Pub Date : 2023-05-22DOI: 10.1163/22941932-00002247
H. Abe, Y. Kurata, Ken Watanabe, P. Kitin, Miho Kojima, K. Yazaki
{"title":"Corrigendum to: Longitudinal transmittance of visible and near-infrared light in the wood of 21 conifer species (IAWA Journal 43(4) (2022): 403–412, DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10103)","authors":"H. Abe, Y. Kurata, Ken Watanabe, P. Kitin, Miho Kojima, K. Yazaki","doi":"10.1163/22941932-00002247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00002247","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46059026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-12DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10128
M. D. S. Silva
There is no doubt that Carlquist is one of the greatest contemporary wood anatomists. Every student or researcher in the field is likely to have read at least one of his numerous works, and it is difficult to find a topic in wood anatomy that does not lead to one to his publications. Among the many topics addressed by Carlquist are of course growth rings, one of the oldest and most exciting topics in wood anatomy. Carlquist established a functional classification for growth rings based on anatomical variation, in addition to an interpretation of the different anatomical markers “as ecologically adaptive devices.” In this article, I return to Carlquist’s first classification of growth rings and summarize the main changes in his later reviews. I highlight the advances provided by his unprecedented functional approach to growth rings, while also criticizing Carlquist’s proposed growth ring classification, which reinforces a partial view, although dominant until the present day, focused on temperate species: that growth rings are mostly well marked, porous or semi-porous, and with annual periodicity.
{"title":"Carlquist’s growth ring classification: a functional approach that reinforces porous and annual rings","authors":"M. D. S. Silva","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10128","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000There is no doubt that Carlquist is one of the greatest contemporary wood anatomists. Every student or researcher in the field is likely to have read at least one of his numerous works, and it is difficult to find a topic in wood anatomy that does not lead to one to his publications. Among the many topics addressed by Carlquist are of course growth rings, one of the oldest and most exciting topics in wood anatomy. Carlquist established a functional classification for growth rings based on anatomical variation, in addition to an interpretation of the different anatomical markers “as ecologically adaptive devices.” In this article, I return to Carlquist’s first classification of growth rings and summarize the main changes in his later reviews. I highlight the advances provided by his unprecedented functional approach to growth rings, while also criticizing Carlquist’s proposed growth ring classification, which reinforces a partial view, although dominant until the present day, focused on temperate species: that growth rings are mostly well marked, porous or semi-porous, and with annual periodicity.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44873283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-05DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10126
Alberto Echeverría, Emilio Petrone-Mendoza, T. Anfodillo, T. Brodribb, C. T. Torres-San Miguel, José Luis Rueda Arreguín, M. Olson
While total vessel length is widely recognized as being of fundamental functional significance, opinion is more divided regarding the potential functional importance of vessel element length, a variable that Sherwin Carlquist regarded as functionally significant. We show that vessel element length can, as Carlquist predicted, affect vessel resistance to deformation. Perforation plates are locally thickened annuli, so tubes with annuli resist deformation better than those without, and tubes with closely-spaced annuli resist deformation better than those with distantly spaced ones. However, there is a tradeoff between deformation resistance and conductance. With a comparative analysis across more than 1000 species of angiosperms, we show that both vessel element length and the areas of individual inter-conduit pits scale positively with vessel diameter. Such covariation is expected if plants are to maintain conductance as they grow taller. Congruent with Carlquist’s thinking, we found that species with vessel elements that are exceptionally short tend to grow in drylands, whereas those with vessel elements that are exceptionally long tend to grow in moist climates. Finally, we show evidence suggesting that selection on vessel element length is an important determinant of imperforate tracheary element length. Conversely, the evidence for selection on imperforate tracheary element length affecting vessel element length appears to be weaker. These results seem sufficient to establish that, whatever the functional importance of total vessel length, vessel element length is a variable of functional significance in its own right, congruent with Sherwin Carlquist’s long-held views.
