Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1186/s12983-024-00547-x
Piotr Gąsiorek, Martin V. Sørensen, Marie Rathcke Lillemark, Frederik Leerhøi, Anders P. Tøttrup
Tardigrade diversity and distribution are enigmatic in most parts of the globe, and only some European countries can boast of a relatively well-studied water bear fauna. However, even these suffer from the lack of genetic data, which would substantiate faunistic data and make biogeographic comparisons easier. Denmark has never been intensively and systematically researched in this regard, thus a citizen science sampling of cryptogams (mosses, liverworts, and lichens) was launched in spring 2023, aiming at a comprehensive biodiversity survey across this insular country. Nearly 700 samples were selected out of 8.000 sent to NHMD, based on the quality of samples, representativeness of various regions of Denmark, and the type of substrate to allow unravelling of potential ecological associations between tardigrades and cryptogams. Importantly, a large fraction of morphological identifications was backed up by DNA barcode data based on ITS-2 (1001 sequences), and in some cases also on COI (93 sequences) and ITS-1 (22 sequences) molecular markers, which are recognised DNA fragments used in species delimitation. We quadruple the number of known Danish limno-terrestrial tardigrade species (55 spp. reported in this paper vs. 14 spp. reported in literature so far, most of which were contentious due to the insufficient knowledge on tardigrade taxonomy), demonstrating the power of integrative taxonomy. No fewer than nine spp. are new to science. This is the first case where tardigrade fauna of an entire country is examined both from morphological and DNA barcoding data perspective.
在全球大部分地区，缓行动物的多样性和分布都是一个谜，只有一些欧洲国家的水熊动物群研究得相对较好。然而，即使是这些国家也缺乏基因数据，而基因数据可以证实动物学数据，并使生物地理比较更加容易。丹麦从未在这方面进行过深入系统的研究，因此在 2023 年春季启动了一项隐花植物（苔藓、肝草和地衣）公民科学采样活动，旨在对这个海岛国家的生物多样性进行全面调查。根据样本的质量、在丹麦各地区的代表性以及基质类型，从发送给 NHMD 的 8,000 份样本中选出了近 700 份样本，以揭示沙蜥和隐花植物之间潜在的生态关联。重要的是，大部分形态鉴定都有基于 ITS-2（1001 个序列）的 DNA 条形码数据作为支持，在某些情况下还有基于 COI（93 个序列）和 ITS-1 （22 个序列）分子标记的数据，这些标记是用于物种划分的公认 DNA 片段。我们将已知的丹麦跛足沙蜥物种数量增加了四倍（本文报告了 55 个种，而迄今为止文献中报告的物种只有 14 个，其中大部分因对沙蜥分类学的了解不足而存在争议），显示了综合分类学的威力。其中不少于 9 个种是科学界的新发现。这是首次从形态学和 DNA 条形码数据的角度对整个国家的沙蜥动物群进行研究。
{"title":"Massive citizen science sampling and integrated taxonomic approach unravel Danish cryptogam-dwelling tardigrade fauna","authors":"Piotr Gąsiorek, Martin V. Sørensen, Marie Rathcke Lillemark, Frederik Leerhøi, Anders P. Tøttrup","doi":"10.1186/s12983-024-00547-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-024-00547-x","url":null,"abstract":"Tardigrade diversity and distribution are enigmatic in most parts of the globe, and only some European countries can boast of a relatively well-studied water bear fauna. However, even these suffer from the lack of genetic data, which would substantiate faunistic data and make biogeographic comparisons easier. Denmark has never been intensively and systematically researched in this regard, thus a citizen science sampling of cryptogams (mosses, liverworts, and lichens) was launched in spring 2023, aiming at a comprehensive biodiversity survey across this insular country. Nearly 700 samples were selected out of 8.000 sent to NHMD, based on the quality of samples, representativeness of various regions of Denmark, and the type of substrate to allow unravelling of potential ecological associations between tardigrades and cryptogams. Importantly, a large fraction of morphological identifications was backed up by DNA barcode data based on ITS-2 (1001 sequences), and in some cases also on COI (93 sequences) and ITS-1 (22 sequences) molecular markers, which are recognised DNA fragments used in species delimitation. We quadruple the number of known Danish limno-terrestrial tardigrade species (55 spp. reported in this paper vs. 14 spp. reported in literature so far, most of which were contentious due to the insufficient knowledge on tardigrade taxonomy), demonstrating the power of integrative taxonomy. No fewer than nine spp. are new to science. This is the first case where tardigrade fauna of an entire country is examined both from morphological and DNA barcoding data perspective.","PeriodicalId":55142,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Zoology","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142452403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1186/s12983-024-00548-w
Anastasiya Ivanovna Lukinykh, Olga Vladimirovna Ezhova, Vladimir Vladimirovich Yushin, Sergey Vladimirovich Galkin, Vladimir Vasilievich Malakhov
The deep-sea acorn worm Quatuoralisia malakhovi belongs to the phylum Hemichordata, class Enteropneusta, family Torquaratoridae, which was described in 2005. Owing to their epibenthic lifestyle and deep-sea habitat features, torquaratorids differ anatomically from shallow-water acorn worms; however, their morphology and fine structure are poorly studied. We have the opportunity to make three complete detailed series of histological sections of Q. malakhovi and to study the microscopic anatomy, histology and fine structure of the reproductive system of this acorn worm using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The sexes of Q. malakhovi are separate and indistinguishable externally. The lobed testes occupy the dorsal side of the genital wings and distinctly bulge into the peribranchial cavity by their mature lobes. The central part of the testis is always submerged into the genital wing and opens via a single gonad pore. The monociliary muscle cells stretch along the external wall of the testis and surround the gonad pore, probably taking part in the contraction of the testis lobes for spawning. The germinative