Health Psychology最新文献

Objective: This study investigated prospective bidirectional relationships between depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the moderating effects of race, sex, and health behaviors in a diverse cohort followed for 30 years.

Method: Data were analyzed from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a 30-year prospective study of young adults (N = 5,113; M_age = 24.76 [SD = 3.63] at baseline; 45% male) who were tested every 5 years between 1985 and 2015. Measures included biological assessments of MetS components and self-reported depressive symptoms based on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale. Data analyses included bidirectional general estimating equations analyses of time-lagged associations between depressive symptoms and MetS.

Results: There was a consistent, bidirectional relationship between depressive symptoms and MetS over time. Individuals with more CESD depressive symptoms were more likely to develop MetS over time compared to those reporting fewer symptoms, Wald χ²(1) = 7.09, p < .008, and MetS was similarly predictive of CESD. MetS more consistently predicted CESD scores at each 5-year exam than CESD predicted MetS. Race and sex moderated these relationships, with White females, White individuals overall, and females overall demonstrating significant relationships between CESD depressive symptoms and MetS. Health behaviors were not related to associations between CESD and MetS.

Conclusion: In a diverse young adult population prospectively followed into late middle age, MetS more consistently predicted depressive symptoms over time than depressive symptoms predicted MetS. The relation between MetS and depressive symptoms was moderated by race and sex, but not health behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Although emerging studies examine the inverse relationship between body satisfaction and disordered eating for Black women, it has not been established how racially salient aspects of body satisfaction may have implications for eating behaviors and longitudinal health outcomes.

Method: In a longitudinal sample of 455 Black women, we examined whether skin color satisfaction across ages 10-15 was directly related to adult health outcomes at age 40 (e.g., disordered eating, self-esteem, self-reported health, depressive symptoms, and cardiovascular risk). We also investigated the indirect impact of skin color satisfaction on adult health, mediated by body satisfaction, and binge eating.

Results: No significant direct or indirect effects of adolescent skin color satisfaction were observed for depressive symptoms or cardiovascular health outcomes. At ages 10 and 12, skin color satisfaction had negative and positive direct effects, respectively, on self-esteem. At age 15, greater skin color satisfaction was directly associated with greater self-reported health. Post hoc analyses revealed that when additionally accounting for adolescent body satisfaction, greater skin color satisfaction was indirectly associated with greater self-esteem and self-reported health, alongside lower cardiovascular risk.

Conclusions: Although previous research suggests that in adolescence, Black girls' skin color satisfaction affects both body satisfaction and disordered eating behaviors, this association does not hold into midlife. Rather, post hoc analyses suggest that the lasting effects of adolescent skin color satisfaction are mediated by the longitudinal stability of body satisfaction, which in turn, is associated with adult health outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Various literature are suggestive of a relation between lifetime trauma and mortality risk in adulthood, however, findings seem unclear and inconsistent. In our preregistered review, we conducted a systematic review to examine the association between lifetime trauma and mortality risk in adulthood.

Method: Six databases (Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL [EBSCO], PsycInfo [EBSCO], Embase, and Medline [PubMed]); were searched up to April 2023 for studies reporting adult mortality outcomes associated with traumatic events accumulated across the lifespan. Five studies were found, and a narrative review of the literature was conducted.

Results: Five studies met the inclusion criteria, including 5,506 individuals. Two studies with men/male-only samples reported no relation between lifetime trauma and mortality risk; however, three studies with a mixed-sex sample found a positive relation between lifetime trauma and mortality risk, indicating that the more traumatic events a person has across their lifespan, the greater their mortality risk.

Conclusion: Lifetime trauma appears to be associated with mortality risk during adulthood. The strongest evidence stems from larger samples. However, research is sparse and inconclusive. A plethora of additional research is needed to address several limitations within the current literature, which includes utilizing standardized measures of lifetime trauma, replication of effects, and the examination of vulnerable and underrepresented populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat perpetuated by the overprescribing of antibiotics in primary care. One strategy to reduce antibiotic use in this setting is delayed prescribing. However, several psychological factors might undermine its effectiveness. The aim of the study was to test whether different interventions aiming at helping patients to manage diagnostic uncertainty in the period of watchful waiting promote appropriate antibiotic use.

Method: We conducted a preregistered online experiment (N = 690 adult participants from the United Kingdom) in which we modeled delayed prescription in a decision task with behavior-contingent incentives. Participants had either a fictional viral or bacterial infection and received interventions that aimed at facilitating symptom monitoring (i.e., passive monitoring) and engaging participants in the task (i.e., active monitoring).

