IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152850

Elder Antônio Sousa Paiva , Marc Gibernau , Carlos Gabriel Pereira-Silva , Artur Campos Dália Maia , Eduardo Gomes Gonçalves , Igor Ballego-Campos

The Neotropical tribe Spathicarpeae (Araceae) exhibits unique floral traits, among which staminodes seem to be crucial for reproductive biology in most of its genera. Given the existing gap in the literature on pollination ecology, along with the uncertainties regarding nectar secretion, we studied Spathicarpa hastifolia to describe staminode ultrastructure, investigate secretory processes, and characterize the composition of exudates sought by floral visitors. Flower buds and flowers in different anthesis phases were collected, fixed, and processed for light and electron microscopy. Flowers of S. hastifolia lack a perianth and comprise a gynoecium surrounded by staminodes. Staminodes exude a hyaline fluid during the pistillate and staminate phases of anthesis, attracting floral visitors like cockroaches, ants, and sap beetles. The staminodes are slightly globose, vascularized, and covered by a uniseriate epidermis with widespread stomata that are mostly open pores. The ground tissue is a starch-rich parenchyma whose starch content varies throughout the day due to synthesis and hydrolysis cycles. Chemical analyses showed that staminode exudates constitute sucrose-rich nectar. On the other hand, the fused stamens or synandria exude tiny drops of liquid from their tops, sometimes containing sugars, but in too low concentration to be qualified as nectar. The structure of the secretory cells of staminodes, both from the epidermis and parenchyma, was shown to be compatible with nectar synthesis. Mitochondria, plastids, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles prevail in these cells. Altogether, our results show that the staminodes of S. hastifolia are floral nectaries whose secretory activity extends throughout the entire period of anthesis and mediates interactions with potential pollinators.

新热带部落Spathicarpeae（天南星科）表现出独特的花性状，其中雄蕊似乎对其大多数属的生殖生物学至关重要。考虑到传粉生态学文献的空白，以及花蜜分泌的不确定性，我们以Spathicarpa hastifolia为研究对象，描述了花蕊的超微结构，研究了分泌过程，并表征了访花者所寻求的渗出物的成分。收集花蕾和不同花期的花，固定，处理光镜和电镜。花无花被，由雄蕊包围的雌蕊组成。雄蕊在花期的雌蕊期和雄蕊期会分泌出透明的液体，吸引像蟑螂、蚂蚁和树液甲虫这样的来访者。雄蕊稍球形，维管化，被单胚芽表皮覆盖，有广泛的气孔，气孔多为开孔。地面组织是一种富含淀粉的薄壁组织，由于合成和水解循环，其淀粉含量全天都在变化。化学分析表明，雄蕊分泌物构成了富含蔗糖的花蜜。另一方面，融合的雄蕊或双雄蕊从顶部渗出微小的液体，有时含有糖，但浓度太低，不能作为花蜜。雄蕊分泌细胞的结构，无论是来自表皮还是薄壁组织，都显示出与花蜜合成相容。线粒体、质体、粗内质网和液泡在这些细胞中普遍存在。总之，我们的研究结果表明，牡荆的雄蕊是花的蜜腺，其分泌活动贯穿整个花期，并介导与潜在传粉者的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Reproductive success over Calliandra fasciculata Benth. floral anthesis: evidence of adaptive generalization 黄花菜的繁殖成功。花开花：适应性泛化的证据

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152852

Rodrigo Santiago , Pedro J. Bergamo , Vinícius L.G. Brito , Marsal D. Amorim , Lucas B. Castro , Sabrina A. Lopes , Cinthia S. Novaes , Larissa C. Mendes , Gizele C.A. Silva , Danila M. Silva , Ilmara A.O. Ferreira , Bernardo O. Dias , Leidy K.G. Cunha , Matheus A. Pacheco , André R. Rech

