Pub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.12789/geocanj.2019.46.149
A. Kerr
Ophiolites are complex assemblages of ultramafic and mafic igneous rocks that are now widely considered to be pieces of ancient oceanic crust that were emplaced on to the continents courtesy of global plate tectonics. However, most examples were originally considered parts of enormous layered mafic intrusions and so were interpreted in that light. The new understanding of ophiolites in the late 1960s and early 1970s was a crucial part of the global Earth Science revolution, and they are now central to all plate tectonic models developed for ancient orogenic belts. Although their equivalence to oceanic crust is now well established, many ophiolites may not be ‘typical’ examples of such, and not all examples are identical. Most ophiolites likely formed in subduction-influenced environments rather than at mid-ocean ridges. Ophiolites remain important foci for research in the 21st century, and many questions remain about their environments of formation and especially their mechanisms of emplacement onto the continents. Although it was not the first to be seen as a relic of a vanished ocean, the Bay of Islands Igneous Complex in western Newfoundland is one of the best preserved and most easily accessible ophiolites in the world. In the late 20th century, research work in this area proved highly influential in understanding the oceanic crust, and in unravelling the diachronous events involved in the progressive destruction of an ancient stable continental margin as arcs and microcontinental blocks were accreted along it. Parts of the Tablelands Ophiolite lie within Gros Morne National Park, which is a UNESCO world heritage site because of its importance to our understanding of global tectonics. The wider region around the park also includes the Cabox Aspiring Geopark Project, now also in the process of seeking recognition through UNESCO. This article provides background information on ophiolites and the development of our ideas about them, and links this material to four self-guided field excursions that allow examination of many classic features. These excursions range from a collection of roadside outcrops, to some relatively easy hiking excursions on official National Park trails, and eventually to a more challenging off-trail hike that ascends to the summit plateau of the Tablelands to visit rare exposures of the Moho (the Mohorovičić Discontinuity, i.e. the lower boundary of the Earth’s crust) and the underlying upper mantle rocks. Collectively, the field stops should allow geologically-minded visitors to experience some amazing geology in a spectacular and sometimes surreal landscape. RÉSUMÉLes ophiolites sont des assemblages complexes de roches ignées ultramafiques et mafiques qui sont maintenant généralement considérées comme des fragments de croûte océanique ancienne qui ont été charriés sur les continents grâce à la tectoniqueglobale des plaques. Cependant, la plupart des exemples étaient à l'origine considérés comme faisant partie de vast
蛇绿岩是超基性和基性火成岩的复杂组合，现在被广泛认为是由于全球板块构造而放置在大陆上的古代海洋地壳的碎片。然而，大多数样本最初被认为是巨大层状基性侵入的一部分，因此被据此解释。20世纪60年代末和70年代初对蛇绿岩的新认识是全球地球科学革命的重要组成部分，它们现在是所有古代造山带板块构造模型的核心。虽然它们与海洋地壳的等价性现在已经得到了很好的确立，但许多蛇绿岩可能不是这种“典型”的例子，而且并不是所有的例子都是相同的。大多数蛇绿岩可能形成于受俯冲影响的环境，而不是洋中脊。蛇绿岩在21世纪仍是重要的研究热点，但其形成环境，特别是其在大陆上的侵位机制仍存在许多问题。虽然它不是第一个被视为消失海洋的遗迹，但纽芬兰西部的岛屿湾火成岩复合体是世界上保存最完好、最容易接近的蛇绿岩之一。在20世纪后期，这一领域的研究工作被证明对理解海洋地壳具有重大影响，并揭示了古稳定大陆边缘随着弧和微大陆块体的增生而逐渐被破坏的历时性事件。部分高原蛇绿岩位于格罗斯莫恩国家公园内，该公园因其对我们理解全球构造的重要性而被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。公园周围更广阔的区域还包括“卡博克斯有志地质公园项目”，该项目目前也在向联合国教科文组织寻求认可。这篇文章提供了蛇绿岩的背景信息和我们对它们的看法的发展，并将这些材料与四个自我指导的实地考察联系起来，这些考察允许检查许多经典特征。这些短途旅行的范围从路边露头的集合，到在官方国家公园小径上进行一些相对容易的徒步旅行，最后是更具挑战性的徒步旅行，上升到高原的高峰高原，参观罕见的Moho (mohorovi<e:1> iki不连续，即地壳的下边界)和下面的上地幔岩石。总的来说，实地停留应该让地质头脑的游客在壮观的，有时超现实的景观中体验一些惊人的地质。RESUMELes蛇绿岩组合是复合物de罗氏ignees ultramafiques et mafiques是现在generalement同样像des碎片de croute oceanique ancienne校正樱桃苏尔les大洲恩典那儿tectoniqueglobale斑块。在此之前，许多例子都认为，原先的<s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -La nouvelle comcomsion des ophiolites, La La La machiolites, La La machiolites, La La machiolites, La La machiolites, La La machiolites, La La machiolites, La La machiolites, La La machiolites, La La machiolites, La La machiolites, La La machiolites, La La machiolites。蛇绿岩(蛇绿岩)是指人类的遗传变异，是指人类的遗传变异，是指人类的遗传变异，是指人类的遗传变异。不确定的相同的交换条件是不确定的相同的交换条件，不确定的交换条件是不确定的，不确定的交换条件是不确定的，不确定的交换条件是不确定的。蛇绿岩的多部份可能是由于环境的影响而形成的，例如:plutôt qu 'au niveau des dorsalis ocsamaniques。在研究过程中，研究人员的行为是非常重要的。在研究过程中，研究人员的行为是非常重要的。在研究过程中，研究人员的行为是非常重要的。在研究过程中，研究人员的行为是非常重要的。在此之前，我们将继续研究与其他国家的<s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> - <s:1>)的<s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> - <s:1> (<s:1> - <s:1>)和其他国家的<s:1> - <s:1> (<s:1> - <s:1>)，我们将继续研究与其他国家的<s:1> - <s:1> (<s:1> - <s:1>)和其他国家的<s:1> - <s:1> (<s:1>)和其他国家的<s:1> - <s:1>)的联系。拉在世纪末du XXe,里面的减速de矫揉造作的在ce葡萄园joue联合国作用在理解行列式de la croute oceanique et在理解des evenements diachrones impliques在毁灭进步一ancienne玛吉continentale稳定的非盟毛皮等序de l 'accretion d microcontinentaux 'arcs et de集团。“高原蛇绿岩”是联合国教科文组织世界遗产的重要组成部分，也是全球构造的重要组成部分。该项目由联合国教科文组织(unesco)的大型项目和大型项目组成。 这篇文章提供了关于蛇石的基本信息和我们对它们的想法的发展，并将这些材料与四个自助游览联系起来，让我们检查许多经典特征。收藏的这些游览参观1,000,000至路边,相对轻松的徒步小径上官方的国家公园,并最终导致最难登山滑雪在通往sommital高原珍稀的露头Tablelands来参观的Moho(中断Mohorovičić,即下限)的地壳和地幔岩高等基础。总的来说，实地考察应该让地质爱好者在壮观的、有时是超现实的风景中体验非凡的地质。
{"title":"Classic Rock Tours 2. Exploring a Famous Ophiolite: A Guide to the Bay of Islands Igneous Complex in Gros Morne National Park, Western Newfoundland, Canada","authors":"A. Kerr","doi":"10.12789/geocanj.2019.46.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2019.46.149","url":null,"abstract":"Ophiolites are complex assemblages of ultramafic and mafic igneous rocks that are now widely considered to be pieces of ancient oceanic crust that were emplaced on to the continents courtesy of global plate tectonics. However, most examples were originally considered parts of enormous layered mafic intrusions and so were interpreted in that light. The new understanding of ophiolites in the late 1960s and early 1970s was a crucial part of the global Earth Science revolution, and they are now central to all plate tectonic models developed for ancient orogenic belts. Although their equivalence to oceanic crust is now well established, many ophiolites may not be ‘typical’ examples of such, and not all examples are identical. Most ophiolites likely formed in subduction-influenced environments rather than at mid-ocean ridges. Ophiolites remain important foci for research in the 21st century, and many questions remain about their environments of formation and especially their mechanisms of emplacement onto the continents. Although it was not the first to be seen as a relic of a vanished ocean, the Bay of Islands Igneous Complex in western Newfoundland is one of the best preserved and most easily accessible ophiolites in the world. In the late 20th century, research work in this area proved highly influential in understanding the oceanic crust, and in unravelling the diachronous events involved