Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10140
Kyriaki Giagli, Hanuš Vavrčík, Dimitrios Tsalagkas, Jakub Černý, Jan Leugner, Jana Hacurová, Vladimír Gryc
Summary Preliminary results of an investigation of the thinning effect on Norway spruce tree growth in terms of xylogenesis and phloemogenesis are presented. Three plots were selected where the stand densities were reduced by pre-commercial thinning to 1800 trees/ha (plot A; mild thinning) and 1300 trees/ha (plot C; heavy thinning) in February 2020. Plot B had no silvicultural intervention and represented a control variant (4500 trees/ha). Three dominant 14-year-old Norway spruce trees were sampled (micro-cored) for studying the xylem and phloem formation in the 2020 growing season. The total differentiation duration was determined to be around 169.7 ± 12.7–179.3 ± 4.0 days. The average number of xylem cells formed in control plot B was only 140 mature cells, plots C and A were determined to have 175 and 200 mature cells, respectively. Plot A had the fastest growth rate of all the plots studied. In all three plots (A, B, C), the beginning of the early phloem, late phloem sieve cells, and axial parenchyma cells coincided. Nonetheless, in terms of total phloem cell increase, plot C displayed the fastest growth rate among the three plots studied. The first results showed that the rate of total increment in both xylem and phloem cells, as well as the total number of produced tracheids and sieve cells, seem to be positively affected after the thinning application.
{"title":"Effect of different stand densities on xylem and phloem formation in Norway spruce plantations","authors":"Kyriaki Giagli, Hanuš Vavrčík, Dimitrios Tsalagkas, Jakub Černý, Jan Leugner, Jana Hacurová, Vladimír Gryc","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10140","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Preliminary results of an investigation of the thinning effect on Norway spruce tree growth in terms of xylogenesis and phloemogenesis are presented. Three plots were selected where the stand densities were reduced by pre-commercial thinning to 1800 trees/ha (plot A; mild thinning) and 1300 trees/ha (plot C; heavy thinning) in February 2020. Plot B had no silvicultural intervention and represented a control variant (4500 trees/ha). Three dominant 14-year-old Norway spruce trees were sampled (micro-cored) for studying the xylem and phloem formation in the 2020 growing season. The total differentiation duration was determined to be around 169.7 ± 12.7–179.3 ± 4.0 days. The average number of xylem cells formed in control plot B was only 140 mature cells, plots C and A were determined to have 175 and 200 mature cells, respectively. Plot A had the fastest growth rate of all the plots studied. In all three plots (A, B, C), the beginning of the early phloem, late phloem sieve cells, and axial parenchyma cells coincided. Nonetheless, in terms of total phloem cell increase, plot C displayed the fastest growth rate among the three plots studied. The first results showed that the rate of total increment in both xylem and phloem cells, as well as the total number of produced tracheids and sieve cells, seem to be positively affected after the thinning application.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136181907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary In this study, Dynamic Vapor Sorption Resolution combined with a Dino-Lite Edge Digital Microscope was used to document in real-time the swelling/shrinkage behavior of earlywood and latewood cells (wood fiber and vessel) on homogeneous samples of Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey. at the microscopic scale. The results showed that the lumen and cell wall of wood fibers swelled with the increase of relative humidity and shrank with the decrease of relative humidity in the sorption cycle of 0∼95% relative humidity condition. However, vessels showed an opposite trend to the behaviors mentioned above. In any region of both types of cells, latewood cell size (area and diameter) changed more significantly. For diameter change, the change of tangential diameter was larger than that of radial diameter. In addition, in the sorption cycle, the size (area and diameter) change of any region of wood fiber and vessel showed swelling hysteresis. Compared with earlywood cells, latewood cells had a more pronounced swelling hysteretic value, and the swelling hysteretic value in the tangential direction was higher than that in the radial direction in terms of diameter. Sorption hysteresis might be one of the contributing factors to swelling hysteresis. Finally, it was found that under any relative humidity, the dimensional changes of the wood fibers and the vessels were immediately stabilized when the moisture content reached its equilibrium.