{"title":"Testing Carlquistian hypotheses on the functional significance of vessel element length","authors":"Alberto Echeverría, Emilio Petrone-Mendoza, T. Anfodillo, T. Brodribb, C. T. Torres-San Miguel, José Luis Rueda Arreguín, M. Olson","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10126","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000While total vessel length is widely recognized as being of fundamental functional significance, opinion is more divided regarding the potential functional importance of vessel element length, a variable that Sherwin Carlquist regarded as functionally significant. We show that vessel element length can, as Carlquist predicted, affect vessel resistance to deformation. Perforation plates are locally thickened annuli, so tubes with annuli resist deformation better than those without, and tubes with closely-spaced annuli resist deformation better than those with distantly spaced ones. However, there is a tradeoff between deformation resistance and conductance. With a comparative analysis across more than 1000 species of angiosperms, we show that both vessel element length and the areas of individual inter-conduit pits scale positively with vessel diameter. Such covariation is expected if plants are to maintain conductance as they grow taller. Congruent with Carlquist’s thinking, we found that species with vessel elements that are exceptionally short tend to grow in drylands, whereas those with vessel elements that are exceptionally long tend to grow in moist climates. Finally, we show evidence suggesting that selection on vessel element length is an important determinant of imperforate tracheary element length. Conversely, the evidence for selection on imperforate tracheary element length affecting vessel element length appears to be weaker. These results seem sufficient to establish that, whatever the functional importance of total vessel length, vessel element length is a variable of functional significance in its own right, congruent with Sherwin Carlquist’s long-held views.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46626363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-03DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10127
I. Nezu, F. Ishiguri, J. Ohshima, S. Yokota
Tracheid length is lowest at the pith and then it increases rapidly as cambial age increases up until it reaches an asymptote value in what is known as ‘Sanio’s first law’. However, it is still unclear the effect of radial growth rate on latewood tracheid length and the effect of radial variation pattern of latewood tracheid length on the boundary position between juvenile and mature wood in aged trees. Radial variation modeling was applied to annual ring width and latewood tracheid length in aged trees (79–238 years old) of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondae grown in natural forests and a plantation in Shimokita Peninsula, Aomori, Japan. In addition, the effect of differences in radial variation patterns of latewood tracheid length on the boundary age between juvenile and mature wood was evaluated. Cambial age showing the maximum values of current annual increment and mean annual increment was 42–121 and 65–189 years for natural forests and 30–33 and 46–52 years for the plantation, respectively. A mixed-effects model based on a logarithmic function with an explanatory variable of only cambial age, and random intercepts of stand and individual tree, was selected as the one best explaining the radial variation of latewood tracheid length. The estimated boundary cambial age was approximately 20 years in all trees regardless of radial growth rate. We concluded that (1) the regularity of radial variation in tracheid known as ‘Sanio’s first law’ can be adapted to at least about 250 annual rings from the pith in T. dolabrata trees, (2) the boundary cambial age is similar to that in younger trees, and (3) the effect of radial growth rate on latewood tracheid length is minimal in T. dolabrata.
管胞长度在髓部最低，然后随着形成层年龄的增加而迅速增加，直到达到渐近线值，这就是所谓的“赛尼奥第一定律”。然而，径向生长率对杉木管胞长度的影响以及杉木管胞长度的径向变化模式对老树幼木和成熟木边界位置的影响尚不清楚。采用径向变化模型对生长于日本青森下野半岛天然林和人工林的79 ~ 238年树龄的dolabrata var. hondae胡柏(Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondae)年轮宽度和晚木管胞长度进行了研究。此外，还评价了晚木管胞长度径向变异模式的差异对幼木和成熟木边界年龄的影响。天然林的年增量最大值为42 ~ 121年，平均年增量最大值为65 ~ 189年，人工林的年增量最大值为30 ~ 33年，人工林年增量最大值为46 ~ 52年。选择以形成层年龄为解释变量、随机截距为林分和单株的对数函数为解释变量的混合效应模型最能解释杉木管胞长度的径向变化。无论径向生长速率如何，所有树木的边界形成层年龄估计约为20年。研究结果表明:(1)圆叶桐管胞径向变化规律(Sanio’s first law)至少适用于250个左右的年轮;(2)边界形成层年龄与幼树相似;(3)径向生长率对圆叶桐后枝管胞长度的影响最小。
{"title":"Radial growth rate does not affect radial variation of latewood tracheid length in aged trees of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondae","authors":"I. Nezu, F. Ishiguri, J. Ohshima, S. Yokota","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10127","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Tracheid length is lowest at the pith and then it increases rapidly as cambial age increases up until it reaches an asymptote value in what is known as ‘Sanio’s first law’. However, it is still unclear the effect of radial growth rate on latewood tracheid length and the effect of radial variation pattern of latewood tracheid length on the boundary position between juvenile and mature wood in aged trees. Radial variation modeling was applied to annual ring width and latewood tracheid length in aged trees (79–238 years old) of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondae grown in natural forests and a plantation in Shimokita Peninsula, Aomori, Japan. In addition, the effect of differences in radial variation patterns of latewood tracheid length on the boundary age between juvenile and mature wood was evaluated. Cambial age showing the maximum values of current annual increment and mean annual increment was 42–121 and 65–189 years for natural forests and 30–33 and 46–52 years for the plantation, respectively. A mixed-effects model based on a logarithmic function with an explanatory variable of only cambial age, and random intercepts of stand and individual tree, was selected as the one best explaining the radial variation of latewood tracheid length. The estimated boundary cambial age was approximately 20 years in all trees regardless of radial growth rate. We concluded that (1) the regularity of radial variation in tracheid known as ‘Sanio’s first law’ can be adapted to at least about 250 annual rings from the pith in T. dolabrata trees, (2) the boundary cambial age is similar to that in younger trees, and (3) the effect of radial growth rate on latewood tracheid length is minimal in T. dolabrata.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45520719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-28DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10125