in the progressive destruction of an ancient stable continental margin as arcs and microcontinental blocks were accreted along it. Parts of the Tablelands Ophiolite lie within Gros Morne National Park, which is a UNESCO world heritage site because of its importance to our understanding of global tectonics. The wider region around the park also includes the Cabox Aspiring Geopark Project, now also in the process of seeking recognition through UNESCO. This article provides background information on ophiolites and the development of our ideas about them, and links this material to four self-guided field excursions that allow examination of many classic features. These excursions range from a collection of roadside outcrops, to some relatively easy hiking excursions on official National Park trails, and eventually to a more challenging off-trail hike that ascends to the summit plateau of the Tablelands to visit rare exposures of the Moho (the Mohorovičić Discontinuity, i.e. the lower boundary of the Earth’s crust) and the underlying upper mantle rocks. Collectively, the field stops should allow geologically-minded visitors to experience some amazing geology in a spectacular and sometimes surreal landscape. \u0000RÉSUMÉLes ophiolites sont des assemblages complexes de roches ignées ultramafiques et mafiques qui sont maintenant généralement considérées comme des fragments de croûte océanique ancienne qui ont été charriés sur les continents grâce à la tectoniqueglobale des plaques. Cependant, la plupart des exemples étaient à l'origine considérés comme faisant partie de vast","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47731921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-09DOI: 10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.147
Liam Innis, G. Osinski
The extraction of natural resources located beyond Earth to create products can be described as space resource utilization (SRU). SRU is under active investigation in both the public and private sectors. Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are particularly promising early SRU targets due to their relative proximity and enrichments in two key resources: water and platinum group elements (PGEs). Water can be used to create rocket propellant, making it the only resource with significant demand given the current nascent state of the space market. Platinum group elements are valuable enough that their import to the Earth market is potentially economical, making them the other prospective resource in the current embryonic state of SRU. While it is possible to retrieve material from a NEA, doing so on an economical scale will require significant developments in areas such as autonomous robotics and propulsion technology. A parameterization accounting for asteroid size, resource concentration, and accessibility yields just seven and three potentially viable NEA targets in the known population for water and PGEs, respectively. A greater emphasis on spectral observation of asteroids is required to better inform target selection for early prospecting spacecraft. A further complication is the lack of a legal precedent for the sale of extraterrestrial resources. The Outer Space Treaty prohibits the appropriation of celestial bodies but makes no explicit reference to their resources while the U.S.A. and Luxembourg have passed legislation entitling their citizens to own and sell space resources. Whether these laws are a matter of clarification or contradiction is the matter of some debate. RÉSUMÉL'extraction de ressources naturelles situées au-delà de la Terre pour créer des produits peut être décrite comme une utilisation des ressources spatiales (URS). L’URS est actuellement examinée à la fois dans les secteurs public et privé. Les astéroïdes proches de la Terre (NEA) sont des cibles URS particulièrement prometteuses en raison de leur proximité relative et de leur enrichissement en deux ressources clés : l’eau et les éléments du groupe du platine (EGP). L'eau peut être utilisée pour créer des agents de propulsion pour vaisseaux spatiaux, ce qui en fait la seule ressource pour laquelle la demande est importante compte tenu de l’émergence du marché spatial actuel. Les EGP sont suffisamment précieux pour que leur importation sur le marché terrestre soit potentiellement économique, ce qui en fait l’autre ressource potentielle étant donné l’état embryonnaire actuel de l’URS. Bien qu'il soit possible de récupérer des matériaux sur un NEA, le faire à une échelle économique nécessitera des développements importants dans des domaines tels que la robotique autonome et la technologie de propulsion. Un paramétrage tenant compte de la taille des astéroïdes, de la concentration des ressources et de l'accessibilité conduit à seulement sept et trois cibles NEA parmi la population c
提取地球以外的自然资源以创造产品可以被描述为空间资源利用。公共和私营部门都在积极调查战略行动队。近地小行星(NEAs)是特别有希望的早期SRU目标，因为它们相对较近，并且富含两种关键资源:水和铂族元素(PGEs)。水可以用来制造火箭推进剂，鉴于目前太空市场的新生状态，水是唯一需求巨大的资源。铂族元素的价值足以使其进口到地球市场具有潜在的经济性，使其成为SRU目前萌芽状态下的另一种有前景的资源。虽然从NEA中回收材料是可能的，但要实现经济规模，需要在自主机器人和推进技术等领域取得重大进展。考虑到小行星大小、资源集中度和可达性的参数化，在已知的水和PGEs种群中，分别只产生了7个和3个潜在可行的NEA目标。为了更好地为早期勘探航天器选择目标提供信息，需要更加重视对小行星的光谱观测。更复杂的是，在出售地外资源方面缺乏法律先例。《外层空间条约》禁止占用天体，但没有明确提及其资源，而美国和卢森堡已通过立法，使其公民有权拥有和出售空间资源。这些法律是澄清的问题还是矛盾的问题，是有一些争论的问题。RÉSUMÉL“自然资源的提取”是指在陆地和陆地上进行的获取，是指在产品上进行的获取，être“自然资源的提取”是指在空间资源的利用上进行的获取。我们的测试执行审查了公共部门和私人部门的财务状况。“地球的途径”(NEA)为“地球的途径”(URS)提供了特别的建议，即“地球的原因”，“地球的接近”，“地球的丰富”，“地球的资源”，“地球的资源”，“地球的资源”，“地球的资源”。L'eau peut être利用空间与空间之间的交换，利用空间与空间之间的交换，利用空间与空间之间的交换，利用空间与空间之间的交换，交换空间与空间之间的交换。在这两个例子中，有一个例子是:1 .在这两个例子中，有一个例子是:1 .在这两个例子中，有一个例子是:1 .在这两个例子中，有一个例子是:1 .在这两个例子中，有一个例子是:1 .在这两个例子中，有一个例子:我们将有可能将所有的运输和运输系统中的所有的运输和运输系统中的所有的运输和运输系统中的所有的运输和运输系统中的所有的运输和运输系统中的所有的运输和运输系统中的所有的运输和运输系统中的所有的运输系统。联合国parametrage房客考虑de la身材des小行星,de la浓度des ressources et de l 'accessibilite管道seulement 9月等三个已NEA parmi la人口connue potentiellement利用倒威尼斯les出路,respectivement。我将在我的观测光谱中找到我的位置，我将在我的文件中找到我的位置，我将在我的勘探者中找到我的位置。在资源资源以外的情况下，不存在pracimacimement juridique，即不存在pracimacimement。“空间交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”规定，“交换法”。我们的目标是澄清我们的矛盾。