Interactions between plants and pollinators are shaped by floral traits, and the combination of these characteristics determines the level of specialization in pollination systems. Plants with generalist systems are expected to exhibit less restrictive traits and receive similar contributions from different visitors to their reproduction. For instance, greater floral longevity may enhance pollination by a wider range of visitors, leading to generalization. In this study, we investigated the pollination dynamics (floral visitors, changes in traits, reproductive success) along the floral longevity of Calliandra fasciculata in the Brazilian Campos Rupestres (rocky outcrops). The species has brush-shaped flowers, produces nectar, and changes color during anthesis. It was visited by hummingbirds and bees during the day, and by bats and hawkmoths at night. Flower color and nectar secretion changed synchronously during anthesis. High nectar production at night, when flowers are white and absorb UV, led to a higher frequency of visits than during the day. However, polyad removal and deposition on stigmas remained high throughout the floral lifespan, indicating that both diurnal and nocturnal pollinators contribute to pollination. Yet, fruit and seed production were consistently low, suggesting nutritional limitation. Our results indicate that extended floral longevity is associated with increased generalization in the pollination system of C. fasciculata. The comparable contribution of day and night pollinators suggests adaptive generalization, in which floral traits are linked to broader visitor diversity and enhanced reproductive success.

植物和传粉者之间的相互作用是由花的特征决定的，这些特征的组合决定了传粉系统的专业化水平。具有通才系统的植物预计会表现出较少的限制性性状，并从不同的来访者那里获得相似的生殖贡献。例如，更长的花寿命可能会促进更广泛的来客授粉，从而导致泛化。本文研究了巴西Campos Rupestres（岩石露头）中花期的传粉动态（访花者、性状变化、繁殖成功率）。该物种有刷子状的花，产花蜜，在花期改变颜色。白天有蜂鸟和蜜蜂，晚上有蝙蝠和飞蛾。花期花色和花蜜分泌同步变化。夜间花蜜产量高，花是白色的，能吸收紫外线，因此比白天访问频率更高。然而，在花的整个生命周期中，柱头上的聚体去除和沉积仍然很高，表明昼夜传粉者和夜间传粉者都对授粉有贡献。然而，水果和种子产量一直很低，表明营养有限。研究结果表明，花的寿命延长与花的传粉系统泛化程度的提高有关。白天和夜间传粉者的相似贡献表明适应性泛化，其中花性状与更广泛的访问者多样性和更高的繁殖成功率有关。

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引用次数: 0

Diversity and spatiotemporal trends of wild edible plants in Nepal: A review on wild edible plants contribution to food security 尼泊尔野生食用植物多样性及其时空趋势：野生食用植物对粮食安全的贡献综述

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152853

Sujan Chaudhary , Hari Achhami , Elina Rai , Manita Shyaula , Manisha Ghimire , Aakriti Adhikari , Indu Shrestha , Nirmal Karki , Bishwa Bandhu Pachhai , Lalan Kumar Mahato , Lok Ranjan Bhatt

Wild edible plants (WEPs) are essential to the livelihoods, cultural heritage, and food security of rural communities across Nepal, yet they face growing threats from cultural erosion and rapid modernization. This review aims to focus on the diversity of WEPs, spatiotemporal distributions, and their research trends in Nepal. Altogether, 634 species belonging to 165 families of WEPs in Nepal have been documented from 52 districts of Nepal, which included 422 species of angiosperms, 1 species of gymnosperms, 34 species of ferns, 169 species of mushrooms, and 8 species of lichens. The present review has enlisted the highest numbers of total WEPs in Kaski District, followed by Kathmandu, Dhankuta, and Chitwan. The availability of WEPs in various districts of Nepal ranged from 2 to 157, and still 25 districts were undiscovered. The mid-hill region of the country holds the highest number of WEPs. Out of 77 districts, 19 are severely food deficit, 8 are food deficit, and 9 districts are marginally deficit, especially from western regions. Baitadi, Bajhang, Bajura, Dolakha, Darchula, Dolpa, Humla, Jumla, Jajarkot, and Kalikot lies under severely food deficit districts. The southern belt of Madhesh Province and western regions are scarcely studied, which needs further exploration. Although very few studies were carried out until 2000, research on WEPs began in Nepal in 1980 and rapidly increased starting in 2009. The research trend revealed that ethnobotanical studies have overwhelmingly outnumbered the nutritional studies throughout time, highlighting a need for further scientific investigation into nutritional value of WEPs. The findings presented here can thus serve as a foundation source for researchers, policymakers and conservationists to develop strategies for effective conservation and sustainable use of WEPs.