epithelium of the testis contains spermatogenic cells at different stages of development and interstitial cells. Yolk cells are not found. Interstitial cells embrace the spermatogonia and spermatogenic columns, providing horizontal compartmentalization of the germinative epithelium, and contain numerous phagosomes with remnants of degenerating spermatogenic cells. The testis wall contains haemal lacunae, which are usually located on the side opposite the gonad pore. We describe the fine structure of spermatogonia, spermatocytes clustered in spermatogenic columns, spermatids, and spermatozoa. Spermatozoa are of the ectaquasperm type and consist of an acorn-shaped head and a flagellum 18–25 µm long. The sperm head includes a beak-shaped acrosomal part, a spherical nucleus and a midpiece containing a ring of 5 or rarely 6 mitochondria. The male reproductive system and sperm structure of Q. malakhovi, a representative of the family Torquaratoridae, have a number of differences from shallow-water acorn worms; however, the spermatogenesis and sperm structure of Q. malakhovi generally follow the pattern of the other three enteropneust families, and the phylogenetic significance of these deviations should be the subject of further research.
{"title":"Male reproductive system of the deep-sea acorn worm Quatuoralisia malakhovi (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta, Torquaratoridae) from the Bering Sea","authors":"Anastasiya Ivanovna Lukinykh, Olga Vladimirovna Ezhova, Vladimir Vladimirovich Yushin, Sergey Vladimirovich Galkin, Vladimir Vasilievich Malakhov","doi":"10.1186/s12983-024-00548-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-024-00548-w","url":null,"abstract":"The deep-sea acorn worm Quatuoralisia malakhovi belongs to the phylum Hemichordata, class Enteropneusta, family Torquaratoridae, which was described in 2005. Owing to their epibenthic lifestyle and deep-sea habitat features, torquaratorids differ anatomically from shallow-water acorn worms; however, their morphology and fine structure are poorly studied. We have the opportunity to make three complete detailed series of histological sections of Q. malakhovi and to study the microscopic anatomy, histology and fine structure of the reproductive system of this acorn worm using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The sexes of Q. malakhovi are separate and indistinguishable externally. The lobed testes occupy the dorsal side of the genital wings and distinctly bulge into the peribranchial cavity by their mature lobes. The central part of the testis is always submerged into the genital wing and opens via a single gonad pore. The monociliary muscle cells stretch along the external wall of the testis and surround the gonad pore, probably taking part in the contraction of the testis lobes for spawning. The germinative epithelium of the testis contains spermatogenic cells at different stages of development and interstitial cells. Yolk cells are not found. Interstitial cells embrace the spermatogonia and spermatogenic columns, providing horizontal compartmentalization of the germinative epithelium, and contain numerous phagosomes with remnants of degenerating spermatogenic cells. The testis wall contains haemal lacunae, which are usually located on the side opposite the gonad pore. We describe the fine structure of spermatogonia, spermatocytes clustered in spermatogenic columns, spermatids, and spermatozoa. Spermatozoa are of the ectaquasperm type and consist of an acorn-shaped head and a flagellum 18–25 µm long. The sperm head includes a beak-shaped acrosomal part, a spherical nucleus and a midpiece containing a ring of 5 or rarely 6 mitochondria. The male reproductive system and sperm structure of Q. malakhovi, a representative of the family Torquaratoridae, have a number of differences from shallow-water acorn worms; however, the spermatogenesis and sperm structure of Q. malakhovi generally follow the pattern of the other three enteropneust families, and the phylogenetic significance of these deviations should be the subject of further research.","PeriodicalId":55142,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Zoology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142384250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1186/s12983-024-00546-y
Peng Zheng, Tao Liang, Lei Shi
Toe fringes are a key innovation for sand dwelling lizards, and the relationship between toe fringe function and substrate properties is helpful in understanding the adaptation of lizards to sand dune environments. We tested the sand burial performance of Phrynocephalus mystaceus on different sand substrates with toe fringe manipulation, with the aim of assessing whether the function of the toe fringes shifts under different substrate properties, especially in highly mobile substrates. The sand burial performance of P. mystaceus was influenced by substrate properties in relation to the toe fringe states of the lizard. After removal of the bilateral toe fringes, the sand burial ability score of P. mystaceus was significantly higher on sand substrates below 100 mesh than on native sand substrates. As the angle of stability of the substrate properties decreased, the sand burial performance of the lizard was even better after the bilateral toe fringes were removed. The results of the LASSO model and the path analysis model showed that the stability angle provided the opposite effect on sand burial performance in different toe fringe states. These results further suggest that the sand burial function of toe fringes may not be suitable for highly mobile sand substrates. It remains to be tested further whether the function of toe fringes is more important for running on sand.