{"title":"Igneous Rock Associations 24. Near-Earth Asteroid Resources: A Review","authors":"Liam Innis, G. Osinski","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.147","url":null,"abstract":"The extraction of natural resources located beyond Earth to create products can be described as space resource utilization (SRU). SRU is under active investigation in both the public and private sectors. Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are particularly promising early SRU targets due to their relative proximity and enrichments in two key resources: water and platinum group elements (PGEs). Water can be used to create rocket propellant, making it the only resource with significant demand given the current nascent state of the space market. Platinum group elements are valuable enough that their import to the Earth market is potentially economical, making them the other prospective resource in the current embryonic state of SRU. While it is possible to retrieve material from a NEA, doing so on an economical scale will require significant developments in areas such as autonomous robotics and propulsion technology. A parameterization accounting for asteroid size, resource concentration, and accessibility yields just seven and three potentially viable NEA targets in the known population for water and PGEs, respectively. A greater emphasis on spectral observation of asteroids is required to better inform target selection for early prospecting spacecraft. A further complication is the lack of a legal precedent for the sale of extraterrestrial resources. The Outer Space Treaty prohibits the appropriation of celestial bodies but makes no explicit reference to their resources while the U.S.A. and Luxembourg have passed legislation entitling their citizens to own and sell space resources. Whether these laws are a matter of clarification or contradiction is the matter of some debate. \u0000RÉSUMÉL'extraction de ressources naturelles situées au-delà de la Terre pour créer des produits peut être décrite comme une utilisation des ressources spatiales (URS). L’URS est actuellement examinée à la fois dans les secteurs public et privé. Les astéroïdes proches de la Terre (NEA) sont des cibles URS particulièrement prometteuses en raison de leur proximité relative et de leur enrichissement en deux ressources clés : l’eau et les éléments du groupe du platine (EGP). L'eau peut être utilisée pour créer des agents de propulsion pour vaisseaux spatiaux, ce qui en fait la seule ressource pour laquelle la demande est importante compte tenu de l’émergence du marché spatial actuel. Les EGP sont suffisamment précieux pour que leur importation sur le marché terrestre soit potentiellement économique, ce qui en fait l’autre ressource potentielle étant donné l’état embryonnaire actuel de l’URS. Bien qu'il soit possible de récupérer des matériaux sur un NEA, le faire à une échelle économique nécessitera des développements importants dans des domaines tels que la robotique autonome et la technologie de propulsion. Un paramétrage tenant compte de la taille des astéroïdes, de la concentration des ressources et de l'accessibilité conduit à seulement sept et trois cibles NEA parmi la population c","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42550491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-09DOI: 10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.148
Jeffrey Pollock
The Wabana iron mines were in operation from 1895 to 1966, during which time they produced over 80 million tonnes of iron ore. They are hosted by Early Ordovician rocks that contain Clinton-type stratiform ironstones. Mineralization is characterized by oölitic, dark red to purple-red to reddish brown beds of hematite-rich fossiliferous sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Three ironstone beds are of economic importance: the Lower (Dominion Formation), Middle (Scotia Formation) and Upper (Gull Island Formation) with the Lower bed extending over 3.8 km beneath Conception Bay. The iron content in all beds ranges from 45 to 61% with a silica concentration of 6 to 20%. Reports of iron on Bell Island go back to at least 1578, when a Bristol merchant reported retrieving ore samples for shipment to England. The deposits, however, remained undeveloped for over three centuries until their rediscovery by local fishermen in the late 1880s. In 1895, the Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Company acquired the mining lease for the claims and first ore was produced at surface from No. 1 mine in the Lower bed along the island’s northwest coast. By the turn of the twentieth century the Dominion Iron and Steel Company Limited acquired a share of the Bell Island claims, and with surface reserves exhausted, the decision was made by both companies to proceed underground and develop submarine mines. Over the next five decades mining operations were operated by several owners at a steady and at times an expanding rate, with periodic setbacks through two world wars and the Great Depression. The worldwide increase in demand for iron after World War II meant the mines were in full production and exporting over 1.5 million tonnes of ore per annum. In 1950, the unprofitable No. 2 mine was closed, and a series of major expansion projects were launched with the goal to double annual production to 3 million tonnes. By the 1960s, the Wabana mines faced increased competition from foreign producers, who flooded the world iron market with high-quality ore from low-cost open-pit deposits. The last mine at Wabana ceased operation in 1966 because the high-phosphorus content of the ore was incompatible with the newest steel-making technology and the market for Wabana ore all but disappeared. Over 35 million tonnes of ore was exported to Canada (Nova Scotia) while the remainder was shipped to the United Kingdom and Germany. At the time of closure, the Wabana mines were the oldest, continually producing mine in the country. Annual production peaked in 1960 when over 2.8 million tonnes of concentrated ore were shipped. Enormous potential reserves of several billion tonnes, grading 50% iron, remain in place beneath Conception Bay but the high cost of submarine mining and absence of a market for non-Bessemer ore present obstacles to any future re-development. RÉSUMÉLes mines de fer de Wabana ont été en activité de 1895 à 1966, période durant laquelle elles ont produit plus de 80 millions de tonnes d
瓦巴纳铁矿从1895年到1966年一直在运营，在此期间，它们生产了超过8000万吨的铁矿石。它们由早奥陶世岩石托管，这些岩石含有克林顿型层状铁矿。矿化的特征是富含赤铁矿的化石砂岩、粉砂岩和页岩的橄榄岩、暗红色至紫红色至红棕色矿层。三个铁矿床具有重要的经济意义：下部（Dominion组）、中部（Scotia组）和上部（Gull Island组），下部床在Concept湾下方延伸超过3.8km。所有床层中的铁含量范围为45-61%，二氧化硅浓度为6-20%。关于贝尔岛铁的报道至少可以追溯到1578年，当时布里斯托尔的一名商人报告称，他们取回了运往英国的矿石样本。然而，这些矿床在三个多世纪以来一直未开发，直到19世纪80年代末被当地渔民重新发现。1895年，新斯科舍省钢铁和煤炭公司获得了采矿租约，第一块矿石是从该岛西北海岸下矿层的1号矿山开采出来的。到了20世纪之交，多米尼克钢铁有限公司获得了贝尔岛的部分开采权，随着地表储量的耗尽，两家公司都决定转入地下并开发海底矿山。在接下来的五十年里，几位所有者以稳定的、有时甚至不断扩大的速度经营采矿业务，在两次世界大战和大萧条期间，采矿业务出现了周期性的挫折。第二次世界大战后，全球对铁的需求增加，这意味着这些矿山已全面生产，每年出口超过150万吨矿石。1950年，无利可图的2号矿山关闭，并启动了一系列重大扩建项目，目标是将年产量提高一倍，达到300万吨。到了20世纪60年代，瓦巴纳矿山面临着来自外国生产商的日益激烈的竞争，这些生产商从低成本的露天矿床中获得了大量优质矿石，涌入了世界钢铁市场。瓦巴纳的最后一座矿山于1966年停止运营，因为矿石中的高磷含量与最新的炼钢技术不兼容，瓦巴纳矿石的市场几乎消失了。超过3500万吨矿石出口到加拿大（新斯科舍省），其余矿石运往英国和德国。在关闭时，瓦巴纳矿山是该国最古老、持续生产的矿山。年产量在1960年达到顶峰，当时运输了280多万吨浓缩矿石。Concept Bay下方仍有数十亿吨的巨大潜在储量，铁品位为50%，但海底采矿的高成本和非Bessemer矿石市场的缺乏阻碍了未来的任何再开发。RÉSUMÉLes mines de fer de Wabana ontétéen activitéde 1895à1966，生产期超过8000万吨矿石。奥尔多维奇人的关系与克林顿类型的铁元素关系密切相关。最小化是一种与鲕粒、粉粒和泥粒一样的红色沙发、紫罗兰色、深色、化石和丰富的岩石。铁元素的三个立法对经济具有重要意义：自治领（Formation Dominion）、斯科舍（Formation Scotia）和古尔岛（Formation Gull Island），以及概念区3.8公里外的基础设施。沙发的价格变化幅度为45%至61%，而集中度为6%至20%。1578年，在贝尔河畔的一个信号部门，布里斯托尔的商业区建立了一个融洽的关系，以避免在安格尔特雷的经验丰富的矿产资源。事实上，其余的法律都是不可执行的，再加上1880年年底的三驾马车。1895年，新斯科舍省钢铁和煤炭公司获得了对采矿权的保释，并在北爱尔兰北部的Inférieure沙发上的一个位置上开采了未来的首要矿产。在二十世纪二十年代的比赛中，多米尼克钢铁有限公司获得了贝尔权利的一部分。这是一个表面服务的组织，两个社会优先决定海军陆战队水雷的开采和开发过程。在五年的自杀过程中，再加上在未来和扩张过程中开采矿山的固有权利，以及在世界和大萧条时期的两次开采。随着世界需求的增加，世界第二游击队的最大传统是矿山生产和每年150多万吨的矿产出口。