野生食用植物对尼泊尔农村社区的生计、文化遗产和粮食安全至关重要，但它们面临着文化侵蚀和快速现代化带来的日益严重的威胁。本文综述了尼泊尔wep的多样性、时空分布及其研究趋势。共记录到尼泊尔52个地区165科634种wep植物，其中被子植物422种，裸子植物1种，蕨类植物34种，蘑菇169种，地衣8种。目前的审查在卡斯基区登记了最多的世界卫生组织工作人员，其次是加德满都、丹库塔和奇旺。尼泊尔各县提供的wep从2个到157个不等，还有25个县未被发现。该国的中山地区拥有最多的wep。在77个县中，19个县粮食严重短缺，8个县粮食短缺，9个县粮食略微短缺，特别是在西部地区。拜塔迪、巴扬、巴久拉、多拉卡、达尔丘拉、多尔帕、胡姆拉、朱姆拉、贾贾科特和卡利科特属于严重缺粮地区。马德赫南带和西部地区研究较少，有待进一步探索。虽然直到2000年才进行了很少的研究，但1980年在尼泊尔开始了对wep的研究，并从2009年开始迅速增加。研究趋势表明，民族植物学研究在数量上远远超过了营养学研究，这表明需要进一步对植物植物的营养价值进行科学研究。因此，本文提出的研究结果可以作为研究人员、政策制定者和保护主义者制定有效保护和可持续利用wep战略的基础资料。

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引用次数: 0

Relevance of leaflet morphoanatomical characters in the taxonomy and ecology of seven species of the genus Mimosa (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Mimoseae) 含羞草属（豆科，含羞草科，含羞草科）7种含羞草属植物小叶形态解剖学特征与分类生态学的相关性

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152849

Manuel Alberto Ayala-Ramos , Susana Adriana Montaño-Arias , Teresa Terrazas , Rosaura Grether

The genus Mimosa is complex; it is distributed in a wide variety of habitats, and the delimitation of several of its species remains problematic. To date, leaflet morphoanatomy has not been explored in most of its species, despite the fact that such exploration would not only make it possible for the species to be distinguished but also provide information about the environment. It was for these reasons that the taxonomical and ecological implications of the morphoanatomical characters of seven Mimosa species’ leaflets were determined. The architecture and anatomy of three leaflets were observed in three individuals per species. Interspecific differences were evaluated through analysis of variance. Similarity analysis and a non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis were performed. Traits showed associations with several environmental variables using canonical correspondence analysis. The characters with specific taxonomic value include primary venation type, stomatal complex type, mesophyll type, presence or absence of twice-branched veinlets, and cuticular folds over the primary vein. The analysis of similarities grouped the species according to the section to which they belong (M. sect. Batocaulon, M. sect. Habbasia, and M. sect. Mimosa). Furthermore, the characters are associated with protection against solar radiation, reduction of water loss, and optimization of water transport and photosynthesis. This study demonstrates that leaflet morphoanatomical characters are important for the resolution of taxonomic problems and can provide insight into the survival strategies employed by Mimosa species, thus pointing the way for future exploration of the topic.

含羞草属是复杂的；它分布在各种各样的栖息地，其中几个物种的划分仍然存在问题。迄今为止，大多数物种的小叶形态解剖学尚未被探索，尽管这种探索不仅可以使物种区分，而且可以提供有关环境的信息。因此，本文对含羞草属7种植物小叶的形态解剖特征进行了分类和生态学意义的研究。在每个种的三个个体中观察到三个小叶的结构和解剖结构。通过方差分析评估种间差异。进行了相似性分析和非度量多维尺度分析。利用规范对应分析表明性状与多个环境变量相关。具有特定分类价值的特征包括初生脉类型、气孔复体类型、叶肉类型、是否存在双分枝小脉以及初生脉上的角质层褶皱。相似性分析将这些物种按其所属的组（M. sect. Batocaulon， M. sect. Habbasia和M. sect. Mimosa）分组。此外，这些性状与抵御太阳辐射、减少水分流失、优化水分运输和光合作用有关。本研究表明，小叶形态解剖学特征对解决含羞草的分类学问题具有重要意义，可以为含羞草物种的生存策略提供洞见，从而为今后的研究指明方向。