{"title":"Are toe fringes important for lizard burying in highly mobile sand?","authors":"Peng Zheng, Tao Liang, Lei Shi","doi":"10.1186/s12983-024-00546-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-024-00546-y","url":null,"abstract":"Toe fringes are a key innovation for sand dwelling lizards, and the relationship between toe fringe function and substrate properties is helpful in understanding the adaptation of lizards to sand dune environments. We tested the sand burial performance of Phrynocephalus mystaceus on different sand substrates with toe fringe manipulation, with the aim of assessing whether the function of the toe fringes shifts under different substrate properties, especially in highly mobile substrates. The sand burial performance of P. mystaceus was influenced by substrate properties in relation to the toe fringe states of the lizard. After removal of the bilateral toe fringes, the sand burial ability score of P. mystaceus was significantly higher on sand substrates below 100 mesh than on native sand substrates. As the angle of stability of the substrate properties decreased, the sand burial performance of the lizard was even better after the bilateral toe fringes were removed. The results of the LASSO model and the path analysis model showed that the stability angle provided the opposite effect on sand burial performance in different toe fringe states. These results further suggest that the sand burial function of toe fringes may not be suitable for highly mobile sand substrates. It remains to be tested further whether the function of toe fringes is more important for running on sand.","PeriodicalId":55142,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Zoology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142330275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1186/s12983-024-00545-z
Yidan Wang, Mingzhang Liu, Fan Xia, Sheng Li
Rapidly expanding human activities have profoundly changed the habitat use of both large carnivores and their prey, but whether and how human activities affect the interactions between them has received relatively less attention. In this study, we conducted a systematically designed camera-trapping survey on an endangered large carnivore (North Chinese leopard Panthera pardus japonensis) and its wild ungulate prey (Siberian roe deer Capreolus pygargus and wild boar Sus scrofa) in the Taihang Mountains of central North China. Using conditional two-species occupancy model based on data derived from the extensive sampling effort (15,654 camera-days at 102 camera sites), we examined the relationship of spatial use between leopards and each prey species under the effects of human presence, free-ranging cattle, roads and settlements. Humans and cattle had contrasting effects on the relationship of spatial use between leopard and roe deer, with higher and lower spatial segregation between them at human and cattle-frequented sites, respectively. Roads might create a shelter for wild boar from leopard predation, with less spatial segregation between them at sites close to the roads. Our findings demonstrate that human activities are reshaping the spatial overlap between large carnivores and their prey, and have non-equivalent effects among different types of human activity. Such effects may further alter the strength of interspecific interactions between predator and prey, with far-reaching influences on the community and ecosystem that require more research.
{"title":"Human activities reshape the spatial overlap between North Chinese leopard and its wild ungulate prey","authors":"Yidan Wang, Mingzhang Liu, Fan Xia, Sheng Li","doi":"10.1186/s12983-024-00545-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-024-00545-z","url":null,"abstract":"Rapidly expanding human activities have profoundly changed the habitat use of both large carnivores and their prey, but whether and how human activities affect the interactions between them has received relatively less attention. In this study, we conducted a systematically designed camera-trapping survey on an endangered large carnivore (North Chinese leopard Panthera pardus japonensis) and its wild ungulate prey (Siberian roe deer Capreolus pygargus and wild boar Sus scrofa) in the Taihang Mountains of central North China. Using conditional two-species occupancy model based on data derived from the extensive sampling effort (15,654 camera-days at 102 camera sites), we examined the relationship of spatial use between leopards and each prey species under the effects of human presence, free-ranging cattle, roads and settlements. Humans and cattle had contrasting effects on the relationship of spatial use between leopard and roe deer, with higher and lower spatial segregation between them at human and cattle-frequented sites, respectively. Roads might create a shelter for wild boar from leopard predation, with less spatial segregation between them at sites close to the roads. Our findings demonstrate that human activities are reshaping the spatial overlap between large carnivores and their prey, and have non-equivalent effects among different types of human activity. Such effects may further alter the strength of interspecific interactions between predator and prey, with far-reaching influences on the community and ecosystem that require more research.","PeriodicalId":55142,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Zoology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1186/s12983-024-00544-0
Iulia Barutia, Andy Sombke
