Pub Date : 2022-09-15DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10101
H. Pearson, L. Donaldson, M. Kimberley
Removal of lumen water by dewatering using supercritical CO2 offers an alternative method to mitigate cellular collapse in susceptible hardwoods compared to conventional timber drying methods. The anatomy of Eucalyptus nitens was quantitatively measured by light microscopy, SEM and micro-CT to provide an understanding of the mechanism of collapse during drying. These measurements were then used to recalibrate a previously developed fluid-dynamics model to predict E. nitens vessel dewatering and develop a dewatering treatment strategy for collapse mitigation. The lumens of E. nitens were from fibres (58.5% cross-section) and vessels (10.0% cross-section) with mean diameters of 8 and 142 μm, respectively. Micro-CT measurements revealed that the vessels were empty after treatment with a supercritical CO2 dewatering schedule optimised for softwood. However, the fibres remained full and this led to significant collapse during subsequent oven drying. Based on this information, a two-phase dewatering schedule was developed to include removal of fibre lumen water. Results showed that 90% of collapse could be mitigated to a change in external volume of only 3.9% provided the green moisture content was lowered to 70% before oven drying. The predicted effective diffusion coefficient of CO2 in E. nitens was comparable to Pinus radiata and they showed similar anatomical tortuosity and porosity resistance in their hydrofluidic networks. Collapse mitigation using supercritical CO2 could be combined with extraction of desirable sap components, post-dewatering drying, preservative treatment, and mechanical forming. These processes may be achieved in a single supercritical plant and apply to most anatomically similar hardwoods.
{"title":"Mitigation of cellular collapse during drying of Eucalyptus nitens wood using supercritical CO2 dewatering","authors":"H. Pearson, L. Donaldson, M. Kimberley","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10101","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Removal of lumen water by dewatering using supercritical CO2 offers an alternative method to mitigate cellular collapse in susceptible hardwoods compared to conventional timber drying methods. The anatomy of Eucalyptus nitens was quantitatively measured by light microscopy, SEM and micro-CT to provide an understanding of the mechanism of collapse during drying. These measurements were then used to recalibrate a previously developed fluid-dynamics model to predict E. nitens vessel dewatering and develop a dewatering treatment strategy for collapse mitigation. The lumens of E. nitens were from fibres (58.5% cross-section) and vessels (10.0% cross-section) with mean diameters of 8 and 142 μm, respectively. Micro-CT measurements revealed that the vessels were empty after treatment with a supercritical CO2 dewatering schedule optimised for softwood. However, the fibres remained full and this led to significant collapse during subsequent oven drying. Based on this information, a two-phase dewatering schedule was developed to include removal of fibre lumen water. Results showed that 90% of collapse could be mitigated to a change in external volume of only 3.9% provided the green moisture content was lowered to 70% before oven drying. The predicted effective diffusion coefficient of CO2 in E. nitens was comparable to Pinus radiata and they showed similar anatomical tortuosity and porosity resistance in their hydrofluidic networks. Collapse mitigation using supercritical CO2 could be combined with extraction of desirable sap components, post-dewatering drying, preservative treatment, and mechanical forming. These processes may be achieved in a single supercritical plant and apply to most anatomically similar hardwoods.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43204435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10099
F. Thevenard, Oleksandra Chernomorets, Jean‐David Moreau, D. Néraudeau, M. Philippe
The Hirmeriellaceae are an extinct family of Mesozoic conifers. Their foliage has been described in the genera Brachyphyllum, Frenelopsis, Pseudofrenelopsis, etc., while their pollen corresponds to the genus Classopollis, the male cones to e.g. Classostrobus or Tomaxellia and the female scales were named Hirmeriella and Paraucaria, for example. Reproductive structures are necessary for a definite identification of the family. Such fossils are rarely found in connection with mature secondary xylem. As a result, very little is known about the wood anatomy of the Hirmeriellaceae. This work reviews available evidences, either from connections between wood and reproductive structures typical for the Hirmeriellaceae or from associations of such fossils within Mesozoic rocks. Connection cases are rare and are reported only for the Cretaceous and for genera Frenelopsis and Pseudofrenelopsis. Association cases are more numerous; however, they are also poorly distributed in time, being reported mostly from two intervals only, the latest Triassic–earliest Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous. Wood data are also poorly distributed taxonomically with most of them being from the frenelopsids. The fossil genera Agathoxylon, Brachyoxylon, Protocupressinoxylon and Protopodocarpoxylon were used for wood fossils which are more or less safely related to the Hirmeriellaceae. However, only the first two seem to have been rightly used, the first usually for juvenile or small diameter wood, the second for more mature wood. Even if there seems to be a privileged link between Brachyoxylon and the Hirmeriellaceae, it cannot be said to be exclusive.