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引用次数: 0

Anatomical characterisation of Euphorbia L. taxa from Serbia: implications for taxonomy and identification 塞尔维亚大戟属分类群的解剖特征：分类鉴定意义

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152848

Marina Ž. Jušković, Maja D. Jovanović, Jovana S. Stojanović, Bojan K. Zlatković

This study examines the anatomical variability of stem and leaf traits and their taxonomic significance in 11 Euphorbia species and subspecies from Serbia, six of which (E. epithymoides, E. niciciana, E. serpentini, E. spinosa subsp. glabriflora, E. subhastata, and E. thessala) are investigated for the first time. A total of 31 quantitative anatomical characters were measured and analysed using univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Key differentiating traits included stem diameter, stem collenchyma thickness, cortex parenchyma thickness, xylem thickness, width of stomata on the adaxial side, and stomatal surface area on the abaxial side. The findings underscore the diagnostic value of quantitative anatomical traits for taxa identification. Additionally, qualitative traits - particularly epidermal features such as indumentum, cell wall patterns, and stomatal types - further aid in taxa differentiation. This study provides the first comprehensive anatomical analysis of stems and leaves for most of the taxa examined, enhancing the understanding of Euphorbia variability patterns. It supports more precise taxa delimitation within the genus and establishes a foundation for future research.

本文研究了塞尔维亚11种大戟属植物（E.上皮植物、E. niciciana植物、E. serpentini植物、E. spinosa亚种植物）茎叶性状的解剖变异及其分类意义。本文首次研究了光花草（glabriflora）、花花草（E. subhastata）和花花草（E. thessala）。采用单因素和多因素统计分析，对31个定量解剖特征进行测量和分析。主要的区分性状包括茎粗、茎厚、皮层薄壁组织厚度、木质部厚度、正面气孔宽度和背面气孔表面积。这些发现强调了定量解剖特征在分类群鉴定中的诊断价值。此外，质量特征——特别是表皮特征，如毛被、细胞壁模式和气孔类型——进一步有助于分类群的分化。本研究首次对所研究的大部分分类群的茎和叶进行了全面的解剖分析，增强了对大戟属植物变异模式的理解。它支持更精确的属内分类划分，并为今后的研究奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Absorptive and transport roots of two tree species respond differently to soil salinity along soil depth 两种树种的吸收根和运输根对土壤盐度的响应不同

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152847

Yan Wang , Xiaohui Guo , Qiulin Bi , Wen Zhou , Hongxi Yao , Jiacun Gu , Yanping Wang

Salinization is one of the factors seriously affecting the stability of forest ecosystems in coastal areas worldwide, which limits root growth and has adverse effects on forest development. Fine roots of woody plants can be divided into absorptive and transport roots; however, their responses to salinization along soil layers and the potential adaptation mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, absorptive and transport roots of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott and Robinia pseudoacacia L. in Yellow River Delta were collected in different soil layers, and their functional trait variations were analyzed, respectively. Absorptive roots exhibited greater respiration rates (RR), specific root length and area (SRL and SRA), nitrogen content, but lower root diameter (RD), tissue density (RTD), and dry matter contents than transport roots. Generally, compared with non-salinized roots, salinized absorptive roots had higher RR, lower SRL and SRA, while transport roots were relatively conservative. Robinia pseudoacacia was more sensitive to soil salinization than S. japonicum. Additionally, with the increase of soil depth in both sites, greater responses of SRL, RR, and nitrogen content were found in absorptive roots, whereas larger changes of RD and RTD in transport roots. These results highlight that the acquisitive strategy of absorptive roots, rather than the conservative strategy of transport roots, facilitates resource acquisition in responding to soil salinity. Our findings also imply the importance of applying root functional-based classification in the ecological progress for understanding the root resource foraging strategies.