{"title":"Great Mining Camps of Canada 6. Geology and History of the Wabana Iron Mines, Bell Island, Newfoundland","authors":"Jeffrey Pollock","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.148","url":null,"abstract":"The Wabana iron mines were in operation from 1895 to 1966, during which time they produced over 80 million tonnes of iron ore. They are hosted by Early Ordovician rocks that contain Clinton-type stratiform ironstones. Mineralization is characterized by oölitic, dark red to purple-red to reddish brown beds of hematite-rich fossiliferous sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Three ironstone beds are of economic importance: the Lower (Dominion Formation), Middle (Scotia Formation) and Upper (Gull Island Formation) with the Lower bed extending over 3.8 km beneath Conception Bay. The iron content in all beds ranges from 45 to 61% with a silica concentration of 6 to 20%. Reports of iron on Bell Island go back to at least 1578, when a Bristol merchant reported retrieving ore samples for shipment to England. The deposits, however, remained undeveloped for over three centuries until their rediscovery by local fishermen in the late 1880s. In 1895, the Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Company acquired the mining lease for the claims and first ore was produced at surface from No. 1 mine in the Lower bed along the island’s northwest coast. By the turn of the twentieth century the Dominion Iron and Steel Company Limited acquired a share of the Bell Island claims, and with surface reserves exhausted, the decision was made by both companies to proceed underground and develop submarine mines. Over the next five decades mining operations were operated by several owners at a steady and at times an expanding rate, with periodic setbacks through two world wars and the Great Depression. The worldwide increase in demand for iron after World War II meant the mines were in full production and exporting over 1.5 million tonnes of ore per annum. In 1950, the unprofitable No. 2 mine was closed, and a series of major expansion projects were launched with the goal to double annual production to 3 million tonnes. By the 1960s, the Wabana mines faced increased competition from foreign producers, who flooded the world iron market with high-quality ore from low-cost open-pit deposits. The last mine at Wabana ceased operation in 1966 because the high-phosphorus content of the ore was incompatible with the newest steel-making technology and the market for Wabana ore all but disappeared. Over 35 million tonnes of ore was exported to Canada (Nova Scotia) while the remainder was shipped to the United Kingdom and Germany. At the time of closure, the Wabana mines were the oldest, continually producing mine in the country. Annual production peaked in 1960 when over 2.8 million tonnes of concentrated ore were shipped. Enormous potential reserves of several billion tonnes, grading 50% iron, remain in place beneath Conception Bay but the high cost of submarine mining and absence of a market for non-Bessemer ore present obstacles to any future re-development. \u0000RÉSUMÉLes mines de fer de Wabana ont été en activité de 1895 à 1966, période durant laquelle elles ont produit plus de 80 millions de tonnes d","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43370038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-29DOI: 10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.144
J. Murphy, R. Nance, Logan B. Gabler, A. Martell, D. Archibald
In northwest Donegal, Ireland, a large number of coeval appinitic (hornblende-plagioclase-rich) plutons and lamprophyre dykes occur around the Ardara pluton, a granitic satellite body and one of the oldest phases of the ca. 428–400 Ma composite Donegal Batholith. The appinite units form a bimodal (mafic–felsic) suite in which hornblende is the dominant mafic mineral and typically occurs as large prismatic phenocrysts within a finer grained matrix. Lamprophyre dykes are mafic in composition with a geochemistry that is very similar to that of the mafic appinite bodies. Both mafic rocks are subalkalic, with calc-alkalic and tholeiitic tendencies, and show trace element abundances indicating that the mantle source was contaminated by subduction zone fluids. 40Ar/39Ar analysis of hornblende separated from two samples of appinite yield mid-Silurian (434.2 ± 2.1 Ma and 433.7 ± 5.5 Ma) cooling ages that are interpreted to closely date the time of intrusion. Hence, according to the available age data, the appinite bodies slightly predate, or were coeval with, the earliest phases of the Donegal Batholith. Sm–Nd isotopic analyses yield a range of initial εNd values (+3.1 to –4.8 at t = 435 Ma) that, together with trace element data, indicate that the appinitic magmas were likely derived from melting of metasomatized sub-continental lithospheric mantle and/or underplated mafic crust, with only limited crustal contamination during magma ascent. The appinitic intrusions are interpreted to have been emplaced along deep-seated crustal fractures that allowed for mafic and felsic magma to mingle. The magmas are thought to be the products of collisional asthenospheric upwelling associated with the closure of Iapetus and the ensuing Caledonian orogeny, either as a result of an orogen-wide delamination event or as a consequence of more localized slab break-off.RÉSUMÉDans le nord-ouest du Donegal, en Irlande, un grand nombre de plutons appinitiques (riches en hornblendes ou en plagioclases) et de dykes de lamprophyres contemporains se retrouvent autour du pluton d’Ardara, un corps satellite granitique et l’une des phases les plus anciennes du batholite composite de Donegal, âgé d’environ 428–400 Ma. Les unités de l’appinite forment une suite bimodale (mafique–felsique) dans laquelle la hornblende est le minéral mafique dominant et se présente généralement sous forme de grands phénocristaux prismatiques au sein d’une matrice à grains plus fins. Les dykes de lamprophyres ont une composition mafique dont la géochimie est très similaire à celle des corps d’appinite mafique. Les deux roches mafiques sont subalcaliques, avec des tendances calcoalcalines et tholéiitiques, et elles montrent des teneurs en éléments traces indiquant que la source du manteau a été contaminée par des fluides de zone de subduction. L'analyse 40Ar/39Ar des hornblendes provenant de deux échantillons d'appinite donne des âges de refroidissement du Silurien moyen (434,2 ± 2,1 Ma et 433,7 ± 5,5 Ma) qui