{"title":"A review of the Hirmeriellaceae (Cheirolepidiaceae) wood","authors":"F. Thevenard, Oleksandra Chernomorets, Jean‐David Moreau, D. Néraudeau, M. Philippe","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10099","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Hirmeriellaceae are an extinct family of Mesozoic conifers. Their foliage has been described in the genera Brachyphyllum, Frenelopsis, Pseudofrenelopsis, etc., while their pollen corresponds to the genus Classopollis, the male cones to e.g. Classostrobus or Tomaxellia and the female scales were named Hirmeriella and Paraucaria, for example. Reproductive structures are necessary for a definite identification of the family. Such fossils are rarely found in connection with mature secondary xylem. As a result, very little is known about the wood anatomy of the Hirmeriellaceae. This work reviews available evidences, either from connections between wood and reproductive structures typical for the Hirmeriellaceae or from associations of such fossils within Mesozoic rocks. Connection cases are rare and are reported only for the Cretaceous and for genera Frenelopsis and Pseudofrenelopsis. Association cases are more numerous; however, they are also poorly distributed in time, being reported mostly from two intervals only, the latest Triassic–earliest Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous. Wood data are also poorly distributed taxonomically with most of them being from the frenelopsids. The fossil genera Agathoxylon, Brachyoxylon, Protocupressinoxylon and Protopodocarpoxylon were used for wood fossils which are more or less safely related to the Hirmeriellaceae. However, only the first two seem to have been rightly used, the first usually for juvenile or small diameter wood, the second for more mature wood. Even if there seems to be a privileged link between Brachyoxylon and the Hirmeriellaceae, it cannot be said to be exclusive.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44212100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-29DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10097
Melita C. Low, N. Schmitz, L. Boeschoten, J. Cabezas, M. Cramm, Volker Haag, G. Koch, B. R. Meyer-Sand, K. Paredes-Villanueva, E. Price, A. Thornhill, Jo Van Brusselen, P. Zuidema, V. Deklerck, E. Dormontt, A. Shapcott, A. Lowe
Illegal logging and illegal timber trade is a global problem. Anatomical, genetic, and chemical techniques support illegal logging legislation by verifying the species and geographic origin of timber. In principle, these methods can be used to identify timber species and the origin of harvest, however, the availability of specific tests for important timber species is unclear. We review the status of these methods for the top 322 global priority timber taxa. Our results show that for species identification, reference data exist for 100% of taxa using wood anatomy, 86% using genetics, 41% for using DART TOFMS, and 6% using NIRS. For origin identification, data exist for 24% of taxa, with most studies applying genetic approaches (23%). No studies have developed forensic-ready tests for the global priority timber taxa. The review highlights that the current potential for identifying species is greater than for geographic origin and more research focused on determining the geographical origin of timber is required. Based on the current rate, it will take approx. 27 years to generate geographic data for all 322 priority taxa. Finally, we identify research opportunities to improve global timber tracing efforts. Our findings indicate more research is needed, and quickly so that scientific verification can support regulators to combat illegal logging.