Regenerating legs is advantageous for arthropods as their appendages exhibit crucial functional specializations. Many arthropods possess a ‘preferred breakage point’, where the appendage is most likely to break and where regeneration likely to occur, however, different taxa exhibit different levels of regenerative potential. Centipede appendage regeneration is categorized as 'progressive' or 'explosive'. In the later, the appendage is fully regenerated after one molt. This term was used for house centipedes that frequently lose their long legs. We chose Scutigera coleoptrata as a model to comprehensively investigate the process of leg appendotomy and regeneration as well as compare it with leg development in anamorphic instars. The trochanter exhibits a preferred breakage point. Internally, it houses a three-layered diaphragm that effectively seals the lumen. In case of leg loss, the wound is quickly sealed. The epidermis detaches from the cuticle and muscles of the coxa get compacted, giving sufficient space for the regenerating leg. A blastema forms and the leg then grows in a coiled manner. The regenerating leg is innervated and syncytial muscles form. If the leg is lost in an early intermolt phase, progression of regeneration is slower than when a specimen is closer to the next molt. Instars of house centipedes can simultaneously develop and regenerate legs. The legs develop laterally on the posterior segments under the cuticle. As opposed to regeneration, the progression of leg development always follows the same temporal pattern throughout the entire intermolt phase. Several factors are of major significance in house centipede leg regeneration. First, the ease with which they lose legs: the diaphragm represents an efficient tool for appendotomy. Moreover, the functional extension of the coxa provides space for a leg to be regenerated in. Lastly, the genetic predisposition allows them to regenerate legs within one molting cycle. This “package” is unique among land arthropods, and to this degree rare in marine taxa. Furthermore, observing leg regeneration and anamorphic leg development in parallel suggest that regeneration is most likely an epiphenomenon of development, and the differences are a requirement for the novel context in which re-development occurs.
{"title":"Explosive regeneration and anamorphic development of legs in the house centipede Scutigera coleoptrata","authors":"Iulia Barutia, Andy Sombke","doi":"10.1186/s12983-024-00544-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-024-00544-0","url":null,"abstract":"Regenerating legs is advantageous for arthropods as their appendages exhibit crucial functional specializations. Many arthropods possess a ‘preferred breakage point’, where the appendage is most likely to break and where regeneration likely to occur, however, different taxa exhibit different levels of regenerative potential. Centipede appendage regeneration is categorized as 'progressive' or 'explosive'. In the later, the appendage is fully regenerated after one molt. This term was used for house centipedes that frequently lose their long legs. We chose Scutigera coleoptrata as a model to comprehensively investigate the process of leg appendotomy and regeneration as well as compare it with leg development in anamorphic instars. The trochanter exhibits a preferred breakage point. Internally, it houses a three-layered diaphragm that effectively seals the lumen. In case of leg loss, the wound is quickly sealed. The epidermis detaches from the cuticle and muscles of the coxa get compacted, giving sufficient space for the regenerating leg. A blastema forms and the leg then grows in a coiled manner. The regenerating leg is innervated and syncytial muscles form. If the leg is lost in an early intermolt phase, progression of regeneration is slower than when a specimen is closer to the next molt. Instars of house centipedes can simultaneously develop and regenerate legs. The legs develop laterally on the posterior segments under the cuticle. As opposed to regeneration, the progression of leg development always follows the same temporal pattern throughout the entire intermolt phase. Several factors are of major significance in house centipede leg regeneration. First, the ease with which they lose legs: the diaphragm represents an efficient tool for appendotomy. Moreover, the functional extension of the coxa provides space for a leg to be regenerated in. Lastly, the genetic predisposition allows them to regenerate legs within one molting cycle. This “package” is unique among land arthropods, and to this degree rare in marine taxa. Furthermore, observing leg regeneration and anamorphic leg development in parallel suggest that regeneration is most likely an epiphenomenon of development, and the differences are a requirement for the novel context in which re-development occurs.","PeriodicalId":55142,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Zoology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142245332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1186/s12983-024-00542-2
Yara Silberstein, Janina Büntge, Felix Felmy, Marina Scheumann
Drumming is a non-vocal auditory display producing airborne as well as seismic vibrations by tapping body extremities on a surface. It is mostly described as an alarm signal but is also discussed to signal dominance or mating quality. To clarify the function of drumming in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), we compared the occurrence of drumming during predator, opposite-sex and same-sex encounters. We tested 48 captive Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) in three experiments. In predator experiments, subjects were exposed alone or with their cagemate to aerial and terrestrial predator dummies. In social encounter experiments, familiar and unfamiliar male–female dyads and same-sex dyads were confronted. For the same-sex encounters, a dominance index was calculated for each subject based on the number of won and lost conflicts. Drumming and drumming-call combinations were counted, and a multi-parametric sound analysis was performed. In all experiments drumming and drumming-call combinations occurred. In predator experiments, more subjects drummed when confronted with the predator stimulus than in the habituation phase. In social encounter experiments, more subjects drummed when facing an unfamiliar than a familiar conspecific. In addition, the accompanying call type and body posture of the sender differed between experiments. Thus, we suggest that whereas drumming signals an increased arousal state of the sender, the accompanying call type and the body posture signal context specific information.