在爱尔兰多尼戈尔西北部，Ardara岩体(花岗岩卫星体，约428 ~ 400 Ma复合多尼戈尔基最古老的阶段之一)周围发育大量同时期的斜长岩(富含角闪岩-斜长岩)和煌斑岩脉。斜晶岩单元形成一个双峰(镁质-长英质)套，其中角闪石是主要的镁质矿物，通常以较大的棱柱状斑晶出现在更细粒度的基质中。煌斑岩脉在组成上是基性的，其地球化学特征与基性磷灰岩非常相似。两种基性岩石均为亚碱性，具有钙碱性和拉斑岩倾向，微量元素丰度表明地幔源受到了俯冲带流体的污染。从两个斜铁矿样品中分离的角闪石的40Ar/39Ar分析得出中志留世(434.2±2.1 Ma和433.7±5.5 Ma)冷却年龄，解释为与入侵时间接近。因此，根据现有的年龄数据，这些石体略早于或与多尼戈尔基岩的最早阶段同时存在。Sm-Nd同位素分析得出的初始εNd值范围(t = 435 Ma时为+3.1 ~ -4.8)，结合微量元素数据表明，顶辉岩浆岩可能来源于交代的次大陆岩石圈地幔和/或下镀基性地壳的熔融，岩浆上升过程中只有有限的地壳污染。据解释，这些斜长岩侵入体是沿着深部地壳裂缝侵入的，这使得镁质岩浆和长英质岩浆可以混合在一起。岩浆被认为是碰撞软流圈上升流的产物，这种上升流与Iapetus的关闭和随后的加里东造山运动有关，要么是造山带范围的分层事件的结果，要么是更局部的板块断裂的结果。RÉSUMÉDans de Donegal西北，en Irlande, un grand nombre de plutons appinitiques(丰富的角闪岩和斜长岩)，de dikes de煌斑岩当代，de ardara, un corps卫星花岗岩等，de Donegal, l 'une des phases + anciennes du batholite composite， d 'environ 428-400 Ma。Les统一de l 'appinite forment一套房bimodale (mafique-felsique)在该角闪石是矿物mafique主导等形式下的se介绍generalement德芳phenocristaux prismatiques盟盛一个矩阵谷物加鳍。煌斑岩的岩脉不属于单一的合成技术，不属于化学合成技术，也不属于类似的合成技术。三种方法分别为亚碱基对，三种方法分别为碱基对，三种方法分别为碱基对，三种方法分别为碱基对，三种方法分别为碱基对，三种方法分别为碱基对，三种方法分别为碱基对，三种方法分别为碱基对，三种方法分别为碱基对。L'analyse 40Ar/39Ar des hornblendes provant de deux。同样的，不合格的，不合格的，不合格的，不合格的，不合格的，不合格的，不合格的，不合格的，不合格的，不合格的。Les分析isotopiques Sm-Nd aboutissent有一个全音阶值εNd初始(1 + 3、4、8 t = 435 Ma), associees des的数据元素痕迹,indiquent变量的岩浆appinitiques是probablement派生de la融合d一个披风lithospherique souscontinental metasomatise et /或者一个croute mafique sousplaquee,用一个污染crustale limitee当时de l 'ascension du岩浆。小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体、小侵入体。上花费,les岩浆是莱斯的de la上山(上升流)asthenospherique collisionnelle associee la fermeture de l 'ocean“土卫八”et l 'orogenese caledonienne qui s 'ensuit,所以拉套件用品delaminage l 'echelle de l 'orogene,所以一个破裂+ localisee de la la套件斑块。
{"title":"Age, Geochemistry and Origin of the Ardara Appinite Plutons, Northwest Donegal, Ireland","authors":"J. Murphy, R. Nance, Logan B. Gabler, A. Martell, D. Archibald","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.144","url":null,"abstract":"In northwest Donegal, Ireland, a large number of coeval appinitic (hornblende-plagioclase-rich) plutons and lamprophyre dykes occur around the Ardara pluton, a granitic satellite body and one of the oldest phases of the ca. 428–400 Ma composite Donegal Batholith. The appinite units form a bimodal (mafic–felsic) suite in which hornblende is the dominant mafic mineral and typically occurs as large prismatic phenocrysts within a finer grained matrix. Lamprophyre dykes are mafic in composition with a geochemistry that is very similar to that of the mafic appinite bodies. Both mafic rocks are subalkalic, with calc-alkalic and tholeiitic tendencies, and show trace element abundances indicating that the mantle source was contaminated by subduction zone fluids. 40Ar/39Ar analysis of hornblende separated from two samples of appinite yield mid-Silurian (434.2 ± 2.1 Ma and 433.7 ± 5.5 Ma) cooling ages that are interpreted to closely date the time of intrusion. Hence, according to the available age data, the appinite bodies slightly predate, or were coeval with, the earliest phases of the Donegal Batholith. Sm–Nd isotopic analyses yield a range of initial εNd values (+3.1 to –4.8 at t = 435 Ma) that, together with trace element data, indicate that the appinitic magmas were likely derived from melting of metasomatized sub-continental lithospheric mantle and/or underplated mafic crust, with only limited crustal contamination during magma ascent. The appinitic intrusions are interpreted to have been emplaced along deep-seated crustal fractures that allowed for mafic and felsic magma to mingle. The magmas are thought to be the products of collisional asthenospheric upwelling associated with the closure of Iapetus and the ensuing Caledonian orogeny, either as a result of an orogen-wide delamination event or as a consequence of more localized slab break-off.RÉSUMÉDans le nord-ouest du Donegal, en Irlande, un grand nombre de plutons appinitiques (riches en hornblendes ou en plagioclases) et de dykes de lamprophyres contemporains se retrouvent autour du pluton d’Ardara, un corps satellite granitique et l’une des phases les plus anciennes du batholite composite de Donegal, âgé d’environ 428–400 Ma. Les unités de l’appinite forment une suite bimodale (mafique–felsique) dans laquelle la hornblende est le minéral mafique dominant et se présente généralement sous forme de grands phénocristaux prismatiques au sein d’une matrice à grains plus fins. Les dykes de lamprophyres ont une composition mafique dont la géochimie est très similaire à celle des corps d’appinite mafique. Les deux roches mafiques sont subalcaliques, avec des tendances calcoalcalines et tholéiitiques, et elles montrent des teneurs en éléments traces indiquant que la source du manteau a été contaminée par des fluides de zone de subduction. L'analyse 40Ar/39Ar des hornblendes provenant de deux échantillons d'appinite donne des âges de refroidissement du Silurien moyen (434,2 ± 2,1 Ma et 433,7 ± 5,5 Ma) qui","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44707974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-29DOI: 10.12789/geocanj.2019.46.146
{"title":"Thank You to 2017–2018 Guest Editors and Reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.12789/geocanj.2019.46.146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2019.46.146","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42227462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-29DOI: 10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.143
E. Konstantinovskaya, Gennady M. Ivanov, J. Feybesse, J. Lescuyer
The west-verging fold and thrust belt of the Central Labrador Trough originated as a part of the New Quebec Orogen from rift inversion as a result of oblique collision and dextral transpression between the Archean Superior craton and the Archean block of the Core Zone during the Trans-Hudson orogeny (1.82−1.77 Ga). The structures associated with dextral transpression are well established in the northern segment of the orogen but not in the central part. We present new field structural observations along the ca. 70 km long W−E Minowean-Romanet transect that include not only elements of thrust tectonics but also previously undocumented examples of strike-slip shear zones and late brittle, semi-brittle and ductile extensional structures which occurred both in the frontal and rear parts of the thrust wedge. The newly described low-angle mineral lineation, axes of cylindrical folds and dextral mylonitic shear zones in the footwall of the Romanet Fault are oriented subparallel to the orogen and reflect the early phase of oblique convergence. Mineral lineations and striations on planes of normal faults in the hanging wall of the Romanet Fault are oriented orthogonal to the orogen and correspond to a later phase of exhumation driven by the combined effects of erosion and underplating. To explain the increase in the degree of exhumation along the orogen in the study area from NW to SE, we propose a model of strain partitioning and differential exhumation that resulted from longitudinal variations of shortening and erosion under an oblique convergence setting.RÉSUMÉLa partie centrale de la ceinture de plissement et de chevauchement de la Fosse du Labrador de vergence vers l’ouest fait partie intégrante de l’Orogène du Nouveau-Québec, et résulte de la collision oblique avec transpression dextre entre le craton Supérieur archéen et le bloc archéen de la Zone noyau pendant l’Orogenèse trans-hudsonienne (1.82−1.77 Ga). Les structures associées à la transpression dextre sont bien établies dans la partie nord de l’orogène mais pas dans la partie centrale. Nous présentons de nouvelles observations structurales de terrain le long de la traverse ouest−est Minowean-Romanet d’environ 70 km de long, qui comprennent non seulement des évidences de tectonique de chevauchement, mais également des exemples encore non documentés de zones de cisaillement ductile et de structures d’extension fragiles, demi-fragiles et ductiles à la fois dans les parties frontales et arrière du prisme d’accrétion tectonique. La linéation minérale à faible plongement récemment décrite, les axes de plis cylindriques et les zones de cisaillement mylonitique dextre dans le compartiment inférieur de la faille de Romanet sont subparallèles à l’orogène et reflètent une phase précoce de la convergence oblique. La linéation et les stries minérales sur les plans des failles normales dans le compartiment supérieur de la faille de Romanet sont orientées orthogonalement à l’orogène et correspondent à la ph