{"title":"Tracing the world’s timber: the status of scientific verification technologies for species and origin identification","authors":"Melita C. Low, N. Schmitz, L. Boeschoten, J. Cabezas, M. Cramm, Volker Haag, G. Koch, B. R. Meyer-Sand, K. Paredes-Villanueva, E. Price, A. Thornhill, Jo Van Brusselen, P. Zuidema, V. Deklerck, E. Dormontt, A. Shapcott, A. Lowe","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10097","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Illegal logging and illegal timber trade is a global problem. Anatomical, genetic, and chemical techniques support illegal logging legislation by verifying the species and geographic origin of timber. In principle, these methods can be used to identify timber species and the origin of harvest, however, the availability of specific tests for important timber species is unclear. We review the status of these methods for the top 322 global priority timber taxa. Our results show that for species identification, reference data exist for 100% of taxa using wood anatomy, 86% using genetics, 41% for using DART TOFMS, and 6% using NIRS. For origin identification, data exist for 24% of taxa, with most studies applying genetic approaches (23%). No studies have developed forensic-ready tests for the global priority timber taxa. The review highlights that the current potential for identifying species is greater than for geographic origin and more research focused on determining the geographical origin of timber is required. Based on the current rate, it will take approx. 27 years to generate geographic data for all 322 priority taxa. Finally, we identify research opportunities to improve global timber tracing efforts. Our findings indicate more research is needed, and quickly so that scientific verification can support regulators to combat illegal logging.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45584970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-29DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10098
K. Wiśniewská, K. Šilhán
The quantification of the intensities of tree growth responses to the impact of geomorphic processes is a modern research trend in dendrogeomorphology. It enables a more sensitive assessment of the activity of the studied geomorphic process compared to the traditional use of growth disturbances. The advanced definitions of individual intensity classes of growth disturbances are based exclusively on macroscopic observations. This study evaluates the possibility of anatomical quantification of compression wood (CW) intensity in the case of common spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and compares it with subjective macroscopic evidence of CW with respect to stem tilting intensity. In total, 25 disturbed (tilted) individuals of P. abies occupying a landslide active during July 1997 were sampled, and 21 of them were analysed. The intensity of external disturbance (stem tilting) was compared against the macroscopic (intensity and duration) and microscopic (quantitative change of the tracheid lumen area and the cell wall proportion) parameters of compression wood suitable for practical application in common dendrogeomorphic analysis. Generally, the macroscopic indices of CW were strongly correlated with stem tilting. The intensity of the anatomical growth response was stronger in the earlywood zone than in the latewood zone. Nevertheless, their dependence on stem tilting was not detected. Results suggest that CW classification based on the quantification of anatomical changes is not possible for dendrogeomorphic purposes. Nevertheless, based on the obtained results, the present study suggests preferring the most intensively tilted trees during future dendrogeomorphic research to obtain the most intensive macroscopic and subjective observable anatomical evidence for studying compression wood.
{"title":"Quantitative anatomy or macroscopic parameters of compression wood of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.? Defining the optimal parameters for dendrogeomorphic purposes","authors":"K. Wiśniewská, K. Šilhán","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10098","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The quantification of the intensities of tree growth responses to the impact of geomorphic processes is a modern research trend in dendrogeomorphology. It enables a more sensitive assessment of the activity of the studied geomorphic process compared to the traditional use of growth disturbances. The advanced definitions of individual intensity classes of growth disturbances are based exclusively on macroscopic observations. This study evaluates the possibility of anatomical quantification of compression wood (CW) intensity in the case of common spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and compares it with subjective macroscopic evidence of CW with respect to stem tilting intensity. In total, 25 disturbed (tilted) individuals of P. abies occupying a landslide active during July 1997 were sampled, and 21 of them were analysed. The intensity of external disturbance (stem tilting) was compared against the macroscopic (intensity