{"title":"Context or arousal? Function of drumming in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)","authors":"Yara Silberstein, Janina Büntge, Felix Felmy, Marina Scheumann","doi":"10.1186/s12983-024-00542-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-024-00542-2","url":null,"abstract":"Drumming is a non-vocal auditory display producing airborne as well as seismic vibrations by tapping body extremities on a surface. It is mostly described as an alarm signal but is also discussed to signal dominance or mating quality. To clarify the function of drumming in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), we compared the occurrence of drumming during predator, opposite-sex and same-sex encounters. We tested 48 captive Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) in three experiments. In predator experiments, subjects were exposed alone or with their cagemate to aerial and terrestrial predator dummies. In social encounter experiments, familiar and unfamiliar male–female dyads and same-sex dyads were confronted. For the same-sex encounters, a dominance index was calculated for each subject based on the number of won and lost conflicts. Drumming and drumming-call combinations were counted, and a multi-parametric sound analysis was performed. In all experiments drumming and drumming-call combinations occurred. In predator experiments, more subjects drummed when confronted with the predator stimulus than in the habituation phase. In social encounter experiments, more subjects drummed when facing an unfamiliar than a familiar conspecific. In addition, the accompanying call type and body posture of the sender differed between experiments. Thus, we suggest that whereas drumming signals an increased arousal state of the sender, the accompanying call type and the body posture signal context specific information.","PeriodicalId":55142,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Zoology","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142160477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1186/s12983-024-00543-1
Simon Züger, Wencke Krings, Stanislav N. Gorb, Thies H. Büscher, Andy Sombke
Centipedes are terrestrial and predatory arthropods that possess an evolutionary transformed pair of appendages used for venom injection—the forcipules. Many arthropods incorporate reinforcing elements into the cuticle of their piercing or biting structures to enhance hardness, elasticity or resistance to wear and structural failure. Given their frequent exposure to high mechanical stress, we hypothesise that the cuticle of the centipede forcipule might be mechanically reinforced. With a combination of imaging, analytical techniques and mechanical testing, we explore the centipede forcipule in detail to shed light on its morphology and performance. Additionally, we compare these data to characteristics of the locomotory leg to infer evolutionary processes. We examined sclerotization patterns using confocal laser-scanning microscopy based on autofluorescence properties of the cuticle (forcipule and leg) and elemental composition by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in representative species from all five centipede lineages. These experiments revealed gradually increasing sclerotization towards the forcipular tarsungulum and a stronger sclerotization of joints in taxa with condensed podomeres. Depending on the species, calcium, zinc or chlorine are present with a higher concentration towards the distal tarsungulum. Interestingly, these characteristics are more or less mirrored in the locomotory leg’s pretarsal claw in Epimorpha. To understand how incorporated elements affect mechanical properties, we tested resistance to structural failure, hardness (H) and Young’s modulus (E) in two representative species, one with high zinc and one with high calcium content. Both species, however, exhibit similar properties and no differences in mechanical stress the forcipule can withstand. Our study reveals similarities in the material composition and properties of the forcipules in centipedes. The forcipules transformed from an elongated leg-like appearance into rigid piercing structures. Our data supports their serial homology to the locomotory leg and that the forcipule’s tarsungulum is a fusion of tarsus and pretarsal claw. Calcium or zinc incorporation leads to comparable mechanical properties like in piercing structures of chelicerates and insects, but the elemental incorporation does not increase H and E in centipedes, suggesting that centipedes followed their own pathways in the evolutionary transformation of piercing tools.
蜈蚣是陆生和掠食性节肢动物，拥有一对用于注射毒液的附肢--蟾蜍甲（forcipules）。许多节肢动物在其穿刺或咬合结构的表皮中加入强化元素，以增强硬度、弹性或抗磨损和结构失效的能力。鉴于蜈蚣经常暴露在高机械应力下，我们推测蜈蚣瓣膜的角质层可能被机械加固了。我们结合成像、分析技术和机械测试，详细研究了蜈蚣穹窿的形态和性能。此外，我们还将这些数据与运动腿的特征进行比较，以推断其进化过程。我们使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜，根据蜈蚣所有五个品系的角质层（蹄甲和腿）的自发荧光特性和能量色散 X 射线光谱的元素组成，研究了蜈蚣的硬壳化模式。这些实验表明，硬质化程度向趾甲跗节逐渐增加，在荚膜凝聚的类群中，关节的硬质化程度更强。根据物种的不同，钙、锌或氯在跗关节远端含量较高。有趣的是，这些特征或多或少地反映在 Epimorpha 的运动腿前跗爪上。为了了解所含元素如何影响机械性能，我们测试了两个具有代表性的物种的抗结构破坏能力、硬度（H）和杨氏模量（E），一个含锌量高，一个含钙量高。然而，这两个物种都表现出相似的特性，并且在小穹窿所能承受的机械应力方面没有差异。我们的研究揭示了蜈蚣穹窿的材料成分和特性的相似性。穹窿从细长的腿状外观转变为坚硬的穿刺结构。我们的数据支持它们与运动腿的序列同源性，并支持穹窿跗节是跗节和前跗节爪的融合体。钙或锌的加入使蜈蚣具有与螯足类和昆虫的穿刺结构相似的机械特性，但元素的加入并没有增加蜈蚣的H和E，这表明蜈蚣在穿刺工具的进化转变过程中遵循了自己的路径。
