Pub Date : 2022-05-19DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10090
S. Rosner, Hugh Morris
Lenticels can be defined as pores that are the entrance of a continuous aeration system from the atmosphere via the living bark to the secondary xylem in the otherwise protective layers of the periderm. Most work on lenticels has had an anatomical focus but the structure-function relationships of lenticels still remain poorly understood. Gas exchange has been considered the main function of lenticels, analogous to the stomata in leaves. In this perspective review, we introduce novel ideas pertaining to lenticel functions beyond gas exchange. We review studies on lenticel structure, as this knowledge can give information about structure-function relationships. The number of species investigated to-date is low and we provide suggestions for staining techniques for easy categorization of lenticel types. In the follow-up sections we review and bring together new hypotheses on lenticel functioning in the daily “normal operation range”, including regulative mechanisms for gas exchange and crack prevention, the “stress operation range” comprising flooding, drought and recovery from drought and the “emergency operation range”, which includes infestation by insects and pathogens, wounding and bending. We conclude that the significance of dermal tissues and particularly of lenticels for tree survival has so far been overlooked. This review aims to establish a new research discipline called “Phytodermatology”, which will help to fill knowledge gaps regarding tree survival by linking quantitative and qualitative lenticel anatomy to tree hydraulics and biomechanics. A first step into this direction will be to screen more species from a great diversity of biomes for their lenticel structure.
{"title":"Breathing life into trees: the physiological and biomechanical functions of lenticels","authors":"S. Rosner, Hugh Morris","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10090","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Lenticels can be defined as pores that are the entrance of a continuous aeration system from the atmosphere via the living bark to the secondary xylem in the otherwise protective layers of the periderm. Most work on lenticels has had an anatomical focus but the structure-function relationships of lenticels still remain poorly understood. Gas exchange has been considered the main function of lenticels, analogous to the stomata in leaves. In this perspective review, we introduce novel ideas pertaining to lenticel functions beyond gas exchange. We review studies on lenticel structure, as this knowledge can give information about structure-function relationships. The number of species investigated to-date is low and we provide suggestions for staining techniques for easy categorization of lenticel types. In the follow-up sections we review and bring together new hypotheses on lenticel functioning in the daily “normal operation range”, including regulative mechanisms for gas exchange and crack prevention, the “stress operation range” comprising flooding, drought and recovery from drought and the “emergency operation range”, which includes infestation by insects and pathogens, wounding and bending. We conclude that the significance of dermal tissues and particularly of lenticels for tree survival has so far been overlooked. This review aims to establish a new research discipline called “Phytodermatology”, which will help to fill knowledge gaps regarding tree survival by linking quantitative and qualitative lenticel anatomy to tree hydraulics and biomechanics. A first step into this direction will be to screen more species from a great diversity of biomes for their lenticel structure.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42332218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10089
R. Gorgij, K. Pourtahmasi, R. Maali Amiri, A. Abdolkhani, M. Porojan
Reaction wood formation (tension wood) in trees such as poplar is a response to stress and environmental factors. Tension wood is a rich source of cellulose that can be used for products including paper or biofuels and is thus a target product in forestry. This study aimed to evaluate the formation of tension wood in two-year-old saplings of Populus alba by using alternate bending, nitrogen fertilization, and gibberellin hormone. Saplings were bent alternately in one or another direction every month during the growing season, fertilized twice at the beginning and in the middle of the growing season, and treated with gibberellin early in the growing season. The physical and anatomical characteristics of the wood were studied after the end of the growing season. Evaluation of transverse sections of specimens stained with safranin/Astra-blue showed that, compared with straight saplings, alternate bending saplings had a wider tension wood area in the growth ring and clear formation of a gelatinous layer. The wood of alternate bending saplings with nitrogen fertilization and gibberellin hormone had a higher wood density, greater longitudinal shrinkage, and less radial and tangential shrinkage than saplings with other treatments. Moreover, the alternate bending saplings treated with nitrogen fertilization and gibberellin hormone had tension wood with the largest vessels, the lowest vessel density, and the smallest total vessel lumen area than saplings with other treatments. Wood fibers of treated saplings also had the thickest wall with the smallest fiber and lumen diameters. Overall, the bending treatment with the addition of nitrogen fertilization and gibberellin hormone was the most effective for the stimulation of tension wood formation in terms of volume and intensity.