盐碱化是严重影响世界沿海地区森林生态系统稳定性的因素之一，它限制了森林根系的生长，对森林的发展产生不利影响。木本植物的细根可分为吸收根和运输根；然而，它们对盐碱化的响应及其潜在的适应机制尚不清楚。其中，Styphnolobium japonicum （L.）的吸收和运输根采集黄河三角洲不同土层的肖特和刺槐，分析其功能性状的变化。吸收根的呼吸速率（RR）、比根长和比根面积（SRL和SRA）、氮含量高于运输根，但根径（RD）、组织密度（RTD）和干物质含量低于运输根。总体而言，与未盐渍化根相比，盐渍化吸收根的RR较高，SRL和SRA较低，而运输根则相对保守。刺槐对土壤盐渍化的敏感性高于刺槐。此外，随着土壤深度的增加，吸收根的SRL、RR和氮含量的响应更大，而运输根的RD和RTD的变化更大。这些结果表明，在对土壤盐分的响应中，吸收根的获取策略比运输根的保守策略更有利于资源的获取。我们的研究结果也暗示了在生态进程中应用基于根功能的分类对于理解根资源觅食策略的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of the velamen water saturation on the photosynthetic performance of Vanda hybrid (Orchidaceae), a species with conspicuous pneumathodes 叶片含水饱和度对兰科万达杂交种光合性能的影响

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152846

Gisely de Souza Santos, Jessica Ferreira de Lima, Ana Silvia Franco Pinheiro Moreira

Anatomical and physiological characteristics in orchids efficiently optimize the acquisition and use of water, such as the velamen in the roots, and the expression of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). However, the water saturation of the velamen may generate hypoxic conditions, which the presence of pneumathodes may reduce. The present study aimed to analyze the tolerance of the epiphyte Vanda hybrid subjected to water saturation, determining whether the velamen water saturation leads to root oxidative stress with a systemic effect on plant metabolism, and discussing the role of pneumathodes in root aeration. Five individuals were used as controls, and five were subjected to root system submersion for 120 h (time intervals: 0, 24, 72, and 120 h after submersion). Fragments of leaves and roots were used to obtain the specific mass and the relative water content, and to quantify the diurnal organic acid changes, the contents of chloroplast pigments, and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Histochemical analyses were performed to detect oxidative stress in the roots. The initial submersion of the roots led to plant hydration and increased CAM expression and photochemical quantum yield by leaves. Pneumathodes remained white throughout the experiment, but the submerged roots exhibited higher oxidative stress than those of control plants after 120 h of submersion. In addition to the connection between the root cortex and the external environment, the air pockets formed by pneumathode cells and the O₂ product of photosynthetic metabolism can reduce or at least delay the effects generated by water saturation conditions at the root.

兰科植物的解剖生理特征，如根部的根膜、天冬酰胺酸代谢（CAM）的表达等，有效地优化了植物对水分的获取和利用。然而，筋膜的含水饱和度可能会产生缺氧条件，气门的存在可能会减少这种缺氧条件。本研究旨在分析附生植物万达杂交种对水分饱和的耐受性，确定叶片水分饱和是否会导致根系氧化应激并对植物代谢产生系统性影响，并探讨吸气孔在根系通气性中的作用。5个个体作为对照，5个个体浸泡120 h（时间间隔：浸泡后0、24、72和120 h）。利用叶片和根的碎片获得比质量和相对含水量，定量测定有机酸的日变化、叶绿体色素含量和叶绿素a荧光。组织化学分析检测根的氧化应激。根系初期浸没导致植株水化，增加叶片CAM表达和光化学量子产率。在整个试验过程中，气门草的根部保持白色，但浸泡120 h后，其氧化应激水平高于对照植株。除了根皮质与外界环境的联系外，气孔细胞形成的气穴和光合代谢的O2产物可以减少或至少延缓根部水分饱和条件产生的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Do stem functional traits determine the phenology of tree species in semiarid highland forest, Brazil? 茎功能性状是否决定了巴西半干旱高原森林树种的物候？

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152845

Isnaiane Maria de Azevedo de Sousa Lima , Angela Lucena Nascimento de Jesus , Cintia Amando , Nielson Dinivan da Silva Brito , Marcia Nunes de Melo Santos , Maria Jesus Nogueira Rodal , Renata Akemi Shinozaki-Mendes , André Laurênio de Melo , André Luiz Alves de Lima