{"title":"Material composition and mechanical properties of the venom-injecting forcipules in centipedes","authors":"Simon Züger, Wencke Krings, Stanislav N. Gorb, Thies H. Büscher, Andy Sombke","doi":"10.1186/s12983-024-00543-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-024-00543-1","url":null,"abstract":"Centipedes are terrestrial and predatory arthropods that possess an evolutionary transformed pair of appendages used for venom injection—the forcipules. Many arthropods incorporate reinforcing elements into the cuticle of their piercing or biting structures to enhance hardness, elasticity or resistance to wear and structural failure. Given their frequent exposure to high mechanical stress, we hypothesise that the cuticle of the centipede forcipule might be mechanically reinforced. With a combination of imaging, analytical techniques and mechanical testing, we explore the centipede forcipule in detail to shed light on its morphology and performance. Additionally, we compare these data to characteristics of the locomotory leg to infer evolutionary processes. We examined sclerotization patterns using confocal laser-scanning microscopy based on autofluorescence properties of the cuticle (forcipule and leg) and elemental composition by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in representative species from all five centipede lineages. These experiments revealed gradually increasing sclerotization towards the forcipular tarsungulum and a stronger sclerotization of joints in taxa with condensed podomeres. Depending on the species, calcium, zinc or chlorine are present with a higher concentration towards the distal tarsungulum. Interestingly, these characteristics are more or less mirrored in the locomotory leg’s pretarsal claw in Epimorpha. To understand how incorporated elements affect mechanical properties, we tested resistance to structural failure, hardness (H) and Young’s modulus (E) in two representative species, one with high zinc and one with high calcium content. Both species, however, exhibit similar properties and no differences in mechanical stress the forcipule can withstand. Our study reveals similarities in the material composition and properties of the forcipules in centipedes. The forcipules transformed from an elongated leg-like appearance into rigid piercing structures. Our data supports their serial homology to the locomotory leg and that the forcipule’s tarsungulum is a fusion of tarsus and pretarsal claw. Calcium or zinc incorporation leads to comparable mechanical properties like in piercing structures of chelicerates and insects, but the elemental incorporation does not increase H and E in centipedes, suggesting that centipedes followed their own pathways in the evolutionary transformation of piercing tools.","PeriodicalId":55142,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Zoology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142042669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1186/s12983-024-00541-3
István Kiss, Gergő Erdélyi, Borbála Szabó
The conservation of aquatic and semiaquatic turtles requires knowledge of the area and vegetation structure of habitat used for nesting, and nesting migration route. We aimed to survey the effects of habitat features to the nest site selection, nesting success, and test the possibility of nest site fidelity. Our study was carried out at 10 different nesting areas, with special emphasis on data from returning females in a pond system in Hungary between 2014 and 2017. Most nesting attempts were found in closed sand steppes, uncharacteristic dry and semi-dry grasslands habitat patches. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that increased sandy soil cover, sunlight and slope were important variables in nest site choice. The increasing PCA first axis score significantly increased the chance of an emergence. The degradation of open steppe vegetation, occurrence of weeds, invasive and disturbance tolerant species have a negative effect on the selection of nest sites. We observed that 96.55% of nests were located within 20 m south of a pine forest at preferred nest site at pond 5, which provided the right incubation temperature through partial shading. The returning females nested significantly closer to the northern pine forest than the single clutch females. Most probably the returning females already has the necessary experience to select the right nesting site. The individually marked females did not choose new nesting areas during the monitored years which suggests nesting area fidelity, but we did not find nest site fidelity. The maintenance of mosaic habitat structure, slowing down the succession process at the nesting area should be basic priorities in European pond turtle conservation programs. We suggested a spatial and temporal scheduling of land management and agricultural work to the local farmers. If the actual nest site is in an agricultural area, all work should be avoided throughout the year. Agricultural machinery should avoid the migration routes of adult turtles and emerged hatchlings during the concerned period. Under strong predation pressure, predator control should be carried out, and use nest protection.