{"title":"Variations in tension wood characteristics of Populus alba under alternate bending, nitrogen fertilization, and gibberellin treatments","authors":"R. Gorgij, K. Pourtahmasi, R. Maali Amiri, A. Abdolkhani, M. Porojan","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10089","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Reaction wood formation (tension wood) in trees such as poplar is a response to stress and environmental factors. Tension wood is a rich source of cellulose that can be used for products including paper or biofuels and is thus a target product in forestry. This study aimed to evaluate the formation of tension wood in two-year-old saplings of Populus alba by using alternate bending, nitrogen fertilization, and gibberellin hormone. Saplings were bent alternately in one or another direction every month during the growing season, fertilized twice at the beginning and in the middle of the growing season, and treated with gibberellin early in the growing season. The physical and anatomical characteristics of the wood were studied after the end of the growing season. Evaluation of transverse sections of specimens stained with safranin/Astra-blue showed that, compared with straight saplings, alternate bending saplings had a wider tension wood area in the growth ring and clear formation of a gelatinous layer. The wood of alternate bending saplings with nitrogen fertilization and gibberellin hormone had a higher wood density, greater longitudinal shrinkage, and less radial and tangential shrinkage than saplings with other treatments. Moreover, the alternate bending saplings treated with nitrogen fertilization and gibberellin hormone had tension wood with the largest vessels, the lowest vessel density, and the smallest total vessel lumen area than saplings with other treatments. Wood fibers of treated saplings also had the thickest wall with the smallest fiber and lumen diameters. Overall, the bending treatment with the addition of nitrogen fertilization and gibberellin hormone was the most effective for the stimulation of tension wood formation in terms of volume and intensity.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46491274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10087
F. M. Akinlabi, E. Kotina, A. Oskolski
The tribe Diosmeae (Rutaceae) encompasses circa 278 species classified in 11 genera: ten of them are shrubs endemic to the Cape Floristic Region (South Africa), while the only arborescent genus (two species) extends from South Africa to Tanzania. We examined the wood structure of 21 species representing nine genera of Diosmeae and analysed it with respect to their life form and climatic niches. Studied taxa share a suite of traits typical for the whole family: radial vessel multiples, simple perforation plates, minute alternate intervessel pits, distinctly bordered vessel-ray pits, non-septate libriform fibres, and — except for Empleurum — marginal axial parenchyma. However, unlike most Rutaceae, they also occasionally feature vessel-ray pits with reduced borders. Most of the studied species are very similar to each other in their wood structure and habit. The two exceptions are Calodendrum capense (the only canopy tree under study) and Empleurum unicapsulare (a large riparian shrub). The first differs from other species in having wider vessels, longer libriform fibres, prismatic crystals in ray cells and winged-aliform axial parenchyma (which may be plesiomorphic for the tribe); the latter is distinctive because it lacks growth rings and banded axial parenchyma. Analysing anatomy–climate relationship, we found that wood anatomy among shrubby Diosmeae relates to their size and environmental factors, rather than taxonomy. Particularly, the vessel grouping weakly increases with stricter water limitation along the gradient from a semi-arid winter-dry climate to a Mediterranean winter-wet climate.