The phenology of tree species in tropical forests is better understood when both environmental factors and functional traits of plants are analyzed. However, the relation between phenology and functional traits is still poorly explored, especially in forest ecosystems. This study analyzed the relation between phenology, wood density (WD) and wood water storage capacity (Qwsat) of 21 tree species from highland forest, montane wetland in the semiarid region of Brazil, as well as their relation with environmental factors. Most species are semideciduous (43 %) or evergreen (43 %), while only three (14 %) are deciduous. Many species (86 %) have shown WD between 0.52 and 0.62 g/cm³, with low Qwsat, while only three species (14 %) have presented lower wood density (0.38–0.48 g/cm³), with higher Qwsat in their stems (105–157 % of dry mass). Leaf budding was positively influenced by rainfall. Leaf fall was the phenophase affected by the greatest number of variables, showing negative relationships with both humidity and wood density. Additionally, evergreen species exhibited a 22.4 % lower leaf fall rate compared to the other groups. These results indicate that stem functional traits were not relevant to explain the phenology of plant species in this environment, but that budding and leaf fall have a great contribution to understanding the functioning and distribution of functional groups in an upland forests. These results reveal that, unlike the surrounding Caatinga vegetation, in the highland forest the stem functional traits were not good indicators of plant functioning, but leaf traits are of great relevance.

对热带森林树种物候特征进行综合分析，可以更好地了解热带森林树种的环境因子和功能性状。然而，物候与功能性状之间的关系，特别是在森林生态系统中，还没有得到充分的探讨。本研究分析了巴西半干旱区山地湿地高原森林21种树种物候、木材密度和木材储水量的关系及其与环境因子的关系。大多数种类是半落叶（43%）或常绿（43%），只有3种（14%）是落叶。许多树种（86%）的WD值在0.52 ~ 0.62 g/cm³之间，Qwsat值较低，而只有3种树种（14%）的木材密度较低（0.38 ~ 0.48 g/cm³），树干的Qwsat值较高（占干质量的105 ~ 157%）。叶片出芽受降雨的正向影响。落叶是受变量影响最多的物候期，与湿度和木材密度呈负相关。此外，常绿树种的落叶率比其他类群低22.4%。这些结果表明，茎部功能性状与该环境下植物物候特征的解释并不相关，但出芽和落叶对了解高原森林功能群的功能和分布有重要贡献。这些结果表明，与周围植被不同，高原森林的茎功能性状不是植物功能的良好指标，而叶片性状具有重要的相关性。

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引用次数: 0

Soil microbiota and native neighbor identity affect invasive plant competitiveness 土壤微生物群和原生邻居身份影响入侵植物的竞争力

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152844

Lei Wang, Dingding Feng, Ruonan Zhang, Ailing Wang, Hongbo Tang, Jie Sun, Xianqin Wei, Weibin Ruan

Invasive plants often compete with diverse native species, thereby altering native ecosystem structure and function. Soil microbiota can further influence invasion outcomes through their effects on plant performance, yet it remains unclear how soil microbiota and native neighbor identity jointly shape these competitive dynamics. Here, we used natural and sterilized soil to separate biotic from abiotic effects and examined competition between the invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthaceae) and two native species, Bidens bipinnata (Asteraceae) and Setaria viridis (Poaceae), in a common garden experiment. We assessed plant performance and their interaction relationship under different soil treatment. Soil microbiota removal reduced the invader’s total biomass when competing with S. viridis, and its biomass was lower with S. viridis than when grown alone or with B. bipinnata in sterilized soil. Competition with either native species increased the invader’s root-shoot ratio regardless of soil treatment, while sterilization enhanced its specific leaf area under competition. Moreover, both soil microbiota and neighbor identity influenced interaction relationship and competition intensity of the invader. Natural soil weakened the competition interaction and reduced the competition intensity between invasive plant and S. viridis, but not with B. bipinnata. For the native species, S. viridis showed increased shoot biomass, total biomass, and root-shoot ratio when competing with invader, while B. bipinnata showed no significant response. Overall, our findings demonstrate that soil microbiota and neighbor identity jointly regulate the competitive ability of invasive plants, underscoring their importance in shaping invasion outcomes.

