IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152878

Tirzah Cochran, Madeline Baker, Jamie M. Kneitel

Understanding host-parasite interactions is a central question in ecology. The distribution and abundance of plant hosts and parasites tend to be less studied in natural ecosystems. In California, vernal pools are seasonal wetlands that are habitat to the plant parasite Cuscuta howelliana (Bogg’s lake dodder) and its most common host, Eryngium castrense (Coyote thistle). Previous research has identified the interaction and its community effects, but little research has been conducted on their distribution, abundance, and infection patterns, as well as how these change, along a hydroperiod gradient. Ten vernal pools were sampled using 5 random quadrats along 2 transects. Both Cuscuta and Eryngium displayed clumped dispersion patterns within pools. Cuscuta cover had a strong positive association with inundation period and Eryngium traits (height and inflorescence number) had a strong positive association with inundation period. Eryngium plants were smaller at higher densities. Eryngium characteristics were significantly smaller in the presence of Cuscuta infection but highly variable across pools. Path analysis showed that there were significant direct and indirect pathways from hydroperiod to infection rates. The strongest pathway was the increased hydroperiod to increasing Cuscuta cover to increasing infection. These results highlighted the complex interactions among parasite, host, and the environment. This will help understand the spatial ecology of parasite-host interactions along an environmental gradient of this imperiled and diverse ecosystem.

了解宿主与寄生虫的相互作用是生态学中的一个核心问题。在自然生态系统中，对植物寄主和寄生虫的分布和丰度研究较少。在加利福尼亚，春天的池塘是季节性湿地，是植物寄生虫Cuscuta howelliana（博格斯湖菟菟子）及其最常见的宿主狼蓟（Eryngium castrense）的栖息地。以前的研究已经确定了相互作用及其群落效应，但对它们的分布、丰度和感染模式以及它们如何沿着水周期梯度变化的研究很少。采用5个随机样方沿2条样带采样10个春水池。Cuscuta和Eryngium在池内均呈块状分散模式。菟丝子盖度与淹没期有较强的正相关关系，叶柄性状（高度和花序数）与淹没期有较强的正相关关系。在较高的密度下，鹰嘴藻植株较小。在库斯库塔感染的情况下，羊膜特征明显变小，但在不同池之间变化很大。通径分析表明，水期与感染率之间存在显著的直接和间接关系。最强的途径是增加水周期→增加库库盖度→增加侵染。这些结果强调了寄生虫、宿主和环境之间复杂的相互作用。这将有助于了解寄生虫-宿主相互作用的空间生态学沿着这个危险的和多样化的生态系统的环境梯度。

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引用次数: 0

Temporal alignment? Assessing phenological synchrony between host plants and gall-inducing arthropods in Brazilian Dry Forest 时间对齐?巴西干旱林寄主植物与节肢动物的物候同步性评估

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152869

Juliana Santos-Silva , Fabrício Carvalho-Silva , Maria Isabel Alves de Lima , Amadeu dos Santos Neto , Henrique Venâncio , Jean Carlos Santos

The synchronization between the phenology of gall-inducing insects and that of their host plants is a key ecological and evolutionary process influencing insect reproductive success and the dynamics of insect–plant interactions. This temporal alignment can also drive co-evolutionary processes between the associated species. Despite their importance, the phenological patterns of gall-inducing insects and their host plants remain understudied in the Neotropical region, limiting our understanding of their evolutionary implications. In this study, we evaluated the association between the phenological cycle of gall-inducing arthropods and the phenological phases of Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) and Poecilanthe ulei (Harms) Arroyo & Rudd (Fabaceae) in the Brazilian dry forest (Caatinga). In general, the phenophases of host plant exhibit significant seasonality, which may regulate the development of associated gall-forming organisms. The induction, development and abundance of gall morphotypes were also influenced by the characteristic seasonal climate of the Caatinga. This phenological pattern suggests that the studied plant species may host gall-inducing insects with an univoltine life cycle (one generation per year). The pronounced environmental seasonality of the Caatinga, characterized by distinct wet and dry periods, is reflected in the phenological response of the studied systems. Our findings indicate that gall-inducing insects represent as a valuable model system for investigating phenological processes, owing to their specialized interactions with host plants in the Caatinga biome.