{"title":"Wood anatomy of the tribe Diosmeae, a large Cape lineage of Rutaceae","authors":"F. M. Akinlabi, E. Kotina, A. Oskolski","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10087","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The tribe Diosmeae (Rutaceae) encompasses circa 278 species classified in 11 genera: ten of them are shrubs endemic to the Cape Floristic Region (South Africa), while the only arborescent genus (two species) extends from South Africa to Tanzania. We examined the wood structure of 21 species representing nine genera of Diosmeae and analysed it with respect to their life form and climatic niches. Studied taxa share a suite of traits typical for the whole family: radial vessel multiples, simple perforation plates, minute alternate intervessel pits, distinctly bordered vessel-ray pits, non-septate libriform fibres, and — except for Empleurum — marginal axial parenchyma. However, unlike most Rutaceae, they also occasionally feature vessel-ray pits with reduced borders. Most of the studied species are very similar to each other in their wood structure and habit. The two exceptions are Calodendrum capense (the only canopy tree under study) and Empleurum unicapsulare (a large riparian shrub). The first differs from other species in having wider vessels, longer libriform fibres, prismatic crystals in ray cells and winged-aliform axial parenchyma (which may be plesiomorphic for the tribe); the latter is distinctive because it lacks growth rings and banded axial parenchyma. Analysing anatomy–climate relationship, we found that wood anatomy among shrubby Diosmeae relates to their size and environmental factors, rather than taxonomy. Particularly, the vessel grouping weakly increases with stricter water limitation along the gradient from a semi-arid winter-dry climate to a Mediterranean winter-wet climate.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45048684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-14DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10088
Jimmy Thomas, Stephanie M. Dijkstra, J. Harrington, D. Collings
Spiral grain refers to the helical patterns formed by the wood grain in the trunks of many tree species. In most gymnosperms, grain near the pith is vertical but wood formed after several years of growth has a slight to pronounced left-handed twist. Grain changes presumably involve the slow rotation of cells within the vascular cambium, but the mechanisms that allow this reorientation to occur remain unclear. Understanding this process is, however, important as the presence of strong spiral grain within the corewood of gymnosperms is a major wood quality issue devaluing cut timber. In this study, we measured wood grain in stems of Pinus radiata (radiata pine) saplings through reconstructions of resin canals that follow the grain, visualised by serial sectioning and scanning with circularly polarised light, and through X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) and image analysis in ImageJ. Vertical trees retained a symmetrical grain pattern that was weakly right-handed near the pith, but which became progressively more left-handed during the first eight months of growth. In tilted trees, however, the development of left-handed grain was inhibited by the formation of compression wood on the lower side of the tree whereas the wood on the upper side of the tree developed increasingly more left-handed grain as in the vertical controls. These results demonstrate that a previously unidentified link exists between compression wood formation and the inhibition of grain development.
{"title":"Induction of compression wood inhibits development of spiral grain in radiata pine","authors":"Jimmy Thomas, Stephanie M. Dijkstra, J. Harrington, D. Collings","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10088","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Spiral grain refers to the helical patterns formed by the wood grain in the trunks of many tree species. In most gymnosperms, grain near the pith is vertical but wood formed after several years of growth has a slight to pronounced left-handed twist. Grain changes presumably involve the slow rotation of cells within the vascular cambium, but the mechanisms that allow this reorientation to occur remain unclear. Understanding this process is, however, important as the presence of strong spiral grain within the corewood of gymnosperms is a major wood quality issue devaluing cut timber. In this study, we measured wood grain in stems of Pinus radiata (radiata pine) saplings through reconstructions of resin canals that follow the grain, visualised by serial sectioning and scanning with circularly polarised light, and through X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) and image analysis in ImageJ. Vertical trees retained a symmetrical grain pattern that was weakly right-handed near the pith, but which became progressively more left-handed during the first eight months of growth. In tilted trees, however, the development of left-handed grain was inhibited by the formation of compression wood on the lower side of the tree whereas the wood on the upper side of the tree developed increasingly more left-handed grain as in the vertical controls. These results demonstrate that a previously unidentified link exists between compression wood formation and the inhibition of grain development.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43874824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10082