拉布拉多海槽的西向褶皱和冲断带是在1.82 ~ 1.77 Ga的跨哈德逊造山运动中，太古宙上克拉通与核心区太古宙地块斜向碰撞和右向挤压作用下的裂谷反转形成的，是新魁北克造山带的一部分。造山带北段与右向逆压有关的构造已很好地建立起来，但在造山带中部尚未建立。我们提出了沿着大约70公里长的W - E Minowean-Romanet样带的新的野外构造观测，不仅包括逆冲构造的元素，而且还包括以前未记载的走滑剪切带和晚期脆性、半脆性和韧性伸展构造的例子，这些构造发生在逆冲楔的前部和后面。新发现的罗曼内断裂下盘低角度矿物线理、柱状褶皱轴线和右旋糜棱质剪切带与造山带近平行，反映了早期斜向辐合作用。罗曼内断层上盘正断层平面上的矿物线理和条纹与造山带方向正交，对应于在侵蚀和底板共同作用下的后期掘出。为了解释研究区沿造山带从NW到SE的掘出程度的增加，我们提出了一个斜辐合背景下由缩短和侵蚀的纵向变化引起的应变分配和差异掘出模型。RESUMELa一部分舟状骨de la束带de plissement et de chevauchement de la壕du拉布拉多·德·朝向更l上财产的一部分integrante de l 'Orogene du Nouveau-Quebec等内容de la斜碰撞用转换挤压了德勒克拉通之间特级archeen et勒集团archeen de la带果仁酒吊坠l 'Orogenese trans-hudsonienne(1.82−1.77 Ga)。所有的组织结构都是与其他组织结构有关的，例如，所有的组织结构都是与其他组织结构有关的，例如，所有的组织结构都与其他组织结构有关。在70公里长的米诺维斯-罗曼内的环境中，有新的观测数据，结构，地形，长，结构，长，非常完整，结构，长，结构，长，主要的样本，长，无文件，结构，长，延伸性，半脆性，延伸性，长，短，长，结构，长，长，结构，长。3 .最小的和/或和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有阶段的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的和/或所有的。从最小的交换交换到最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换、最小的交换交换。倒不用去读什么解释l 'augmentation du le长de l d 'exhumation 'orogene du西北非盟sud-est在区d 'etude常识proposons联合国模型de partitionnement de la变形et de l 'exhumation differentielle合成des变化纵向du raccourcissement et de l 'erosion contexte中融合斜。
{"title":"Structural Features of the Central Labrador Trough: A Model for Strain Partitioning, Differential Exhumation and Late Normal Faulting in a Thrust Wedge under Oblique Shortening","authors":"E. Konstantinovskaya, Gennady M. Ivanov, J. Feybesse, J. Lescuyer","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.143","url":null,"abstract":"The west-verging fold and thrust belt of the Central Labrador Trough originated as a part of the New Quebec Orogen from rift inversion as a result of oblique collision and dextral transpression between the Archean Superior craton and the Archean block of the Core Zone during the Trans-Hudson orogeny (1.82−1.77 Ga). The structures associated with dextral transpression are well established in the northern segment of the orogen but not in the central part. We present new field structural observations along the ca. 70 km long W−E Minowean-Romanet transect that include not only elements of thrust tectonics but also previously undocumented examples of strike-slip shear zones and late brittle, semi-brittle and ductile extensional structures which occurred both in the frontal and rear parts of the thrust wedge. The newly described low-angle mineral lineation, axes of cylindrical folds and dextral mylonitic shear zones in the footwall of the Romanet Fault are oriented subparallel to the orogen and reflect the early phase of oblique convergence. Mineral lineations and striations on planes of normal faults in the hanging wall of the Romanet Fault are oriented orthogonal to the orogen and correspond to a later phase of exhumation driven by the combined effects of erosion and underplating. To explain the increase in the degree of exhumation along the orogen in the study area from NW to SE, we propose a model of strain partitioning and differential exhumation that resulted from longitudinal variations of shortening and erosion under an oblique convergence setting.RÉSUMÉLa partie centrale de la ceinture de plissement et de chevauchement de la Fosse du Labrador de vergence vers l’ouest fait partie intégrante de l’Orogène du Nouveau-Québec, et résulte de la collision oblique avec transpression dextre entre le craton Supérieur archéen et le bloc archéen de la Zone noyau pendant l’Orogenèse trans-hudsonienne (1.82−1.77 Ga). Les structures associées à la transpression dextre sont bien établies dans la partie nord de l’orogène mais pas dans la partie centrale. Nous présentons de nouvelles observations structurales de terrain le long de la traverse ouest−est Minowean-Romanet d’environ 70 km de long, qui comprennent non seulement des évidences de tectonique de chevauchement, mais également des exemples encore non documentés de zones de cisaillement ductile et de structures d’extension fragiles, demi-fragiles et ductiles à la fois dans les parties frontales et arrière du prisme d’accrétion tectonique. La linéation minérale à faible plongement récemment décrite, les axes de plis cylindriques et les zones de cisaillement mylonitique dextre dans le compartiment inférieur de la faille de Romanet sont subparallèles à l’orogène et reflètent une phase précoce de la convergence oblique. La linéation et les stries minérales sur les plans des failles normales dans le compartiment supérieur de la faille de Romanet sont orientées orthogonalement à l’orogène et correspondent à la ph","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44598679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-29DOI: 10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.145
T. Stokes, P. Griffiths
Karst is a three-dimensional landscape that occurs in soluble bedrock (typically limestone, marble, dolostone, gypsum or halite) and is defined by a solutionally weathered surface, a subsurface drainage system (where conduit-flow dominates), and underground openings and caves. Karst can host unique flora and subsurface fauna, as well as a wide range of other scientific, recreational and cultural values. Karst and potential karst areas underlie approximately 10% of British Columbia (BC), but the distribution and extent of this landscape has yet to be fully explored and delineated. Some of the most extensive and well-developed karst areas occur within the forestedlimestone areas of coastal BC, such as on Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii, where numerous surface karst features and caves are known. Karst in the interior plateau regions of British Columbia is less well known, being in part covered by thick deposits of glacial materials. Alpine karst regions are most apparent in the Rocky Mountains where there are limestone plateaus, karst drainages and cave systems that have close connections to past and present glacial systems. Mapping of karst is a critical component for any land-use or resource development activity in all regions of British Columbia, as the environmental impacts on karst and its associated values are potentially significant. The regional distribution of karst in BC is not well mapped, with only an office-based reconnaissance karst potential map (1:250,000-scale) and a related database completed in 1999. A renewed effort should now be made to better map karst across British Columbia using digital bedrock