诱导瘿虫物候与其寄主植物物候的同步性是影响昆虫繁殖成功和昆虫-植物相互作用动态的关键生态和进化过程。这种时间排列也可以驱动相关物种之间的共同进化过程。尽管它们很重要，但在新热带地区，诱导瘿虫及其寄主植物的物候模式仍未得到充分研究，限制了我们对其进化意义的理解。本研究对巴西干旱林（Caatinga）产瘿节肢动物物候周期与大胡科（Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl）和豆科（Poecilanthe ulei）阿罗约（Arroyo & Rudd）物候期的关系进行了研究。一般来说，寄主植物的物候期表现出明显的季节性，这可能调节相关瘿形成生物的发育。油菜形态型的诱导、发育和丰度也受Caatinga特有的季节气候的影响。这种物候模式表明，所研究的植物物种可能寄主具有单行生命周期（一年一代）的胆囊诱导昆虫。Caatinga具有明显的环境季节性，具有明显的干湿期特征，反映在研究系统的物候响应中。我们的研究结果表明，由于它们与Caatinga生物群系中寄主植物的特殊相互作用，胆囊诱导昆虫代表了研究物候过程的一个有价值的模型系统。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Foliage leaf and floral bract micromorphology vary by habitat and habit in Guadua (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae)” [Flora, Volume 330, September 2025, 152767] “瓜豆（竹科：竹科：竹科）的叶片和花苞片微形态因生境和习性而异”的勘误表[植物志，330卷，2025年9月，152767]

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152862

Elizabeth K. McMurchie , Josephine A. Crock , Devin Molnau , Haldre S. Rogers , Dean C. Adams , Lynn G. Clark

引用次数: 0

Dehydration, programmed cell death, and developmental arrest as possible mechanisms for the transition to unisexuality in Matayba marginata (Sapindaceae) 脱水、细胞程序性死亡和发育停滞是马塔巴向雌雄同体过渡的可能机制

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152866

Maria Laura Araujo Gonçalves , Ana Tereza Araújo Rodarte , Bárbara de Sá-Haiad

Sapindaceae, order Sapindales, has a tropical and subtropical distribution. Most species of Sapindaceae are monoecious with unisexual flowers. Dioecy is rare in the family, but has been recorded for some species. The genus Matayba Aubl. contains tree species, mostly monoecious but with some exceptions, such as M. marginata Radlk., a dioecious Brazilian tree. The present study investigated the structure and development of pistillate and staminate flowers of this species, evaluating the functionality of the reproductive whorls. Pistillate flowers have staminodes with indehiscent anthers, containing pollen grains at the binucleate microgametophyte stage; the anther wall has epidermis, endothecium, middle layers with compressed cells, and a tapetum with thin-walled cells with cytoplasmic retraction; the parenchymatic interlocular septum has compressed cells. In staminate flowers, pistillodes may show an ovary wall with collapsed parenchymatic and epidermal cells; a stigma with less-conspicuous papillae; a short style with less-developed transmitting tissue; and inviable ovules with juvenile characteristics. Our results suggested that failures in the processes of dehydration and programmed cell death of the anther tissues in staminodes are responsible for male sterility in pistillate flowers of M. marginata, and that arrested ovule development may be responsible for the female sterility of staminate flowers. Therefore, we suggest that failures in the dehydration and PCD processes cause male sterility in the pistillate flowers, and that ovule arrested development in staminate flowers of M. marginata may indicate possible mechanisms for achieving the transition to unisexuality, in both dioecious and monoecious Sapindaceae species.

皂荚科，皂荚目，分布于热带和亚热带。大多数皂荚科植物是雌雄同株，花单性。雌雄异株在该科中很少见，但在某些物种中有记录。马泰巴属。包含树种，主要是雌雄同株，但也有一些例外，如M. marginata Radlk。一种雌雄异株的巴西乔木。本研究对该植物雌蕊花和雄蕊花的结构和发育进行了研究，并对生殖轮系的功能进行了评价。雌蕊花有雄蕊，花药不裂，在双核小配子体时期含有花粉粒；花药壁有表皮、内壁、有压缩细胞的中间层和有细胞质收缩的薄壁细胞的绒毡层；实质室间隔有受压细胞。在雄蕊花中，雌蕊可显示子房壁，实质细胞和表皮细胞塌陷；一柱头具较不明显的乳头；花柱具有较不发达的传递组织的短花柱；和具有幼胚特征的不可活胚珠。研究结果表明，雄蕊雄蕊花的雄性不育可能与雄蕊花脱水过程失败和细胞程序性死亡有关，而雄蕊花的雌性不育可能与胚珠发育受阻有关。因此，我们认为脱水和PCD过程的失败导致雌蕊花的雄性不育，而在M. marginata的雄蕊花中，胚珠发育阻滞可能表明了在雌雄异株和雌雄同株的皂科物种中实现向雌雄同株过渡的可能机制。