M. Olson
Discovering how xylem function emerges from xylem structure requires approaches that are distinct from those invented for wood identification. I exemplify this need for different approaches by discussing the classification of imperforate tracheary elements, the cells that go by names such as “fibers,” tracheids, fiber-tracheids, and libriform fibers. Currently, there are two classification systems, one for wood identification and one championed by Sherwin Carlquist for research on xylem function. I emphasize that neither is globally “correct” for all applications, but instead each is appropriate for the aims of its field. Wood identification uses an easily-applied classification of imperforate tracheary elements, designed to remain stable over the long term. This stability allows anatomists to build large databases of wood data that are maximally useful for wood identification. In contrast, functional xylem biologists need flexible definitions that serve as hypotheses of imperforate tracheary element function to be tested, modified, and tested again, in an open-ended process of refining knowledge of xylem structure-function relations. I highlight some of the many open questions that the functional classification points to, such as the morphological correlates of the conductive/nonconductive imperforate tracheary element distinction, how imperforate tracheary element features are associated with vessel grouping, whether the libriform fiber-fiber tracheid distinction is arbitrary or not, and other topics. Recognizing that the purpose of a functional classification is to drive research shifts focus away from debates about whether a given cell type classification is “correct” and onto the empirical priorities that need study. While there is a solid tradition within comparative wood anatomy of training in wood identification, there is a need to train functional comparative wood anatomists, who can guide and interact with xylem physiologists to build more robust explanations of xylem structure and function.
{"title":"Imperforate tracheary element classification for studies of xylem structure-function relations","authors":"M. Olson","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10125","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Discovering how xylem function emerges from xylem structure requires approaches that are distinct from those invented for wood identification. I exemplify this need for different approaches by discussing the classification of imperforate tracheary elements, the cells that go by names such as “fibers,” tracheids, fiber-tracheids, and libriform fibers. Currently, there are two classification systems, one for wood identification and one championed by Sherwin Carlquist for research on xylem function. I emphasize that neither is globally “correct” for all applications, but instead each is appropriate for the aims of its field. Wood identification uses an easily-applied classification of imperforate tracheary elements, designed to remain stable over the long term. This stability allows anatomists to build large databases of wood data that are maximally useful for wood identification. In contrast, functional xylem biologists need flexible definitions that serve as hypotheses of imperforate tracheary element function to be tested, modified, and tested again, in an open-ended process of refining knowledge of xylem structure-function relations. I highlight some of the many open questions that the functional classification points to, such as the morphological correlates of the conductive/nonconductive imperforate tracheary element distinction, how imperforate tracheary element features are associated with vessel grouping, whether the libriform fiber-fiber tracheid distinction is arbitrary or not, and other topics. Recognizing that the purpose of a functional classification is to drive research shifts focus away from debates about whether a given cell type classification is “correct” and onto the empirical priorities that need study. While there is a solid tradition within comparative wood anatomy of training in wood identification, there is a need to train functional comparative wood anatomists, who can guide and interact with xylem physiologists to build more robust explanations of xylem structure and function.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44734192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-21DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10124
Shunamit Wolberg, Mor Haim, Ilana Shtein
We present here a modified protocol for safranin-alcian blue staining of paraffin-embedded plant samples. After deparaffination, the double staining uses a 2:1 mix of 1% safranin and 1% alcian blue. This method is less expensive than previously published double staining protocols as it does not require absolute ethanol. Moreover, safranin-alcian blue staining creates a range of hues that allows good cell type differentiation, it gives reproducible results for a wide variety of plant tissues and is easy to use. We hope it will be found useful both for research and teaching purposes.