{"title":"Nest site selection and fidelity of European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) population of Babat Valley (Gödöllő, Hungary)","authors":"István Kiss, Gergő Erdélyi, Borbála Szabó","doi":"10.1186/s12983-024-00541-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-024-00541-3","url":null,"abstract":"The conservation of aquatic and semiaquatic turtles requires knowledge of the area and vegetation structure of habitat used for nesting, and nesting migration route. We aimed to survey the effects of habitat features to the nest site selection, nesting success, and test the possibility of nest site fidelity. Our study was carried out at 10 different nesting areas, with special emphasis on data from returning females in a pond system in Hungary between 2014 and 2017. Most nesting attempts were found in closed sand steppes, uncharacteristic dry and semi-dry grasslands habitat patches. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that increased sandy soil cover, sunlight and slope were important variables in nest site choice. The increasing PCA first axis score significantly increased the chance of an emergence. The degradation of open steppe vegetation, occurrence of weeds, invasive and disturbance tolerant species have a negative effect on the selection of nest sites. We observed that 96.55% of nests were located within 20 m south of a pine forest at preferred nest site at pond 5, which provided the right incubation temperature through partial shading. The returning females nested significantly closer to the northern pine forest than the single clutch females. Most probably the returning females already has the necessary experience to select the right nesting site. The individually marked females did not choose new nesting areas during the monitored years which suggests nesting area fidelity, but we did not find nest site fidelity. The maintenance of mosaic habitat structure, slowing down the succession process at the nesting area should be basic priorities in European pond turtle conservation programs. We suggested a spatial and temporal scheduling of land management and agricultural work to the local farmers. If the actual nest site is in an agricultural area, all work should be avoided throughout the year. Agricultural machinery should avoid the migration routes of adult turtles and emerged hatchlings during the concerned period. Under strong predation pressure, predator control should be carried out, and use nest protection.","PeriodicalId":55142,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Zoology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141918831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1186/s12983-024-00540-4
J. Levenets, S. Panteleeva, Zh. Reznikova, A. Gureeva, V. Kupriyanov, N. Feoktistova, A. Surov
Research into the hunting behavior in members of the Cricetidae family offers an opportunity to reveal what changes in the predatory behavioral sequences occur when a rodent species shifts from an omnivorous to a predatory lifestyle. The study tests the following hypotheses: are there phylogenetic differences in the divergence of species’ predatory lifestyles in hamsters or do ecological factors lead to shaping their hunting behavior? We applied the data compression approach for performing comparative analysis of hunting patterns as biological “texts.” The study presents a comparative analysis of hunting behaviors in five Cricetinae species, focusing on the new data obtained for the desert hamster Phodopus roborovskii whose behavior has never been studied before. The hunting behavior of P. roborovskii appeared to be the most variable one. In contrast, behavioral sequences in P. campbelli and Allocricetulus curtatus display more significant order and predictability of behavior during hunting. Optional hunting behavior in the most ancient species P. roborovskii displayed similarities with obligate patterns in “young” Allocricetulus species. It thus turned out to be the most advanced hunter among members of the Phodopus genus. Differences in hunting sequences among Phodopus representatives suggest that the hunting behavior of these species, despite its optional mode, was subject to selection during species splitting within the genus. These results did not reveal the role played by phylogenetic differences in the divergence of species’ predatory lifestyles. They suggested that ecological conditions are the main factors in speciation of the hunting behavior in hamsters.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of optional hunting behavior in Cricetinae hamsters using the data compression approach","authors":"J. Levenets, S. Panteleeva, Zh. Reznikova, A. Gureeva, V. Kupriyanov, N. Feoktistova, A. Surov","doi":"10.1186/s12983-024-00540-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-024-00540-4","url":null,"abstract":"Research into the hunting behavior in members of the Cricetidae family offers an opportunity to reveal what changes in the predatory behavioral sequences occur when a rodent species shifts from an omnivorous to a predatory lifestyle. The study tests the following hypotheses: are there phylogenetic differences in the divergence of species’ predatory lifestyles in hamsters or do ecological factors lead to shaping their hunting behavior? We applied the data compression approach for performing comparative analysis of hunting patterns as biological “texts.” The study presents a comparative analysis of hunting behaviors in five Cricetinae species, focusing on the new data obtained for the desert hamster Phodopus roborovskii whose behavior has never been studied before. The hunting behavior of P. roborovskii appeared to be the most variable one. In contrast, behavioral sequences in P. campbelli and Allocricetulus curtatus display more significant order and predictability of behavior during hunting. Optional hunting behavior in the most ancient species P. roborovskii displayed similarities with obligate patterns in “young” Allocricetulus species. It thus turned out to be the most advanced hunter among members of the Phodopus genus. Differences in hunting sequences among Phodopus representatives suggest that the hunting behavior of these species, despite its optional mode, was subject to selection during species splitting within the genus. These results did not reveal the role played by phylogenetic differences in the divergence of species’ predatory lifestyles. They suggested that ecological conditions are the main factors in speciation of the hunting behavior in hamsters.","PeriodicalId":55142,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Zoology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141618242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.1186/s12983-024-00539-x
David Romero, Raúl Maneyro, José Carlos Guerrero, Raimundo Real