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引用次数: 0

Anatomical changes at stems and roots of Carthamus tinctorius in response to zinc toxicity during the vegetative stage 红花营养期茎、根对锌中毒的解剖变化

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152868

Ameni Smaoui , Imene Ben Salah , Hela Mahmoudi , Mouhiba Ayachi Ben Nassri , Zeineb Ouerghi

This study examined the effect of different zinc concentrations (15, 225, and 1000 μM ZnSO₄) on the anatomical structures of the root and stem in safflower plants (Carthamus tinctorius L.) during the vegetative stage, in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Our results showed that plant growth remained unaffected at 15 μM Zn but was significantly reduced by 90 % at 225 and 1000 μM. The net uptake of zinc by the plant was increased consistently with the increasing zinc concentration in the culture medium. Notably, zinc accumulation in the roots was greater 4 times more than the translocation to shoots, particularly at the higher concentrations (225 and 1000 μM). Both zinc net accumulation in roots and export to shoots amplified uniformly with increasing of zinc concentration in the medium.

Anatomical analysis showed that zinc treatment caused a 50 % of reduction in radial root dimension, cortical cross-sectional area, and metaxylem vessel density, with the development of a thick-walled endodermis at 1000 μM compared to the control plants. Similarly, in the stem, zinc treatment led to a decrease of diameter, cortical area, and both xylem vessel dimensions and abundance. These anatomical changes revealed both detrimental effects and structural adjustments that may contribute to a partial adaptation of safflower under Zn stress. Understanding the mechanisms underlying zinc flux regulation and plant tolerance to heavy metals is essential to propose efficient strategies for the remediation and control of contaminated soils.

本研究采用3个完全随机设计，研究了不同锌浓度（15、225和1000 μM ZnSO4）对红花（Carthamus tinctorius L.）营养期根和茎解剖结构的影响。结果表明，在15 μM Zn下，植物的生长没有受到影响，但在225和1000 μM Zn下，植物的生长明显降低了90%。植株对锌的净吸收量随培养基中锌浓度的增加而增加。特别是在高浓度（225 μM和1000 μM）下，锌在根系中的积累量是向茎部转运量的4倍。随着培养基中锌浓度的增加，根系锌净积累量和向茎部出口锌均均匀增加。解剖分析表明，与对照植株相比，锌处理导致根的径向尺寸、皮质横截面积和质量部血管密度减少50%，并在1000 μM处形成厚壁内胚层。同样，在茎中，锌处理导致直径、皮质面积、木质部导管尺寸和丰度减小。这些解剖变化揭示了有害影响和结构调整可能有助于红花在锌胁迫下的部分适应。了解锌通量调节机制和植物对重金属的耐受性，对于提出有效的土壤修复和控制策略至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

From pollination to embryo: A closer look into the anatomical reproductive development in Epidendrum (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae) 从传粉到胚胎：附着兰（兰科；附着兰科）生殖发育的解剖学研究

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152867

Mariana Ferreira Alves , Fábio Pinheiro , Karen Lúcia Gama De Toni , José Fernando Andrade Baumgratz

Analyses of reproductive development in Orchidaceae have significantly contributed to our understanding of ontogenetic diversity and reproductive strategies in the family. In this study, we describe the development of the female gametophyte and embryo in two species from one of the largest orchid genera Epidendrum: Epidendrum fulgens and E. puniceoluteum. To describe megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis and embryo development, we performed manual self-pollinations in first-day flowers of cultivated plants. Flowers and fruits at different stages were collected and the usual methodology for performing anatomical studies and scanning microscopy following established protocols. In both species, placenta formation and ovule development are triggered by pollination. The ovules are anatropous, bitegmic, and tenuinucellate, exhibiting monosporic development. The megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis, forming a triad of megaspores and a female gametophyte with seven cells and eight nuclei. Fertilization occurs between 30 and 35 days after pollination and is evidenced by the presence of the zygote and the primary endosperm nucleus, which soon degenerates. The embryo is minute and by the time of seed dispersal, its shows protoderm differentiation, smaller cells in the apical region and larger cells in the basal region.