N. Galibina, S. Moshnikov, K. Nikerova, N. V. Afoshin, M. A. Ershova, Diana S. Ivanova, V. A. Kharitonov, I. Romashkin, L. Semenova, A. Serkova, T. Tarelkina
An essential stage in woody plant ontogeny (heartwood (HW) formation) determines tree resistance to weather conditions, wood quality (moisture, colour, resistance to biodegradation), and regulates the proportion of functionally active sapwood (SW) in the total trunk biomass. In this study, the patterns of HW formation depending on tree age and cambial age within the same tree were studied in the North-West of Russia in Scots pine in a lingonberry pine forest. It is shown that HW either repeats the trunk profile or shows a maximum proportion on average at the height of 1.5 m. Models using the square root transformation and logarithm transformation have been proposed to predict the number of annual rings in HW depending on the cambial age. Multiple regression is proposed to predict the radial width in HW. Validation of the developed models on random trees gave a good result. HW formation begins at the age of 17–18 years and continues at the rate of 0.3 rings per year for 20–30-year-old trees, 0.4–0.5 rings per year for 70–80-year-old trees, and about 0.7 rings per year for 180-year-old trees. The lifespan of xylem parenchyma cells ranged from 10–15 years in 20-year-old trees to 70 years in 180-year-old trees. At the age of the previous felling (70–80 years) the HW area in the trunk biomass is about 20%, and in 180-year-old pine forests, it increases to 50%. These data can be used to assess the role of old-growth forests in carbon sequestration.
{"title":"Changes in the intensity of heartwood formation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) ontogenesis","authors":"N. Galibina, S. Moshnikov, K. Nikerova, N. V. Afoshin, M. A. Ershova, Diana S. Ivanova, V. A. Kharitonov, I. Romashkin, L. Semenova, A. Serkova, T. Tarelkina","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10082","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000An essential stage in woody plant ontogeny (heartwood (HW) formation) determines tree resistance to weather conditions, wood quality (moisture, colour, resistance to biodegradation), and regulates the proportion of functionally active sapwood (SW) in the total trunk biomass. In this study, the patterns of HW formation depending on tree age and cambial age within the same tree were studied in the North-West of Russia in Scots pine in a lingonberry pine forest. It is shown that HW either repeats the trunk profile or shows a maximum proportion on average at the height of 1.5 m. Models using the square root transformation and logarithm transformation have been proposed to predict the number of annual rings in HW depending on the cambial age. Multiple regression is proposed to predict the radial width in HW. Validation of the developed models on random trees gave a good result. HW formation begins at the age of 17–18 years and continues at the rate of 0.3 rings per year for 20–30-year-old trees, 0.4–0.5 rings per year for 70–80-year-old trees, and about 0.7 rings per year for 180-year-old trees. The lifespan of xylem parenchyma cells ranged from 10–15 years in 20-year-old trees to 70 years in 180-year-old trees. At the age of the previous felling (70–80 years) the HW area in the trunk biomass is about 20%, and in 180-year-old pine forests, it increases to 50%. These data can be used to assess the role of old-growth forests in carbon sequestration.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41559350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-14DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10083
Tong Tang, Zhen Sui, B. Fei
Bamboo has a natural anisotropic porous structure. Previous studies have shown strong correlations between the properties and microstructure of bamboo. In this study, we examined the microstructure of Moso bamboo to reveal the mechanism of enhanced properties with tung oil thermal treatment. The morphological and chemical microstructure of Moso bamboo were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. We found that tung oil film presented in the cell wall, cell lumen, and intercellular space after tung oil thermal treatment, which could decrease the water permeability in the cell wall. Additionally, the pits in vessels showed significant shrinkage in the short-axis orientation with thermal treatment in tung oil, and the shrinkage rate was nearly 50% with a temperature of tung oil over 140°C, which prevented the transportation of water through the pit. The content of tung oil in bamboo was reduced by more than 50% with an increase of tung oil temperature from 140°C to 200°C, which further supported the results of changed bamboo morphology. Altogether, these findings offer further support for the enhanced hydrophobic property of bamboo after tung oil thermal treatment.