{"title":"Simple differential staining method of paraffin-embedded plant sections with safranin-alcian blue","authors":"Shunamit Wolberg, Mor Haim, Ilana Shtein","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10124","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000We present here a modified protocol for safranin-alcian blue staining of paraffin-embedded plant samples. After deparaffination, the double staining uses a 2:1 mix of 1% safranin and 1% alcian blue. This method is less expensive than previously published double staining protocols as it does not require absolute ethanol. Moreover, safranin-alcian blue staining creates a range of hues that allows good cell type differentiation, it gives reproducible results for a wide variety of plant tissues and is easy to use. We hope it will be found useful both for research and teaching purposes.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43936442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10123
M. Olson, Marcelo R. Pace, T. Anfodillo
The best explanations of the relationship between organismal form and function-those regarded by scientists as the most solid — always account for both comparative, across-species, patterns, as well as experimental results. This is true in all of biology, as it is for the study of xylem structure-function relations, where there is still a need for xylem physiology and functional comparative wood anatomy to mutually complement each other. To illustrate the magnitude and urgency of this need, we discuss Sherwin Carlquist’s postulate of a link between vulnerability to drought-induced embolism and conduit diameter, summarizing some of the major global patterns of xylem trait variation that are currently explained by postulating a vulnerability–diameter link. These include wider community mean and maximum vessel diameters in wetter vs drier vegetation types; that vessels can be >700 μm in diameter but plants virtually always produce much narrower ones; that dryland plants with wider vessels drop their leaves earlier; wide-to-narrow vessels across growth rings; and the wide vessels of lianas surrounded by narrow vessels. These patterns are global, and we are aware of no anatomical evidence contradicting a vulnerability–diameter link. Despite the pervasiveness of these patterns, many xylem biologists do not regard the patterns as providing guidance for research in functional xylem biology. Instead, proposing and testing hypotheses to account for all of the data — xylem physiology experiments and comparative anatomical patterns in all their complexity and with all of their contradictions — provides the best way forward for the field. This effort requires proposing and testing hypotheses that are consistent with both experimental as well as comparative data. Crucially, it also requires not rejecting the vulnerability–diameter link without providing an alternative explanation that better explains the patterns currently explained by appeal to the link.
{"title":"The vulnerability to drought-induced embolism-conduit diameter link: breaching the anatomy-physiology divide","authors":"M. Olson, Marcelo R. Pace, T. Anfodillo","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10123","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The best explanations of the relationship between organismal form and function-those regarded by scientists as the most solid — always account for both comparative, across-species, patterns, as well as experimental results. This is true in all of biology, as it is for the study of xylem structure-function relations, where there is still a need for xylem physiology and functional comparative wood anatomy to mutually complement each other. To illustrate the magnitude and urgency of this need, we discuss Sherwin Carlquist’s postulate of a link between vulnerability to drought-induced embolism and conduit diameter, summarizing some of the major global patterns of xylem trait variation that are currently explained by postulating a vulnerability–diameter link. These include wider community mean and maximum vessel diameters in wetter vs drier vegetation types; that vessels can be >700 μm in diameter but plants virtually always produce much narrower ones; that dryland plants with wider vessels drop their leaves earlier; wide-to-narrow vessels across growth rings; and the wide vessels of lianas surrounded by narrow vessels. These patterns are global, and we are aware of no anatomical evidence contradicting a vulnerability–diameter link. Despite the pervasiveness of these patterns, many xylem biologists do not regard the patterns as providing guidance for research in functional xylem biology. Instead, proposing and testing hypotheses to account for all of the data — xylem physiology experiments and comparative anatomical patterns in all their complexity and with all of their contradictions — provides the best way forward for the field. This effort requires proposing and testing hypotheses that are consistent with both experimental as well as comparative data. Crucially, it also requires not rejecting the vulnerability–diameter link without providing an alternative explanation that better explains the patterns currently explained by appeal to the link.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48665000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10122
Kelly C. Shunn, C. T. Gee
Pith in woody species fulfills essential roles, from functioning as the first vascular tissue in shoots, to serving as starch storage and facilitating heartwood formation. While the spongy cells of pith may die and be reabsorbed at maturity by some species, the pith persists throughout the lifespan of conifer trees. Pith features and functions of extant conifers have been documented in contemporary studies, and pith anatomy has been described for extinct progymnosperms and coniferous ancestors through fossils. However, up to now, few studies have described the wood anatomy of pith in living conifers and covered only 24 species in four families. Here we describe the pith of 7 genera and 16 species from the previously unstudied conifer families of Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae, based on stained and unstained cross-sections. Comparisons between pith sections of the same tree in successive years yielded insights into maturation of the conifer pith. Conservative pith characteristics were identified among genera and families. Araucariaceae pith is dissimilar on a familial level, but the genus Araucaria is unified by pith shape and heterocellularity. In contrast, all Podocarpaceae piths develop secondary cracks, and most species have irregularly shaped piths. Beyond our study of similarities and differences of pith in Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae, a look at pith patterns in the paleobotanical record and further examples in living conifers could increase the understanding of conserved characteristics and pith evolution.