and duration) and microscopic (quantitative change of the tracheid lumen area and the cell wall proportion) parameters of compression wood suitable for practical application in common dendrogeomorphic analysis. Generally, the macroscopic indices of CW were strongly correlated with stem tilting. The intensity of the anatomical growth response was stronger in the earlywood zone than in the latewood zone. Nevertheless, their dependence on stem tilting was not detected. Results suggest that CW classification based on the quantification of anatomical changes is not possible for dendrogeomorphic purposes. Nevertheless, based on the obtained results, the present study suggests preferring the most intensively tilted trees during future dendrogeomorphic research to obtain the most intensive macroscopic and subjective observable anatomical evidence for studying compression wood.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41658749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10096
Alma Rosa Vasquez-Loranca, S. Cevallos-Ferriz
The paleofloras of Central America are little known, and on this occasion, woods from the Miocene of Chalatenango, El Salvador, are reported. The identification was carried out from the elaboration of thin sections that allowed observation of anatomical patterns. Later, they were compared with woods of current and fossil taxa already described in the literature. The fossil specimens presented characteristics shared by several current genera of Lauraceae, so they were assigned to this family. However, since the variability of the woods between the genera of Lauraceae is low, it was uncertain to assign them to the current genera without having other plant organs. We recognize five new species in three fossil genera: Argapaloxylon salvadorensis, Laurinoxylon scalariforme, Mezilaurinoxylon miocenica, M. americana, and M. oleiferum. In addition, we assign a wood to an already described species, L. chalatenangensis. In Central America and southern Mexico, there is a great diversity and dominance of lauraceous plants in forests and jungles. The specimens described here represent new evidence suggesting that this vegetation type may have existed for approximately 15 million years. However, that current genera cannot be recognized even at this time is striking. A more detailed history of the lineages involved requires a closer comparison of existing plants with extinct ones.
{"title":"A diverse assemblage of Miocene Lauraceae in Chalatenango, El Salvador","authors":"Alma Rosa Vasquez-Loranca, S. Cevallos-Ferriz","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10096","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The paleofloras of Central America are little known, and on this occasion, woods from the Miocene of Chalatenango, El Salvador, are reported. The identification was carried out from the elaboration of thin sections that allowed observation of anatomical patterns. Later, they were compared with woods of current and fossil taxa already described in the literature. The fossil specimens presented characteristics shared by several current genera of Lauraceae, so they were assigned to this family. However, since the variability of the woods between the genera of Lauraceae is low, it was uncertain to assign them to the current genera without having other plant organs. We recognize five new species in three fossil genera: Argapaloxylon salvadorensis, Laurinoxylon scalariforme, Mezilaurinoxylon miocenica, M. americana, and M. oleiferum. In addition, we assign a wood to an already described species, L. chalatenangensis. In Central America and southern Mexico, there is a great diversity and dominance of lauraceous plants in forests and jungles. The specimens described here represent new evidence suggesting that this vegetation type may have existed for approximately 15 million years. However, that current genera cannot be recognized even at this time is striking. A more detailed history of the lineages involved requires a closer comparison of existing plants with extinct ones.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43061536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10094
João Carlos Ferreira de Melo Júnior
Wood has been historically used to build traditional boats in Brazil. The present study examined different types of wood used in the boat collection of the Museu Nacional do Mar (Portuguese for National Museum of the Sea). Samples were collected with a Pressler borer and incorporated into the JOIw xylarium. Histological and anatomical descriptions followed usual wood anatomy protocols. Wood of 15 species of low, medium, and high density was microscopically identified. Most of the species are native to forests that surround the waterways where the boats were built, although some were imported from more distant forests. We believe the wood anatomy shows the relationship between human societies and forest resources used in navel carpentry. Additionally, wood surveys like this broaden our knowledge on the cultural heritage, ethnobotanic, and technological properties knowledge, which ultimately contribute to biodiversity conservation.