{"title":"Properties of Catalpa bungei (Bignoniaceae) earlywood and latewood in the same growth ring during moisture adsorption/desorption: swelling and shrinkage at the cell level","authors":"Fangyu Yin, Jiali Jiang, Shixiong Sheng, Ping Wang, Yong Yang, Yafang Yin","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10138","url":null,"abstract":"Summary In this study, Dynamic Vapor Sorption Resolution combined with a Dino-Lite Edge Digital Microscope was used to document in real-time the swelling/shrinkage behavior of earlywood and latewood cells (wood fiber and vessel) on homogeneous samples of Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey. at the microscopic scale. The results showed that the lumen and cell wall of wood fibers swelled with the increase of relative humidity and shrank with the decrease of relative humidity in the sorption cycle of 0∼95% relative humidity condition. However, vessels showed an opposite trend to the behaviors mentioned above. In any region of both types of cells, latewood cell size (area and diameter) changed more significantly. For diameter change, the change of tangential diameter was larger than that of radial diameter. In addition, in the sorption cycle, the size (area and diameter) change of any region of wood fiber and vessel showed swelling hysteresis. Compared with earlywood cells, latewood cells had a more pronounced swelling hysteretic value, and the swelling hysteretic value in the tangential direction was higher than that in the radial direction in terms of diameter. Sorption hysteresis might be one of the contributing factors to swelling hysteresis. Finally, it was found that under any relative humidity, the dimensional changes of the wood fibers and the vessels were immediately stabilized when the moisture content reached its equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136181904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-18DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10135
L. Schoeman, D. Drew
In recent years, the popularity of X-ray computed tomography (CT), as a non-destructive imaging technique, has continued to expand in various research domains. In wood research, X-ray CT has proven to be useful for three-dimensional (3D) structural studies investigating the complex tissues of trees. Wood formation (i.e., xylogenesis) initiates in the cambium and a narrow zone of subsequent differentiation, both of which play key roles in plant growth and development. However, the dynamics of xylogenesis in eucalypts remain relatively poorly understood, in large part due to challenges in sampling, imaging, and characterizing the cambium. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a workflow to evaluate the feasibility of using X-ray CT to characterize and quantify the structural properties of the cambium in eucalypts. The growth responses of Corymbia hybrid seedlings, exposed to either irrigated or droughted conditions, was investigated by monitoring the structural development of the cambium. To track microstructural changes in the cambium, the same seedlings were imaged with X-ray micro-CT (μCT) one day before the treatments and again six days after the respective treatments. After the last X-ray μCT scan, X-ray nano-CT was also applied. Using image analysis techniques, the morphological characteristics of the cambium could be determined. X-ray μCT displayed a larger, thicker cambial zone in irrigated plants, while a much thinner cambium was visible in droughted seedlings. X-ray nano-CT revealed that droughted plants were associated with a significantly () smaller cambium volume containing smaller cells, compared to the cambium of irrigated plants. Light microscopy was used to validate the CT results and demonstrated no significant () difference in the cambium width and cell diameter obtained from the two respective CT techniques. The findings of this study proved X-ray CT to be a valuable tool for examining the effect of changing environmental conditions on the complex cambium structure of Corymbia hybrid seedlings.
{"title":"Advanced imaging and quantification of the cambium and developing xylem in eucalypts using X-ray micro- and nano-computed tomography","authors":"L. Schoeman, D. Drew","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10135","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In recent years, the popularity of X-ray computed tomography (CT), as a non-destructive imaging technique, has continued to expand in various research domains. In wood research, X-ray CT has proven to be useful for three-dimensional (3D) structural studies investigating the complex tissues of trees. Wood formation (i.e., xylogenesis) initiates in the cambium and a narrow zone of subsequent differentiation, both of which play key roles in plant growth and development. However, the dynamics of xylogenesis in eucalypts remain relatively poorly understood, in large part due to challenges in sampling, imaging, and characterizing the cambium. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a workflow to evaluate the feasibility of using X-ray CT to characterize and quantify the structural properties of the cambium in eucalypts. The growth responses of Corymbia hybrid seedlings, exposed to either irrigated or droughted conditions, was investigated by monitoring the structural development of the cambium. To track microstructural changes in the cambium, the same seedlings were imaged with X-ray micro-CT (μCT) one day before the treatments and again six days after the respective treatments. After the last X-ray μCT scan, X-ray nano-CT was also applied. Using image analysis techniques, the morphological characteristics of the cambium could be determined. X-ray μCT displayed a larger, thicker cambial zone in irrigated plants, while a much thinner cambium was visible in droughted seedlings. X-ray nano-CT revealed that droughted plants were associated with a significantly () smaller cambium volume containing smaller cells, compared to the cambium of irrigated plants. Light microscopy was used to validate the CT results and demonstrated no significant () difference in the cambium width and cell diameter obtained from the two respective CT techniques. The findings of this study proved X-ray CT to be a valuable tool for examining the effect of changing environmental conditions on the complex cambium structure of Corymbia hybrid seedlings.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49349317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10136
Abasali Masoumi, K. Pourtahmasi, Reza Maali Amiri
Studying biochemical variation in reaction wood is needed to understand the nature of reaction wood formation and the physiology of trees. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX)) was studied in normal wood (NW) and reaction wood (RW) (opposite wood (OW) and tension wood (TW)) in the bole of poplar trees (Populus alba L.). Four-year-old trees were induced to produce reaction wood by forced bending. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was studied with repeated sampling during a growing season. The results showed that total protein content and antioxidant enzymes are sensitive to mechanically induced stress. TW and OW showed higher activity of enzymes than NW as well as higher amounts of total protein. OW showed a higher concentration of CAT and SOD than TW. APX was more active than GPX in both TW and OW. In addition to mechanical stress, the effect of other climate factors was observed in the reactive oxygen species accumulation.
