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68033283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a conceptual model of an event-processing network for expressing the event-based interactions and event-processing specifications among components. The model is based on event-driven architecture, a pattern promoting the production, detection, consumption, and reaction to events. The motivation is the lack of standardization in the areas of configuring and expressing the event-processing directives in event-driven systems. Some existing approaches are through Structured Query Language, script languages, and rule languages, and are executed by standalone software, messaging systems, or datastream management systems. This paper provides a step toward standardization through a conceptual model, making it possible to express event-processing intentions independent of the implementation models and executions. It is a unified model serving as a metamodel to these existing approaches.
{"title":"Event-processing network model and implementation","authors":"G. Sharon;O. Etzion","doi":"10.1147/sj.472.0321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.472.0321","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a conceptual model of an event-processing network for expressing the event-based interactions and event-processing specifications among components. The model is based on event-driven architecture, a pattern promoting the production, detection, consumption, and reaction to events. The motivation is the lack of standardization in the areas of configuring and expressing the event-processing directives in event-driven systems. Some existing approaches are through Structured Query Language, script languages, and rule languages, and are executed by standalone software, messaging systems, or datastream management systems. This paper provides a step toward standardization through a conceptual model, making it possible to express event-processing intentions independent of the implementation models and executions. It is a unified model serving as a metamodel to these existing approaches.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 2","pages":"321-334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.472.0321","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68013565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Chen;P. B. Chou;N. H. Cohen;S. S. Duri;C. W. Jung
This paper introduces Distributed Responsive Infrastructure-Virtualization Environment (DRIVE), a tool that provides both an integrated development environment (IDE) and an execution environment and thus supports the entire life cycle of sensor/actuator applications. Developers are only responsible for implementing the core event-handling logic, whereas DRIVE generates the necessary code for message passing and invocation, thus reducing the development skills required. The development methodology, which is component based and model driven, separates the solution model, which captures the business logic, from the deployment model, which reflects the physical computing infrastructure. This allows the administrators to configure and deploy applications on various infrastructure topologies. To illustrate the benefits of DRIVE, we present an example application, dock-door receiving, and show the ways in which DRIVE supports the modeling and development of the application logic and the multiphase deployment of the resulting application in a production environment.
本文介绍了分布式响应基础设施虚拟化环境（DRIVE），这是一种既提供集成开发环境（IDE）又提供执行环境的工具，从而支持传感器/执行器应用程序的整个生命周期。开发人员只负责实现核心事件处理逻辑，而DRIVE生成消息传递和调用所需的代码，从而减少了所需的开发技能。基于组件和模型驱动的开发方法将捕获业务逻辑的解决方案模型与反映物理计算基础设施的部署模型分离开来。这允许管理员在各种基础结构拓扑上配置和部署应用程序。为了说明DRIVE的好处，我们展示了一个示例应用程序dock door receiving，并展示了DRIVE支持应用程序逻辑的建模和开发以及在生产环境中多阶段部署所产生的应用程序的方式。
{"title":"DRIVE: A tool for developing, deploying, and managing distributed sensor and actuator applications","authors":"H. Chen;P. B. Chou;N. H. Cohen;S. S. Duri;C. W. Jung","doi":"10.1147/sj.472.0289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.472.0289","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces Distributed Responsive Infrastructure-Virtualization Environment (DRIVE), a tool that provides both an integrated development environment (IDE) and an execution environment and thus supports the entire life cycle of sensor/actuator applications. Developers are only responsible for implementing the core event-handling logic, whereas DRIVE generates the necessary code for message passing and invocation, thus reducing the development skills required. The development methodology, which is component based and model driven, separates the solution model, which captures the business logic, from the deployment model, which reflects the physical computing infrastructure. This allows the administrators to configure and deploy applications on various infrastructure topologies. To illustrate the benefits of DRIVE, we present an example application, dock-door receiving, and show the ways in which DRIVE supports the modeling and development of the application logic and the multiphase deployment of the resulting application in a production environment.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 2","pages":"289-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.472.0289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68013568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Message from the Vice President of Strategy and Technology, IBM Software Group","authors":"Kristof Kloeckner","doi":"10.1147/sj.472.0194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.472.0194","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 2","pages":"194-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.472.0194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68013571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. K. Strosnider;P. Nandi;S. Kumaran;S. Ghosh;A. Arsnajani
The current approach to the design, maintenance, and governance of service-oriented architecture (SOA) solutions has focused primarily on flow-driven assembly and orchestration of reusable service components. The practical application of this approach in creating industry solutions has been limited, because flow-driven assembly and orchestration models are too rigid and static to accommodate complex, real-world business processes. Furthermore, the approach assumes a rich, easily configured library of reusable service components when in fact the development, maintenance, and governance of these libraries is difficult. An alternative approach pioneered by the IBM Research Division, model-driven business transformation (MDBT), uses a model-driven software synthesis technology to automatically generate production-quality business service components from high-level business process models. In this paper, we present the business entity life cycle analysis (BELA) technique for MDBT-based SOA solution realization and its integration into service-oriented modeling and architecture (SOMA), the end-to-end method from IBM for SOA application and solution development. BELA shifts the process-modeling paradigm from one that is centered on activities to one that is centered on entities. BELA teams process subject-matter experts with IT and data architects to identify and specify business entities and decompose business processes. Supporting synthesis tools then automatically generate the interacting business entity service components and their associated data stores and service interface definitions. We use a large-scale project as an example demonstrating the benefits of this innovation, which include an estimated 40 percent project cost reduction and an estimated 20 percent reduction in cycle time when compared with conventional SOA approaches.
{"title":"Model-driven synthesis of SOA solutions","authors":"J. K. Strosnider;P. Nandi;S. Kumaran;S. Ghosh;A. Arsnajani","doi":"10.1147/sj.473.0415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.473.0415","url":null,"abstract":"The current approach to the design, maintenance, and governance of service-oriented architecture (SOA) solutions has focused primarily on flow-driven assembly and orchestration of reusable service components. The practical application of this approach in creating industry solutions has been limited, because flow-driven assembly and orchestration models are too rigid and static to accommodate complex, real-world business processes. Furthermore, the approach assumes a rich, easily configured library of reusable service components when in fact the development, maintenance, and governance of these libraries is difficult. An alternative approach pioneered by the IBM Research Division, model-driven business transformation (MDBT), uses a model-driven software synthesis technology to automatically generate production-quality business service components from high-level business process models. In this paper, we present the business entity life cycle analysis (BELA) technique for MDBT-based SOA solution realization and its integration into service-oriented modeling and architecture (SOMA), the end-to-end method from IBM for SOA application and solution development. BELA shifts the process-modeling paradigm from one that is centered on activities to one that is centered on entities. BELA teams process subject-matter experts with IT and data architects to identify and specify business entities and decompose business processes. Supporting synthesis tools then automatically generate the interacting business entity service components and their associated data stores and service interface definitions. We use a large-scale project as an example demonstrating the benefits of this innovation, which include an estimated 40 percent project cost reduction and an estimated 20 percent reduction in cycle time when compared with conventional SOA approaches.","PeriodicalId":55035,"journal":{"name":"IBM systems journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"415-432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1147/sj.473.0415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68016261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：