Results: Both interventions decreased antibiotic use when the disease was viral. Active monitoring was more efficient in decreasing antibiotic use than passive monitoring.

Conclusions: The findings have practical implications for managing uncertainty and fostering appropriate antibiotic use in delayed prescribing situations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Medication-related beliefs, for example, beliefs that medicines are unnecessary or that side effects are likely, can influence medication behaviors and experiences, potentially impacting quality of life and mortality. At times, it may be useful to change medication-related beliefs, for example, to reduce patients' concerns about side effects when extensive evidence suggests side effects are rare. Currently we do not know the most effective methods to address medication beliefs.

Method: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that measured medication-related beliefs in people prescribed medication for long-term condition(s). We extracted data on behavior change techniques (BCTs), belief measure, study and patient characteristics, risk of bias, and quality of description.

Results: We identified 56 trials randomizing 8,714 participants. In meta-analysis, interventions led to small-to-medium effects (n = 36, Hedges' g = .362, 95% confidence interval [CI] [.20, .52], p < .001) in increasing beliefs about medication need/benefit and reducing concerns about medication (n = 21, Hedges' g = -.435, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.15], p < .01). Effect sizes were higher for interventions that reported a significant effect on adherence. Problem solving, information about health consequences, and social support (unspecified) were the most prevalent BCTs. Fourteen BCTs were associated with significant effects on need/benefit beliefs and four BCTs were associated with significant effects on concern beliefs.

Conclusion: It is possible to modify medication-related beliefs using a range of interventions and techniques. Future research should explore the best ways to operationalize these BCTs for specific health conditions to support medication beliefs and improve adherence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Individuals who grow up in low-socioeconomic status (SES) families are at an increased risk of health problems across the lifespan. Although supportive social relationships are postulated to be a protective factor for the health of these individuals, the role of friend support in adolescence is not well understood. Given that low-grade inflammation is one key biological mechanism proposed to explain links between family SES and health outcomes, we examined whether adolescents' friend support buffers the association between family SES and low-grade inflammation among adolescents.

Method: 277 dyads of adolescents (63.5% female; 39.4% White, 38.3% Black, and 32.1% Hispanic; M_age = 13.92 years) and one of their parents participated in this longitudinal study (two waves approximately 2 years apart). Parents reported family objective SES (i.e., income, savings, and education) and family subjective SES (i.e., subjective social status). Adolescents reported perceived friend support. Fasting antecubital blood was drawn from adolescents at both visits. Low-grade inflammatory activity was represented by a composite of inflammatory biomarkers and numbers of classical monocytes.

Results: Adolescents' friend support moderated the associations of family subjective SES with both the inflammation composite and classical monocyte counts across cross-sectional, longitudinal, and prospective change (only significant for the inflammation composite) analyses. Specifically, lower family subjective SES was associated with higher levels of low-grade inflammation only among adolescents lower, but not higher, in friend support. No moderation was observed for objective SES.

Conclusion: Supportive peer relationships buffer the link between family subjective, but not objective, SES and low-grade inflammation in adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Personality traits have been regularly linked with all-cause mortality risk. However, what mechanisms may provide an indirect pathway from personality traits to mortality is unclear. We sought to systematically review the literature and provide an overview of the potential mechanisms that have been identified in the literature.

Method: Five electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and PsycArticles) were searched from inception to January 27, 2023. From 611 studies initially identified, seven studies met the final inclusion criteria. These seven papers have a combined sample of 60,104 individuals (M = 8,585, SD = 14,600; range 957-44,094).

Results: These papers found that several variables, such as smoking, inflammation biomarkers, blood pressure, and sleep, mediated the relationship between various personality traits and mortality. There was considerable variation in the impact of results across cohorts, even when looking at similar variables, and notable differences in methodological approaches and reporting were discussed.

Conclusions: This review identified a small pool of research looking at a range of indirect pathways (mediating variables). The review identified traits with well-established associations with mortality risk, such as neuroticism, do not have consistent findings in the mediation literature and a high level of variance in the degree to which mediators account for the personality-mortality relation between different cohorts. Despite these limitations, it is clear that examining indirect effects (mediation) has a crucial role to play in developing our understanding of the complex pathways that connect personality-mortality risk. We identify several avenues and considerations for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).