研究反应材的生化变化是了解反应材形成的本质和树木生理的必要条件。研究了杨树(Populus alba L.)正常木材(NW)和反应木材(RW)(对生木(OW)和张紧木(TW))孔洞中抗氧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX))的活性。通过强制弯曲，诱导4年树龄的树木产生反应木材。在一个生长季节反复取样，研究了抗氧化酶的活性。结果表明，总蛋白含量和抗氧化酶对机械胁迫敏感。TW和OW的酶活性高于NW，总蛋白含量也高于NW。OW的CAT和SOD浓度高于TW。在TW和OW中，APX的活性均高于GPX。除机械应力外，其他气候因素对活性氧积累也有影响。
{"title":"Study of antioxidant enzymes’ activity in reaction wood of poplar tree (Populus alba L.)","authors":"Abasali Masoumi, K. Pourtahmasi, Reza Maali Amiri","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10136","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Studying biochemical variation in reaction wood is needed to understand the nature of reaction wood formation and the physiology of trees. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX)) was studied in normal wood (NW) and reaction wood (RW) (opposite wood (OW) and tension wood (TW)) in the bole of poplar trees (Populus alba L.). Four-year-old trees were induced to produce reaction wood by forced bending. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was studied with repeated sampling during a growing season. The results showed that total protein content and antioxidant enzymes are sensitive to mechanically induced stress. TW and OW showed higher activity of enzymes than NW as well as higher amounts of total protein. OW showed a higher concentration of CAT and SOD than TW. APX was more active than GPX in both TW and OW. In addition to mechanical stress, the effect of other climate factors was observed in the reactive oxygen species accumulation.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47231464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-15DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10134
Kate M. Johnson, Sophie R. Everbach, N. Holbrook, M. Olson
“Carlquist’s Law” is a striking pattern of association between anatomical features in the wood of vessel-bearing plants. It derives from Sherwin Carlquist’s observation that xylem vessels tend to be solitary when embedded in a matrix of imperforate tracheary elements that appear to be conductive, whereas xylem vessels tend to be grouped when surrounded by seemingly non-conductive cells. Vessel-vessel contacts (vessel grouping) allow water to travel between conduits, but also provide pathways for air to propagate from embolized (air-filled) vessels into functional vessels. If the background matrix is conductive, it is conceivable that water could bypass embolized vessels, providing an alternative transport route in species with conductive backgrounds and solitary vessels. Much remains to be tested in this hypothesis, including the topology of the vessel networks in species with solitary versus grouped vessels and how conductive the different imperforate tracheary element types are. Exploring Carlquist’s Law promises to provide key insight into the causes of embolism in plant conduits, the modes of embolism passage between conduits, and how vessels and the cells in which they are imbedded may interact to govern the pathways of water flow through plants.