{"title":"The microstructure of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla) with tung oil thermal treatment","authors":"Tong Tang, Zhen Sui, B. Fei","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10083","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Bamboo has a natural anisotropic porous structure. Previous studies have shown strong correlations between the properties and microstructure of bamboo. In this study, we examined the microstructure of Moso bamboo to reveal the mechanism of enhanced properties with tung oil thermal treatment. The morphological and chemical microstructure of Moso bamboo were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. We found that tung oil film presented in the cell wall, cell lumen, and intercellular space after tung oil thermal treatment, which could decrease the water permeability in the cell wall. Additionally, the pits in vessels showed significant shrinkage in the short-axis orientation with thermal treatment in tung oil, and the shrinkage rate was nearly 50% with a temperature of tung oil over 140°C, which prevented the transportation of water through the pit. The content of tung oil in bamboo was reduced by more than 50% with an increase of tung oil temperature from 140°C to 200°C, which further supported the results of changed bamboo morphology. Altogether, these findings offer further support for the enhanced hydrophobic property of bamboo after tung oil thermal treatment.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43215672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-09DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10084
J. Gričar, P. Prislan
Quantitative phloem anatomy is increasingly used in dendroecological studies since recent evidence shows that phloem traits are a valuable indicator of the morphological and physiological strategies of tree performance in different environments. To better understand intra-annual variations in non-collapsed phloem (NCPH) width and structure in three temperate species (Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, and Quercus petraea), we investigated phloem samples repeatedly taken during the growing season, using light microscopy. The diameter and area of sieve elements were measured in early and late phloem to estimate their conducting potential. The seasonal dynamics of phloem formation and the collapse of sieve elements significantly affect the structure and width of the NCPH. In combination with sieve element characteristics, they determine the conducting potential of the NCPH, which is not constant throughout the growing season. Although the three species differed in terms of wood porosity, the seasonal structural variations of the NCPH followed a similar pattern. At the onset of the growing season, the phloem increment of the previous year was crucial for the function and accounted for over 80% of the NCPH, whereas at the end of the growing season, the phloem increment of the current year constituted the majority of the NCPH. These results indicate that sampling time should be considered when comparing quantitative phloem anatomy data from different laboratories, indicating the need for a uniform sampling protocol and methodology. Otherwise, the assessment of the conducting potential of phloem sieve elements is difficult to compare.
{"title":"Seasonal changes in the width and structure of non-collapsed phloem affect the assessment of its potential conducting efficiency","authors":"J. Gričar, P. Prislan","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10084","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Quantitative phloem anatomy is increasingly used in dendroecological studies since recent evidence shows that phloem traits are a valuable indicator of the morphological and physiological strategies of tree performance in different environments. To better understand intra-annual variations in non-collapsed phloem (NCPH) width and structure in three temperate species (Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, and Quercus petraea), we investigated phloem samples repeatedly taken during the growing season, using light microscopy. The diameter and area of sieve elements were measured in early and late phloem to estimate their conducting potential. The seasonal dynamics of phloem formation and the collapse of sieve elements significantly affect the structure and width of the NCPH. In combination with sieve element characteristics, they determine the conducting potential of the NCPH, which is not constant throughout the growing season. Although the three species differed in terms of wood porosity, the seasonal structural variations of the NCPH followed a similar pattern. At the onset of the growing season, the phloem increment of the previous year was crucial for the function and accounted for over 80% of the NCPH, whereas at the end of the growing season, the phloem increment of the current year constituted the majority of the NCPH. These results indicate that sampling time should be considered when comparing quantitative phloem anatomy data from different laboratories, indicating the need for a uniform sampling protocol and methodology. Otherwise, the assessment of the conducting potential of phloem sieve elements is difficult to compare.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47068905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-09DOI: 10.1163/22941932-00002198
P. Gasson, Rusty Russell, L. Newsom, Regis B. Miller, P. Baas