mapping data released in 2017, combined with more recent satellite imagery and improved field knowledge.RÉSUMÉLe karst est un paysage tridimensionnel qui se présente dans le substrat rocheux soluble (généralement calcaire, marbre, dolomite, gypse ou halite) et est défini par une surface altérée par dissolution, un système de drainage souterrain (où l’écoulement par conduit domine) et des ouvertures et cavernes souterraines. Le karst peut abriter une flore et une faune souterraine unique, ainsi qu’une grande variété d’autres ressources scientifiques, de loisir et culturelles. Les zones karstiques et potentiellement karstiques constituent environ 10% de la surface de la Colombie-Britannique, mais la répartition et l’étendue de ce paysage n’a pas été complètement explorées et circonscrites. Certaines des zones karstiques les plus étendues et les mieux développées se trouvent dans les calcaires des zones calcaires boisées de la côte de la Colombie-Britannique, telles que l’île de Vancouver et l’archipel de Haida Gwaii, où l’on connaît de nombreuses caractéristiques karstiques de surface et des cavernes. Le karst des régions des plateaux intérieurs de la Colombie-Britannique est moins bien connu, étant en partie recouvert d’épais dépôts de matériaux glaciaires. Les régions karstiques alpines sont plus apparentes dans les montagnes Rocheus
{"title":"An Overview of the Karst Areas in British Columbia, Canada","authors":"T. Stokes, P. Griffiths","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.145","url":null,"abstract":"Karst is a three-dimensional landscape that occurs in soluble bedrock (typically limestone, marble, dolostone, gypsum or halite) and is defined by a solutionally weathered surface, a subsurface drainage system (where conduit-flow dominates), and underground openings and caves. Karst can host unique flora and subsurface fauna, as well as a wide range of other scientific, recreational and cultural values. Karst and potential karst areas underlie approximately 10% of British Columbia (BC), but the distribution and extent of this landscape has yet to be fully explored and delineated. Some of the most extensive and well-developed karst areas occur within the forestedlimestone areas of coastal BC, such as on Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii, where numerous surface karst features and caves are known. Karst in the interior plateau regions of British Columbia is less well known, being in part covered by thick deposits of glacial materials. Alpine karst regions are most apparent in the Rocky Mountains where there are limestone plateaus, karst drainages and cave systems that have close connections to past and present glacial systems. Mapping of karst is a critical component for any land-use or resource development activity in all regions of British Columbia, as the environmental impacts on karst and its associated values are potentially significant. The regional distribution of karst in BC is not well mapped, with only an office-based reconnaissance karst potential map (1:250,000-scale) and a related database completed in 1999. A renewed effort should now be made to better map karst across British Columbia using digital bedrock mapping data released in 2017, combined with more recent satellite imagery and improved field knowledge.RÉSUMÉLe karst est un paysage tridimensionnel qui se présente dans le substrat rocheux soluble (généralement calcaire, marbre, dolomite, gypse ou halite) et est défini par une surface altérée par dissolution, un système de drainage souterrain (où l’écoulement par conduit domine) et des ouvertures et cavernes souterraines. Le karst peut abriter une flore et une faune souterraine unique, ainsi qu’une grande variété d’autres ressources scientifiques, de loisir et culturelles. Les zones karstiques et potentiellement karstiques constituent environ 10% de la surface de la Colombie-Britannique, mais la répartition et l’étendue de ce paysage n’a pas été complètement explorées et circonscrites. Certaines des zones karstiques les plus étendues et les mieux développées se trouvent dans les calcaires des zones calcaires boisées de la côte de la Colombie-Britannique, telles que l’île de Vancouver et l’archipel de Haida Gwaii, où l’on connaît de nombreuses caractéristiques karstiques de surface et des cavernes. Le karst des régions des plateaux intérieurs de la Colombie-Britannique est moins bien connu, étant en partie recouvert d’épais dépôts de matériaux glaciaires. Les régions karstiques alpines sont plus apparentes dans les montagnes Rocheus","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43424445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-28DOI: 10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.137
S. Morison
key message: Why is there still so much controversy when new mining projects are proposed, and how can geoscientists help to ensure that discus-sions and decisions reflect accurate science and not misinformation?
{"title":"Sustainable Resources for Generations: The Challenges and Some of the Contradictions","authors":"S. Morison","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.137","url":null,"abstract":"key message: Why is there still so much controversy when new mining projects are proposed, and how can geoscientists help to ensure that discus-sions and decisions reflect accurate science and not misinformation?","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41436790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-28DOI: 10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.139
E. A. D. Santos, L. Florisbal, A. Loss, M. L. Besser, Denílson Dortzbach
The municipality of São Joaquim, located in the Planalto Catarinense viticultural region, is the coldest wine-growing region of Brazil, and contains the highest-altitude vineyards in the country. These vineyards were established within the last 20 years, so this is a young and still-developing viticultural region. Information on the terroir of São Joaquim is needed in order to identify potential vineyard sites and to help improve the viticulture in the region. This work aims to characterize the terroir of São Joaquim, where wines are produced from grapes cultivated above 900 m of altitude, through a description and analysis of meteorological, physiographic, pedological, geological and viticultural factors. With respect to these factors, the São Joaquim region presents the following characteristics:1 It has an annual mean temperature of 13ºC, annual mean precipitation of 1680 mm/year and an annual mean solar radiation of 1832 hours/year.2 It has altitudes between 715–1638 m and generally steep slopes, 43% of the slopes have declivities between 20–45% and show no preferred orientation.3 It has both deep (> 150 cm) and shallow (< 100 cm) soils with clayey texture, an average pH (water) between 4.68–5.52 and an average soil organic matter (SOM) content of 6%.4 It is underlain by two units of volcanic rocks. These are a mafic unit (50.53–55.09 wt.% SiO2) and a felsic unit (66.58–70.12 wt.