在巴西，木材历来被用来建造传统的船只。本研究检查了Museu Nacional do Mar(葡萄牙语为国家海洋博物馆)船只收藏中使用的不同类型的木材。用钻孔机采集样品，并将样品放入JOIw木质部。组织学和解剖学描述遵循通常的木材解剖协议。对低、中、高密度15种木材进行了显微鉴定。大多数物种都是在建造船只的水道周围的森林中生长的，尽管有些是从更远的森林中进口的。我们认为，木材解剖显示了人类社会与肚脐木工中使用的森林资源之间的关系。此外，像这样的木材调查拓宽了我们对文化遗产、民族植物学和技术特性知识的认识，最终有助于生物多样性保护。
{"title":"Historical woods of traditional Brazilian boats","authors":"João Carlos Ferreira de Melo Júnior","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10094","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Wood has been historically used to build traditional boats in Brazil. The present study examined different types of wood used in the boat collection of the Museu Nacional do Mar (Portuguese for National Museum of the Sea). Samples were collected with a Pressler borer and incorporated into the JOIw xylarium. Histological and anatomical descriptions followed usual wood anatomy protocols. Wood of 15 species of low, medium, and high density was microscopically identified. Most of the species are native to forests that surround the waterways where the boats were built, although some were imported from more distant forests. We believe the wood anatomy shows the relationship between human societies and forest resources used in navel carpentry. Additionally, wood surveys like this broaden our knowledge on the cultural heritage, ethnobotanic, and technological properties knowledge, which ultimately contribute to biodiversity conservation.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42501601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-21DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10091
Laise de Jesus dos Santos, Lohana Vieira Souza, Gabriele Melo de Andrade, Thayrine Silva Matos, Marcelo Mendes Braga Júnior, Mirtes Emilia Almeida Manaças, A. Gontijo, João Carlos Ferreira de Melo Júnior, Javan Pareira Motta, Luiz Eduardo de Lima Melo
The Brazilian Amazon has the world’s largest concentration of indigenous American peoples, but many environmental threats have affected the preservation of this enormous human ethnocultural heritage. This study identified the species and studied the different uses of wood by two indigenous ethnic groups in Southeastern Pará, Brazil, namely the “Gavião” and “Suruí”. Ten taxa were identified, distributed in eight botanical families, with five being identified to genus and five to species levels. The wood of Bertholletia excelsa, an endangered forest species in Brazil, is important in the material culture of the Suruí indigenous people. The indigenous ethnic groups studied preferentially use medium density wood for building and high-density wood for hunting and warfare artefacts. The technological properties of wood justify its use by the indigenous peoples studied. We caution that the increasing environmental threats in Indigenous Lands within the Brazilian Amazon harm the preservation of the ethnocultural heritage of indigenous peoples.
{"title":"Use of wood by indigenous peoples of the Eastern Amazon, Brazil","authors":"Laise de Jesus dos Santos, Lohana Vieira Souza, Gabriele Melo de Andrade, Thayrine Silva Matos, Marcelo Mendes Braga Júnior, Mirtes Emilia Almeida Manaças, A. Gontijo, João Carlos Ferreira de Melo Júnior, Javan Pareira Motta, Luiz Eduardo de Lima Melo","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10091","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Brazilian Amazon has the world’s largest concentration of indigenous American peoples, but many environmental threats have affected the preservation of this enormous human ethnocultural heritage. This study identified the species and studied the different uses of wood by two indigenous ethnic groups in Southeastern Pará, Brazil, namely the “Gavião” and “Suruí”. Ten taxa were identified, distributed in eight botanical families, with five being identified to genus and five to species levels. The wood of Bertholletia excelsa, an endangered forest species in Brazil, is important in the material culture of the Suruí indigenous people. The indigenous ethnic groups studied preferentially use medium density wood for building and high-density wood for hunting and warfare artefacts. The technological properties of wood justify its use by the indigenous peoples studied. We caution that the increasing environmental threats in Indigenous Lands within the Brazilian Amazon harm the preservation of the ethnocultural heritage of indigenous peoples.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49611591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10092
J. C. Moulin, Daniel de Souza Ribeiro, G. B. Vidaurre, Lucas Braga Mulin, S. Moreira
Environmental adaptation and cell differentiation processes are factors that influence the anatomical elements of wood. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of water deficit on lignin composition in anatomical elements and on the characteristics of vessel-neighboring cells. Six-year-old clones of Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis from wet and dry regions were used. All regions received a rainfall exclusion treatment. Cell wall width, cell wall thickness, and form factor of fibers close to and far from vessels were measured. In the same cells, lignin was measured in the middle lamella and vessels by a fluorescence technique. The vessel differentiation process affected cell wall thickness and lignin composition in neighboring cells. Lignin composition was increased in vessels compared to fibers or vasicentric tracheids. Middle lamella lignin was not affected by vessel differentiation or water deficit in either eucalyptus clone. E. grandis × E. camaldulensis is originally from a dry climate region and, therefore, did not suffer alterations in lignin when subjected to water stress conditions; however, this clone exhibited a higher number of vasicentric tracheids. E. urophylla is originally from a humid climate region and, when subjected to water deficit, showed increased wood lignin composition, which seems to be a strategy for better use of water resources. Alterations in lignin composition of vessel, vasicentric tracheid, and fiber cell walls resulting from exposure to water deficit conditions vary according to eucalyptus species.