<p><b>Correction</b><b>: </b><b>Front Zool 20, 38 (2023)</b></p><p><b>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-023-00515-x</b></p><br/><p>Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported that the link to the data repository is missing in section Availability of data and materials.</p><p>The original content of Availability of data and materials was:</p><p>The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available through a data repository.</p><p>The correction content should read:</p><p>The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0k6djhb6g.</p><p>The original article [1] has been updated.</p><ol data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li data-counter="1."><p>Romero D, Maneyro R, Guerrero JC, et al. Using fuzzy logic to compare species distribution models developed on the basis of expert knowledge and sampling records. Front Zool. 2023;20:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-023-00515-x.</p><p>Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar </p></li></ol><p>Download references<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" role="img" width="16"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use></svg></p><h3>Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol><li><p>Biogeography, Diversity, and Conservation Research Team, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain</p><p>David Romero & Raimundo Real</p></li><li><p>Laboratory of Systematics and Natural History of Vertebrates, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay</p><p>Raúl Maneyro</p></li><li><p>Laboratory for Sustainable Development and Environmental Management, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay</p><p>José Carlos Guerrero</p></li></ol><span>Authors</span><ol><li><span>David Romero</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Raúl Maneyro</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>José Carlos Guerrero</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Raimundo Real</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li></ol><h3>Corresponding author</h3><p>Correspondence to David Romero.</p><p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party mat
更正：Front Zool 20, 38 (2023)https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-023-00515-xFollowing 原文[1]发表后，作者报告说在数据和材料的可获得性一节中缺少指向数据存储库的链接。数据和材料的可获得性的原文内容为：支持本文结论的数据集将通过数据存储库提供。更正后的内容应为：支持本文结论的数据集可在 https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0 网站上获得。k6djhb6g.The original article [1] has been updated.Romero D, Maneyro R, Guerrero JC, et al. Using fuzzy logic to compare species distribution models developed on the basis of expert knowledge and sampling records.Front Zool.2023;20:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-023-00515-x.Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Download references作者及工作单位西班牙马拉加马拉加大学科学学院动物生物学系生物地理学、多样性和保护研究小组David Romero &；Raimundo Real 乌拉圭蒙得维的亚共和国大学科学系脊椎动物系统学与自然史实验室 Raúl Maneyro 蒙得维的亚共和国大学科学系可持续发展与环境管理实验室、乌拉圭José Carlos Guerrero作者：David Romero查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者劳尔-马内罗查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者José Carlos Guerrero查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者雷蒙多-雷亚尔查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者通讯作者：David Romero。开放存取 本文采用知识共享署名 4.0 国际许可协议进行许可，该协议允许以任何媒介或格式使用、共享、改编、分发和复制本文，但须注明原作者和出处，提供知识共享许可协议链接，并说明是否进行了修改。本文中的图片或其他第三方材料均包含在文章的知识共享许可协议中，除非在材料的署名栏中另有说明。如果材料未包含在文章的知识共享许可协议中，且您打算使用的材料不符合法律规定或超出许可使用范围，您需要直接从版权所有者处获得许可。要查看该许可的副本，请访问 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/。除非在数据的信用行中另有说明，否则创作共用公共领域专用免责声明（http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/）适用于本文提供的数据。转载与许可引用本文Romero, D., Maneyro, R., Guerrero, J.C. et al. Correction：使用模糊逻辑比较基于专家知识和采样记录建立的物种分布模型。Front Zool 21, 18 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-024-00539-xDownload citationPublished: 25 June 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-024-00539-xShare this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
{"title":"Correction: Using fuzzy logic to compare species distribution models developed on the basis of expert knowledge and sampling records","authors":"David Romero, Raúl Maneyro, José Carlos Guerrero, Raimundo Real","doi":"10.1186/s12983-024-00539-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-024-00539-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Correction</b><b>: </b><b>Front Zool 20, 38 (2023)</b></p><p><b>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-023-00515-x</b></p><br/><p>Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported that the link to the data repository is missing in section Availability of data and materials.</p><p>The original content of Availability of data and materials was:</p><p>The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available through a data repository.</p><p>The correction content should read:</p><p>The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0k6djhb6g.</p><p>The original article [1] has been updated.</p><ol data-track-component=\"outbound reference\" data-track-context=\"references section\"><li data-counter=\"1.\"><p>Romero D, Maneyro R, Guerrero JC, et al. Using fuzzy logic to compare species distribution models developed on the basis of expert knowledge and sampling records. Front Zool. 2023;20:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-023-00515-x.</p><p>Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar </p></li></ol><p>Download references<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" role=\"img\" width=\"16\"><use xlink:href=\"#icon-eds-i-download-medium\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"></use></svg></p><h3>Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol><li><p>Biogeography, Diversity, and Conservation Research Team, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain</p><p>David Romero & Raimundo Real</p></li><li><p>Laboratory of Systematics and Natural History of Vertebrates, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay</p><p>Raúl Maneyro</p></li><li><p>Laboratory for Sustainable Development and Environmental Management, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay</p><p>José Carlos Guerrero</p></li></ol><span>Authors</span><ol><li><span>David Romero</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Raúl Maneyro</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>José Carlos Guerrero</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Raimundo Real</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li></ol><h3>Corresponding author</h3><p>Correspondence to David Romero.</p><p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party mat","PeriodicalId":55142,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Zoology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141448281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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