{"title":"Evaluating Carlquist’s Law from a physiological perspective","authors":"Kate M. Johnson, Sophie R. Everbach, N. Holbrook, M. Olson","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10134","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000“Carlquist’s Law” is a striking pattern of association between anatomical features in the wood of vessel-bearing plants. It derives from Sherwin Carlquist’s observation that xylem vessels tend to be solitary when embedded in a matrix of imperforate tracheary elements that appear to be conductive, whereas xylem vessels tend to be grouped when surrounded by seemingly non-conductive cells. Vessel-vessel contacts (vessel grouping) allow water to travel between conduits, but also provide pathways for air to propagate from embolized (air-filled) vessels into functional vessels. If the background matrix is conductive, it is conceivable that water could bypass embolized vessels, providing an alternative transport route in species with conductive backgrounds and solitary vessels. Much remains to be tested in this hypothesis, including the topology of the vessel networks in species with solitary versus grouped vessels and how conductive the different imperforate tracheary element types are. Exploring Carlquist’s Law promises to provide key insight into the causes of embolism in plant conduits, the modes of embolism passage between conduits, and how vessels and the cells in which they are imbedded may interact to govern the pathways of water flow through plants.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45267880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-28DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10132
Ernesto C. Rodríguez-Ramírez, Doris B. Crispin‐DelaCruz, M. Morales, G. Ticse-Otarola, F. N. Ames-Martínez, Anthony Guerra, Cassiana Alves-Ferreira, Edilson J. Requena-Rojas
Andean Walnut (Juglans neotropica Diels-Juglandaceae) is a long-lived, deciduous broadleaf Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (TMCF) tree species native to the Andes Cordillera; nevertheless, it has received limited attention for dendro-quantitative wood anatomical studies. Based on 70 increment cores from 50 Andean Walnut trees at two Peruvian TMCFs, two chronologies (from 1969 to 2020 and from 1964 to 2020) were developed. The xylem vessel parameters assessment allowed us to detect South American Monsoon System (SAMS) precipitation signals in the Andean Walnuts’ wood. Dendro-wood anatomical features can be assessed within an annual growth ring, which allows for assessing intra-annual past and present wood anatomy-function relationships and its climate vulnerability.
{"title":"Exploring monsoon precipitation signal in the Peruvian tropical montane cloud forest: Andean Walnut wood anatomy plasticity","authors":"Ernesto C. Rodríguez-Ramírez, Doris B. Crispin‐DelaCruz, M. Morales, G. Ticse-Otarola, F. N. Ames-Martínez, Anthony Guerra, Cassiana Alves-Ferreira, Edilson J. Requena-Rojas","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10132","url":null,"abstract":"Andean Walnut (Juglans neotropica Diels-Juglandaceae) is a long-lived, deciduous broadleaf Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (TMCF) tree species native to the Andes Cordillera; nevertheless, it has received limited attention for dendro-quantitative wood anatomical studies. Based on 70 increment cores from 50 Andean Walnut trees at two Peruvian TMCFs, two chronologies (from 1969 to 2020 and from 1964 to 2020) were developed. The xylem vessel parameters assessment allowed us to detect South American Monsoon System (SAMS) precipitation signals in the Andean Walnuts’ wood. Dendro-wood anatomical features can be assessed within an annual growth ring, which allows for assessing intra-annual past and present wood anatomy-function relationships and its climate vulnerability.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45453712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-11DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10131
N. Damiano, G. Battipaglia, P. Cherubini, C. Amitrano, S. Altieri, L. Schneider, A. Balzano, C. Cirillo, Veronica De Micco
In the Mediterranean region, prolonged droughts affect the growth and reproductive cycles of grapevine. Changes in the physiological processes of grapevine, consequent to variations in environmental factors or cultivation management, are recorded in wood anatomical and isotopic traits in grapevine stems. In this study, we measured the anatomical traits and stable carbon isotope content in the annual rings of Vitis vinifera L. subsp. vinifera ‘Falanghina’ in four vineyards located in southern Italy, characterised by different water availability. The aim was to investigate how wood anatomical traits respond to interannual climatic variations according to local conditions. Wood cores were taken from the stem of the grapevines and subjected to both microscopy and carbon stable isotope analyses to quantify functional wood anatomical traits, such as vessel size and frequency, and the intrinsic water-use efficiency of the grapevine. Wood traits were correlated with data on precipitation and temperature. The results showed that the plants at the four vineyards were characterised by differences in wood structure influencing the grapevine’s physiology under different conditions of water availability. Overall, the analyses showed that the grapevines at the wetter sites developed wood traits, e.g., wide vessels, which favour the efficiency of water flow, while at the drier sites, they developed plant traits, e.g., small vessels, which favour safety against embolism. However, the robustness of such main trends is trait-specific and is influenced by interannual climatic variability.