入侵植物经常与本地物种竞争，从而改变本地生态系统的结构和功能。土壤微生物群可以通过对植物性能的影响进一步影响入侵结果，但尚不清楚土壤微生物群和原生邻居身份如何共同塑造这些竞争动态。本研究利用自然土壤和无菌土壤，分离了外来入侵植物Alternanthera philoxeroides （amaranaceae）与两种本土植物Bidens bipinnata （Asteraceae）和Setaria viridis （Poaceae）之间的生物和非生物效应，并对其竞争进行了研究。研究了不同土壤处理下植物生长性能及其相互作用关系。除去土壤微生物群后，与绿芽孢杆菌竞争时，入侵菌的总生物量降低，且与绿芽孢杆菌一起生长时，其生物量低于单独生长或在无菌土壤中与双峰双叶草一起生长时。无论土壤处理如何，与任何一种本地物种的竞争都增加了入侵植物的根冠比，而灭菌则增加了竞争下的比叶面积。此外，土壤微生物群和邻居身份都影响着入侵植物的相互作用关系和竞争强度。自然土壤削弱了入侵植物与绿刺草的竞争相互作用，降低了入侵植物与双羽石竹的竞争强度。对本土种而言，与外来入侵植物竞争时，绿草的茎部生物量、总生物量和根冠比均有所增加，而石裙楠的反应不明显。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明，土壤微生物群和邻居身份共同调节入侵植物的竞争能力，强调它们在形成入侵结果中的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Variation in leaf gall pigmentation in Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae) and its associations with structural host traits 木薯（Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae）叶片胆色素沉着的变异及其与寄主结构性状的关系

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152842

Vinícius Coelho Kuster , Daniela Maria Wickert , Ana Paula de Souza , Nathalia Assis Coimbra , Denis Coelho de Oliveira

Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae) hosts various gall-inducing organisms, such as Iatrophobia brasiliensis (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera), which induce both white‒green and purple-leaf galls. In this study, we aimed to understand the relationship between gall structure and histochemistry with the occurrence of purple coloration in galls. Therefore, nongalled leaves of the 3rd node (n = 5) and mature white–green and purple galls (n = 5 each) were collected. Fragments of the median region of leaves (petiole and leaf blade) and of the galls were evaluated fresh and/or included in Historesin. Starch, reducing sugars, lipids, proteins, phenolics and alkaloids were histochemically evaluated in the galls. The galls assume the same pigmentation from petioles (white‒green or purple) of each M. esculenta individual, which are the mandatory intraspecific traits that determine its variation. Both white–green and purple galls have a uniseriate epidermis, with a thin cuticle and visually rare stomata. The cortex is exclusively parenchymatic and comprises an outer and inner cortex. The vascular bundles are collateral. The purple galls have subepidermal layers containing larger cells that act as sites for pigment accumulation alongside the epidermis. The occurrence of reducing sugars in the outer cortex was exclusive to purple galls, same for proteins and alkaloids in vascular bundles for white–green galls. The purple phenomenon of M. esculenta galls appears to be related to intraspecific variations in the plant species, resulting from a metabolic continuum with the petiole. Anthocyanin production seems to be sustained by the influx of sugars into the outer cortex of purple galls.

木薯（Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae）寄主各种胆囊诱导生物，如巴西蝇蛆（cecidomiidae，双翅目），可诱导白绿色和紫色叶子的胆囊。在本研究中，我们旨在了解胆囊结构和组织化学与胆囊紫色发生的关系。因此，收集第3节的未结叶（n = 5）和成熟的白绿色和紫色瘿（n = 5）。叶片中间区域（叶柄和叶片）和瘿的碎片被评估为新鲜和/或包含在组织树脂中。淀粉、还原糖、脂质、蛋白质、酚类物质和生物碱在胆囊中进行组织化学评价。这些瘿具有相同的叶柄色素（白绿色或紫色），这是决定其变异的强制性种内特征。白绿色和紫色的瘿都有单胚层表皮，有薄角质层和视觉上罕见的气孔。皮层完全是实质的，包括外皮层和内皮层。维管束是侧枝。紫色瘿有表皮下层，其中含有较大的细胞，这些细胞在表皮旁作为色素积累的场所。外皮层还原糖只出现在紫色胆囊中，白绿色胆囊维管束中的蛋白质和生物碱也出现在紫色胆囊中。紫茎草瘿的紫色现象似乎与植物种内变异有关，这种变异是由叶柄代谢连续体引起的。花青素的产生似乎是通过糖流入紫色瘿的外层皮层来维持的。

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