{"title":"Cross-sectioning to the core of conifers: pith anatomy of living Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae, with comparisons to fossil pith","authors":"Kelly C. Shunn, C. T. Gee","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10122","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Pith in woody species fulfills essential roles, from functioning as the first vascular tissue in shoots, to serving as starch storage and facilitating heartwood formation. While the spongy cells of pith may die and be reabsorbed at maturity by some species, the pith persists throughout the lifespan of conifer trees. Pith features and functions of extant conifers have been documented in contemporary studies, and pith anatomy has been described for extinct progymnosperms and coniferous ancestors through fossils. However, up to now, few studies have described the wood anatomy of pith in living conifers and covered only 24 species in four families. Here we describe the pith of 7 genera and 16 species from the previously unstudied conifer families of Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae, based on stained and unstained cross-sections. Comparisons between pith sections of the same tree in successive years yielded insights into maturation of the conifer pith. Conservative pith characteristics were identified among genera and families. Araucariaceae pith is dissimilar on a familial level, but the genus Araucaria is unified by pith shape and heterocellularity. In contrast, all Podocarpaceae piths develop secondary cracks, and most species have irregularly shaped piths. Beyond our study of similarities and differences of pith in Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae, a look at pith patterns in the paleobotanical record and further examples in living conifers could increase the understanding of conserved characteristics and pith evolution.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47153484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-07DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja10120
A. Groover
The vascular cambium presents fundamental questions about the evolution and developmental biology of plants. Over time, our perspectives of the vascular cambium have changed as new molecular and genetic approaches have augmented anatomical observations and are now providing new insights into longstanding topics related to vascular cambium evolution, development and function. At the same time, practical applications of knowledge of the vascular cambium associated with climate change give new urgency to research of how the cambium produces varied wood anatomies both among species and within individual trees that influence response to drought and heat stress. Here, two topics are discussed that are generally related to the storied research of Sherwin Carlquist and his pursuits of the vascular cambium; the identity and function of cambium initials, and the plasticity of wood anatomical traits related to adaptive hydraulic traits. This short paper ends with a call for integrative research that could provide new insights into how trees respond to climate change that take advantage of the comparative wood anatomy framework so well-articulated by Carlquist.
{"title":"The vascular cambium revisited","authors":"A. Groover","doi":"10.1163/22941932-bja10120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10120","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The vascular cambium presents fundamental questions about the evolution and developmental biology of plants. Over time, our perspectives of the vascular cambium have changed as new molecular and genetic approaches have augmented anatomical observations and are now providing new insights into longstanding topics related to vascular cambium evolution, development and function. At the same time, practical applications of knowledge of the vascular cambium associated with climate change give new urgency to research of how the cambium produces varied wood anatomies both among species and within individual trees that influence response to drought and heat stress. Here, two topics are discussed that are generally related to the storied research of Sherwin Carlquist and his pursuits of the vascular cambium; the identity and function of cambium initials, and the plasticity of wood anatomical traits related to adaptive hydraulic traits. This short paper ends with a call for integrative research that could provide new insights into how trees respond to climate change that take advantage of the comparative wood anatomy framework so well-articulated by Carlquist.","PeriodicalId":55037,"journal":{"name":"IAWA Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47662627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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