{"title":"Anatomical and isotopic traits in grapevine wood rings record environmental variability","authors":"N. Damiano, G. Battipaglia, P. Cherubini, C. Amitrano, S. Altieri, L. Schneider, A. Balzano, C. Cirillo, Veronica De Micco","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10131","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In the Mediterranean region, prolonged droughts affect the growth and reproductive cycles of grapevine. Changes in the physiological processes of grapevine, consequent to variations in environmental factors or cultivation management, are recorded in wood anatomical and isotopic traits in grapevine stems. In this study, we measured the anatomical traits and stable carbon isotope content in the annual rings of Vitis vinifera L. subsp. vinifera ‘Falanghina’ in four vineyards located in southern Italy, characterised by different water availability. The aim was to investigate how wood anatomical traits respond to interannual climatic variations according to local conditions. Wood cores were taken from the stem of the grapevines and subjected to both microscopy and carbon stable isotope analyses to quantify functional wood anatomical traits, such as vessel size and frequency, and the intrinsic water-use efficiency of the grapevine. Wood traits were correlated with data on precipitation and temperature. The results showed that the plants at the four vineyards were characterised by differences in wood structure influencing the grapevine’s physiology under different conditions of water availability. Overall, the analyses showed that the grapevines at the wetter sites developed wood traits, e.g., wide vessels, which favour the efficiency of water flow, while at the drier sites, they developed plant traits, e.g., small vessels, which favour safety against embolism. However, the robustness of such main trends is trait-specific and is influenced by interannual climatic variability.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44599929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10130
Riya Tudu Solanki
Wood identification for commercial applications is important and has a significant demand worldwide. Microscopic wood identification involves many processes such as softening, sectioning, and data analysis. Softening of wood is a crucial method for obtaining good sections for microscopic analysis but softening high-density wood is difficult. An alternate method of softening high-density wood for wood identification is presented. Different concentrations of alkali, NaOH, were tried, and optimized for different treatment times to obtain adequate softening of high-density wood. 20% NaOH treatment for 5 days at 30°C was used to soften high-density wood of variable density between 1 and 1.118 g/cm3. The species studied were Calophyllum spp., Shorea robusta, and Handroanthus spp., in which softening was satisfactory.
{"title":"A technique for high-density wood softening in the micro-sectioning process for wood anatomy studies","authors":"Riya Tudu Solanki","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10130","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Wood identification for commercial applications is important and has a significant demand worldwide. Microscopic wood identification involves many processes such as softening, sectioning, and data analysis. Softening of wood is a crucial method for obtaining good sections for microscopic analysis but softening high-density wood is difficult. An alternate method of softening high-density wood for wood identification is presented. Different concentrations of alkali, NaOH, were tried, and optimized for different treatment times to obtain adequate softening of high-density wood. 20% NaOH treatment for 5 days at 30°C was used to soften high-density wood of variable density between 1 and 1.118 g/cm3. The species studied were Calophyllum spp., Shorea robusta, and Handroanthus spp., in which softening was satisfactory.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47231280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10129
Daniela P. Ruiz, Roberto R. Pujana, M. Brea
The storied structure in wood anatomy is considered derived and highly specialized, and is present in some related families. The first records of this character are from the Cretaceous, but it is scarce in the Cretaceous and Paleocene, and apparently absent until the Eocene in the temperate Southern Hemisphere. Using standard methodology, we describe the anatomy of a fossil wood from the early Paleocene of Patagonia (Salamanca Formation). The fossil wood, assigned to a new genus and species Elizabethiaxylon patagonicum related to the Malvaceae, is characterized by its diffuse-porous wood, solitary vessels, simple perforation plates, apotracheal banded axial parenchyma, and mostly biseriate storied rays. The storied structure in this wood is one of the oldest records from Gondwana.
{"title":"Paleocene fossil wood from Patagonia with storied rays and comments on the fossil record of this character","authors":"Daniela P. Ruiz, Roberto R. Pujana, M. Brea","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10129","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The storied structure in wood anatomy is considered derived and highly specialized, and is present in some related families. The first records of this character are from the Cretaceous, but it is scarce in the Cretaceous and Paleocene, and apparently absent until the Eocene in the temperate Southern Hemisphere. Using standard methodology, we describe the anatomy of a fossil wood from the early Paleocene of Patagonia (Salamanca Formation). The fossil wood, assigned to a new genus and species Elizabethiaxylon patagonicum related to the Malvaceae, is characterized by its diffuse-porous wood, solitary vessels, simple perforation plates, apotracheal banded axial parenchyma, and mostly biseriate storied rays. The storied structure in this wood is one of the oldest records from Gondwana.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45105644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：