% SiO2). The mafic unit tends to consist of thicker flows than the felsic unit and is characterized by generally steeper slopes.5 There is a correlation between the geological unit and the soil types, in which thicker inceptsols are preferentially developed on the mafic volcanic rocks and thinner entisols are preferentially developed on the felsic volcanic rocks.6 Currently, the region produces more than 27 grape varieties planted mostly on the Paulsen 1103 rootstock. The existing vineyards are mostly underlain by the mafic volcanic unit in areas of steep north-facing slopes. This preliminary study suggests that there are correlations between the bedrock, the soils that they give rise to and the declivities of the slopes. Knowledge of these relationships should assist in the evaluation and planning of future grape and wine production.RÉSUMÉLa commune de São Joaquim, située dans la région viticole de Planalto Catarinense, est la région viticole la plus froide du Brésil et abrite les vignobles les plus élevés du pays. Ces vignobles ont été établis au cours des 20 dernières années; c’est donc une région viticole jeune et en développement. Des informations sur le terroir de São Joaquim sont requises pour identifier les sites viticoles potentiels et contribuer à l’amélioration de la viticulture dans la région. Ce travail vise à caractériser le terroir de São Joaquim, où les vins sont produits à partir de raisins cultivés à plus de 900 m d’altitude, au moyen d’une description et d’une analyse des facteurs météorologiques, physiographiques, pédologiques, géologiques et viti
s o Joaquim市位于Planalto Catarinense葡萄种植区，是巴西最冷的葡萄酒种植区，拥有巴西海拔最高的葡萄园。这些葡萄园都是在过去的20年里建立起来的，所以这是一个年轻的、仍在发展的葡萄种植区。为了确定潜在的葡萄园地点并帮助改善该地区的葡萄栽培，需要有关若阿金岛风土的信息。这项工作旨在通过对气象、地理、土壤学、地质和葡萄栽培因素的描述和分析，描绘出奥若阿金的风土特征，这里出产的葡萄酒来自海拔900米以上的葡萄。就这些因素而言，s o Joaquim地区具有以下特点:1 .年平均气温13℃，年平均降水量1680 mm/年，年平均太阳辐射1832小时/年海拔在715 ~ 1638 m之间，坡度普遍较陡，43%的坡度在20 ~ 45%之间，无择优朝向深层土壤(150 ~ 150 cm)和浅层土壤(< 100 cm)均为粘土质地，平均pH(水)在4.68 ~ 5.52之间，土壤有机质(SOM)平均含量为6%它被两个火山岩单元所覆盖。它们是基性单元(50.53-55.09 wt.% SiO2)和长质单元(66.58-70.12 wt.% SiO2)。基性单元往往比长质单元由更厚的水流组成，其特点是通常有更陡的斜坡地质单元与土壤类型有一定的相关性，基性火山岩优先发育较厚的初始土壤，长英质火山岩优先发育较薄的实体土壤目前，该地区生产超过27种葡萄品种，大部分种植在保尔森1103砧木上。现有的葡萄园大多位于陡峭的北坡地区的基性火山单元之下。这项初步研究表明，基岩、基岩所产生的土壤和斜坡的倾斜度之间存在相关性。这些关系的知识应该有助于评估和规划未来的葡萄和葡萄酒生产。RÉSUMÉLa Joaquim公社，sitemae dans la la viticion viticole de Planalto Catarinense, sitemae dans la la viticole + froide du bracei和abite les vignobles les + sameves du pays。在20个不同的职业生涯中，所有的职业生涯都是与职业生涯有关的;请记住，我们要做的是，我们要做的是，我们要做的是，我们要做的是。《关于若阿金地区风土的信息》(Des information sur le terroir de Joaquim)不要求提供标识符，即葡萄栽培的潜力和贡献，如葡萄栽培和葡萄调温。如阿金，où les vins sonproduct， 部分葡萄干，栽培，和海拔900米，描述和分析，这些因素，例如， vins， vins， vins， vins， vins， vins， vins， vins， vins， vins， vins， vins， vins，和。ence qui关注的因素，la rancigion de ss o Joaquim pracimente les caracimisques suvantes:1 Sa tempracimatrature moyenne annuelle est de 13ºC, ses pracciciitations moyennes annuelles de1680 mm/an, et son rayment solaire moyen annuel de 1832 heres /an海拔高度测试包括715至1638米的海拔高度测试，这些海拔高度测试包含了一系列的突发事件。3 . 43%的人认为，所有的人都认为，所有的人都认为，所有的人都认为，所有的人都认为，所有的人都认为，所有的人都认为，所有的人都认为，所有的人都认为，所有的人都认为5 ~ 150 cm的深度和小于100 cm的深度，平均pH值(eau)由4、68、5、52和6个teneur moyenne en mati re organque du sol (MOS)组成，占6%在岩石火山上找到两个单位。Il 'agit d 'une unite mafique (50,53 % en poids de SiO2)和d 'une unite felsique (66,58 % en poids de SiO2, 70,12 %)。4 .“uniteest est gsamnsamrement”构成了“same de coules”和“same de coules”加上“sames”5 .将存在一个通信中心unitest(统一的通信中心)，即通信中心(统一的通信中心)、通信中心(统一的通信中心)、通信中心(统一的通信中心)、通信中心(统一的通信中心)、通信中心(统一的通信中心)、通信中心(统一的通信中心)、通信中心(统一的通信中心)、通信中心(统一的通信中心)和通信中心(统一的通信中心)3.产品实施和27 .主要工厂- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -活火山的存在代表了火山统一的原则，即火山爆发区和火山爆发区在北部的突然暴露。同样的先决条件也表明，如果没有先决条件，就没有先决条件;如果没有先决条件，就没有先决条件;如果没有先决条件，就没有先决条件。经济合作关系发展促进者，经济发展促进者，经济发展促进者，经济发展促进者，经济发展促进者，经济发展促进者，经济发展促进者。
{"title":"Geology and Wine 15. Producing Wine at Altitude: The Terroir of São Joaquim, Brazil","authors":"E. A. D. Santos, L. Florisbal, A. Loss, M. L. Besser, Denílson Dortzbach","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.139","url":null,"abstract":"The municipality of São Joaquim, located in the Planalto Catarinense viticultural region, is the coldest wine-growing region of Brazil, and contains the highest-altitude vineyards in the country. These vineyards were established within the last 20 years, so this is a young and still-developing viticultural region. Information on the terroir of São Joaquim is needed in order to identify potential vineyard sites and to help improve the viticulture in the region. This work aims to characterize the terroir of São Joaquim, where wines are produced from grapes cultivated above 900 m of altitude, through a description and analysis of meteorological, physiographic, pedological, geological and viticultural factors. With respect to these factors, the São Joaquim region presents the following characteristics:1 It has an annual mean temperature of 13ºC, annual mean precipitation of 1680 mm/year and an annual mean solar radiation of 1832 hours/year.2 It has altitudes between 715–1638 m and generally steep slopes, 43% of the slopes have declivities between 20–45% and show no preferred orientation.3 It has both deep (> 150 cm) and shallow (< 100 cm) soils with clayey texture, an average pH (water) between 4.68–5.52 and an average soil organic matter (SOM) content of 6%.4 It is underlain by two units of volcanic rocks. These are a mafic unit (50.53–55.09 wt.% SiO2) and a felsic unit (66.58–70.12 wt.% SiO2). The mafic unit tends to consist of thicker flows than the felsic unit and is characterized by generally steeper slopes.5 There is a correlation between the geological unit and the soil types, in which thicker inceptsols are preferentially developed on the mafic volcanic rocks and thinner entisols are preferentially developed on the felsic volcanic rocks.6 Currently, the region produces more than 27 grape varieties planted mostly on the Paulsen 1103 rootstock. The existing vineyards are mostly underlain by the mafic volcanic unit in areas of steep north-facing slopes. This preliminary study suggests that there are correlations between the bedrock, the soils that they give rise to and the declivities of the slopes. Knowledge of these relationships should assist in the evaluation and planning of future grape and wine production.RÉSUMÉLa commune de São Joaquim, située dans la région viticole de Planalto Catarinense, est la région viticole la plus froide du Brésil et abrite les vignobles les plus élevés du pays. Ces vignobles ont été établis au cours des 20 dernières années; c’est donc une région viticole jeune et en développement. Des informations sur le terroir de São Joaquim sont requises pour identifier les sites viticoles potentiels et contribuer à l’amélioration de la viticulture dans la région. Ce travail vise à caractériser le terroir de São Joaquim, où les vins sont produits à partir de raisins cultivés à plus de 900 m d’altitude, au moyen d’une description et d’une analyse des facteurs météorologiques, physiographiques, pédologiques, géologiques et viti","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45924113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：