{"title":"William Louis Stern (1926–2021)","authors":"P. Gasson, Rusty Russell, L. Newsom, Regis B. Miller, P. Baas","doi":"10.1163/22941932-00002198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00002198","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45550042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-17DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10081
Victor Sibinelli, G. Ceccantini
The formation of juvenile wood featuring greater cell variation relative to mature wood is a well-known phenomenon. Once wood attains maturity, it has both more consistent cell sizes and organization. This is especially well understood for large trees used for paper and timber production, but less so for shrubs and bushes. Despite its importance, there is very little information on the wood anatomy and wood maturation available for some lineages such as the Loranthaceae (Santalales), which are mostly composed of shrubby mistletoes. Here, we studied three of the largest known mistletoe species to analyse the variation of xylem structure within both the radial and the axial axis of the stem. Using classical anatomical techniques, we determined at which point, both in thickness and in distance from the apex, these parasitic plants start producing mature wood. We measured vessel element length, fibre length, vessel diameter, and vessel density on multiple points of either very thick or very long branches of three different mistletoe species: Struthanthus rhynchophyllus, Tripodanthus acutifolius and Psittacanthus robustus. Our findings suggest that Loranthaceae mistletoes reach wood maturity rather early, with very minor differences between juvenile and mature woods. These results open new avenues for further research on the wood anatomy of mistletoe’s stems, enabling the use of smaller samples, such as those commonly present in herbarium vouchers.
{"title":"Axial and radial wood maturation in three mistletoe ‘giants’ (Loranthaceae)","authors":"Victor Sibinelli, G. Ceccantini","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10081","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The formation of juvenile wood featuring greater cell variation relative to mature wood is a well-known phenomenon. Once wood attains maturity, it has both more consistent cell sizes and organization. This is especially well understood for large trees used for paper and timber production, but less so for shrubs and bushes. Despite its importance, there is very little information on the wood anatomy and wood maturation available for some lineages such as the Loranthaceae (Santalales), which are mostly composed of shrubby mistletoes. Here, we studied three of the largest known mistletoe species to analyse the variation of xylem structure within both the radial and the axial axis of the stem. Using classical anatomical techniques, we determined at which point, both in thickness and in distance from the apex, these parasitic plants start producing mature wood. We measured vessel element length, fibre length, vessel diameter, and vessel density on multiple points of either very thick or very long branches of three different mistletoe species: Struthanthus rhynchophyllus, Tripodanthus acutifolius and Psittacanthus robustus. Our findings suggest that Loranthaceae mistletoes reach wood maturity rather early, with very minor differences between juvenile and mature woods. These results open new avenues for further research on the wood anatomy of mistletoe’s stems, enabling the use of smaller samples, such as those commonly present in herbarium vouchers.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45070219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10077
Marcela Blagitz, A. Nogueira, C. R. Marcati
Structural differences in the secondary vascular tissues among habitats can contribute to understanding species performances, especially regarding water and photosynthate transport. The pattern of association between the secondary xylem tissue and water availability from the environment has been widely studied, unlike the secondary phloem, which has been barely explored. Here, we evaluated the structural variation of the secondary xylem and phloem in stems of four populations of two tropical tree species under contrasting water conditions. We also investigated the mirrored structure between both tissues. At dry sites, Moquiniastrum polymorphum had higher vessel density, thicker xylem fibers cell walls, and taller rays in both tissues commonly associated with safe transport, in agreement with our expectations. In contrast, the populations of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium had most features in disagreement with the water availability of each site. The perforation and sieve plates, the ray composition, and the axial parenchyma were similar in the two tree species’ xylem and phloem tissues. However, the quantitative descriptors of cell sizes were not correlated between the xylem and phloem. In general, there is a different pattern of morphological variation across sites in the two tropical tree species, highlighting that any generalization regarding the vascular system structure across environments should be avoided. Xylem and phloem revealed a mirrored structure in a few qualitative features, not followed by the dimensions of different cell types. Future research needs to explore the causes of the unexpected structural variation in the vascular system across populations in tropical tree species.
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