环境适应和细胞分化过程是影响木材解剖成分的因素。本研究的目的是探讨缺水对木质素组成的解剖元件和血管邻近细胞的特性的影响。选用干湿地区6年无性系尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)和大桉×茶树桉(Eucalyptus grandis × camaldulensis)。所有地区都接受了降雨排除处理。测量血管附近和远处纤维的细胞壁宽度、细胞壁厚度和形状因子。在相同的细胞中，用荧光技术测量了中间薄片和血管中的木质素。血管分化过程影响了邻近细胞的细胞壁厚度和木质素组成。与纤维或血管中心管胞相比，木质素成分在血管中增加。在桉树无性系中，中层木质素不受导管分化和水分亏缺的影响。大叶豆(E. grandis × E. camaldulensis)原产于干燥气候地区，因此在水分胁迫条件下木质素不会发生变化;然而，这个克隆显示出更多的输精管胞。尾叶草原产于湿润气候地区，当缺水时，木质素成分增加，这似乎是更好地利用水资源的策略。不同桉树品种暴露在缺水条件下，其血管、血管心管胞和纤维细胞壁的木质素组成发生变化。
{"title":"Effect of drought stress on the formation and lignification of eucalyptus wood cells","authors":"J. C. Moulin, Daniel de Souza Ribeiro, G. B. Vidaurre, Lucas Braga Mulin, S. Moreira","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10092","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Environmental adaptation and cell differentiation processes are factors that influence the anatomical elements of wood. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of water deficit on lignin composition in anatomical elements and on the characteristics of vessel-neighboring cells. Six-year-old clones of Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis from wet and dry regions were used. All regions received a rainfall exclusion treatment. Cell wall width, cell wall thickness, and form factor of fibers close to and far from vessels were measured. In the same cells, lignin was measured in the middle lamella and vessels by a fluorescence technique. The vessel differentiation process affected cell wall thickness and lignin composition in neighboring cells. Lignin composition was increased in vessels compared to fibers or vasicentric tracheids. Middle lamella lignin was not affected by vessel differentiation or water deficit in either eucalyptus clone. E. grandis × E. camaldulensis is originally from a dry climate region and, therefore, did not suffer alterations in lignin when subjected to water stress conditions; however, this clone exhibited a higher number of vasicentric tracheids. E. urophylla is originally from a humid climate region and, when subjected to water deficit, showed increased wood lignin composition, which seems to be a strategy for better use of water resources. Alterations in lignin composition of vessel, vasicentric tracheid, and fiber cell walls resulting from exposure to water deficit conditions vary according to eucalyptus species.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48514812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10095
Tongwen Liu, Chengjun Ji, Zhiyao Tang
Identification of wood formation, cell wall deposition, lignification, and the maturation process contribute to a better understanding of biomass accumulation processes. Traditional methods for studying xylem development are limited by dyeing effects and discrimination experience, are non-quantitative for the degree of cell wall deposition and lignification, or are unsuitable for broad-leaved trees. In this study, we integrated several already existing methods to improve the discriminative accuracy of the cell development stage and to quantitatively describe the cell wall deposition and lignification degree for both softwood and hardwood tree species. To do this, we collected tree microcores every 7–14 days during a growing season for two species, one conifer (Platycladus orientalis) and one broad-leaved tree (Acer truncatum), in the mountainous areas in Beijing, China. We tracked the xylem development using semi-thin section technology combined with polarization microscopy. This integrated approach allows a quantitative description of the xylem cell wall deposition and lignification process of both hardwood and softwood tree species. This approach can be applied to demonstrate the dynamic process between the cambium layer and the production of wood cells and to describe the cell wall deposition and lignification process of wood cells from generation to maturation. This approach has certain application prospects for exploring scientific issues related to wood formation and accumulation processes in forestry and ecological studies.
{"title":"A semi-thin section technique-based approach to quantify the xylem secondary cell wall deposition process","authors":"Tongwen Liu, Chengjun Ji, Zhiyao Tang","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10095","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Identification of wood formation, cell wall deposition, lignification, and the maturation process contribute to a better understanding of biomass accumulation processes. Traditional methods for studying xylem development are limited by dyeing effects and discrimination experience, are non-quantitative for the degree of cell wall deposition and lignification, or are unsuitable for broad-leaved trees. In this study, we integrated several already existing methods to improve the discriminative accuracy of the cell development stage and to quantitatively describe the cell wall deposition and lignification degree for both softwood and hardwood tree species. To do this, we collected tree microcores every 7–14 days during a growing season for two species, one conifer (Platycladus orientalis) and one broad-leaved tree (Acer truncatum), in the mountainous areas in Beijing, China. We tracked the xylem development using semi-thin section technology combined with polarization microscopy. This integrated approach allows a quantitative description of the xylem cell wall deposition and lignification process of both hardwood and softwood tree species. This approach can be applied to demonstrate the dynamic process between the cambium layer and the production of wood cells and to describe the cell wall deposition and lignification process of wood cells from generation to maturation. This approach has certain application prospects for exploring scientific issues related to wood formation and accumulation processes in forestry and ecological studies.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43142123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10093
Tim Lewandrowski, G. Koch, Volker Haag
Molecular research has shown that the genus Acacia is in fact polyphyletic. The discussion about grouping the species of Acacia s.l. into monophyletic genera kept two International Botanical Congresses (Congresses 17 and 18) occupied and resulted in the general acceptance of the genera Acacia, Acaciella, Mariosousa, Senegalia and Vachellia. This raises questions about whether the wood of these new genera can be distinguished using established wood identification methods. Anatomical features of members from Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia were examined and compared using transmission light microscopy. Topochemical characteristics were investigated using UV microspectrophotometry (UMSP) to identify differences in the distribution of phenolic compounds and cell wall lignification. The current study shows that the presence as well as the arrangement and dimensions of the axial parenchyma, as well as the height and width of the wood rays and fibre dimensions allow anatomical differentiation of the species studied. UMSP revealed the presence and distribution of phenolic compounds and differences in the degree of lignification between the genera. The aim of this paper is to highlight the potential of the applied methods to differentiate between the genera.
{"title":"Anatomical and topochemical features of the genera Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia","authors":"Tim Lewandrowski, G. Koch, Volker Haag","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10093","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Molecular research has shown that the genus Acacia is in fact polyphyletic. The discussion about grouping the species of Acacia s.l. into monophyletic genera kept two International Botanical Congresses (Congresses 17 and 18) occupied and resulted in the general acceptance of the genera Acacia, Acaciella, Mariosousa, Senegalia and Vachellia. This raises questions about whether the wood of these new genera can be distinguished using established wood identification methods. Anatomical features of members from Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia were examined and compared using transmission light microscopy. Topochemical characteristics were investigated using UV microspectrophotometry (UMSP) to identify differences in the distribution of phenolic compounds and cell wall lignification. The current study shows that the presence as well as the arrangement and dimensions of the axial parenchyma, as well as the height and width of the wood rays and fibre dimensions allow anatomical differentiation of the species studied. UMSP revealed the presence and distribution of phenolic compounds and differences in the degree of lignification between the genera. The aim of this paper is to highlight the potential of the applied methods to differentiate between the genera.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41376849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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