对兰科植物生殖发育的分析有助于我们了解兰科植物的个体发生多样性和生殖策略。本文研究了附着兰属（Epidendrum fulgens）和附着兰（E. puniceoluteum）两种植物的雌配子体和胚的发育。为了描述大孢子发生、巨孢子发生和胚胎发育，我们对栽培植物的第一天花进行了人工自花授粉。收集不同阶段的花和果实，并按照既定的方案进行解剖研究和扫描显微镜的常用方法。在这两个物种中，胎盘的形成和胚珠的发育都是由授粉触发的。胚珠倒生，双胚珠，具腱核，显示单孢子发育。大孢子母细胞进行减数分裂，形成一个大孢子三联体和一个具有7个细胞和8个细胞核的雌配子体。受精发生在授粉后30至35天，受精卵和初生胚乳核的存在证明了这一点，胚乳核很快退化。胚很小，到种子传播时，胚已分化为原胚层，顶端的细胞较小，基部的细胞较大。

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引用次数: 0

Morphoanatomical and histochemical analysis of Sloanea lasiocoma K.Schum.: A native Brazilian species 巴西本地种Sloanea lasiocoma K.Schum.的形态解剖和组织化学分析

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152863

Alessandro Castanha da Silva , Armstrong Lorene , Marilis Dallarmi Miguel , Obdúlio Gomes Miguel , Deise Prehs Montrucchio , Cintia Aparecida dos Anjos , Jane Manfron , Josiane de Fátima Gaspari Dias

Sloanea lasiocoma K.Schum. is a native tree species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This study aimed to characterise the morphoanatomical, histochemical, and micromorphological features of its leaves and stem. Analyses were performed using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and histochemical tests. The leaf is hypostomatic with anomocytic stomata and dorsiventral mesophyll. Histochemical staining revealed phenolic compounds, lignin, starch grains and lipophilic substances. SEM-EDS analyses confirmed the presence of prismatic calcium oxalate crystals. These integrative analyses of morphoanatomy, micromorphology, and histochemistry highlight diagnostic features of S. lasiocoma that may help delimit species within the genus Sloanea, and support botanical and pharmacognostic investigations.

斯隆性激光眼。是巴西大西洋森林的原生树种。本研究旨在表征其叶和茎的形态解剖、组织化学和微形态学特征。使用光镜、扫描电镜（SEM）和组织化学测试进行分析。叶片低气孔，有不规则气孔和背侧叶肉。组织化学染色显示酚类化合物、木质素、淀粉颗粒和亲脂物质。SEM-EDS分析证实了棱柱状草酸钙晶体的存在。这些形态解剖学、显微形态学和组织化学的综合分析突出了S. lasiocoma的诊断特征，这可能有助于在Sloanea属中划分物种，并支持植物学和生药学研究。

引用次数: 0

Fruit and seed morphology of Trichantherinae (Acanthaceae: Ruellieae) and its phylogenetic and ecological implications 毛缕蜂亚科毛缕蜂亚科的果实和种子形态及其系统发育和生态学意义

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152864

Igor H.F. Azevedo , Pedro L.R. de Moraes

Trichantherinae is the only exclusively Neotropical subtribe of Ruellieae (Acanthaceae), comprising approximately 80 species distributed from Mexico to western and northern South America. Although fruit and seed morphologies have provided important insights into the phylogeny and ecology of Ruellieae, these characters remain poorly documented for Trichantherinae. In this study, we analyzed the fruit and seed morphology of five out of the six genera within the subtribe, encompassing a total of 26 species, using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We present detailed morphological descriptions at the generic level, along with measurements and photographic illustrations for each species. Our results identify the reduction of seed trichomes as a newly reported synapomorphy for Trichantherinae. Furthermore, fruit and seed morphology proved effective in distinguishing among the genera of the subtribe. Louteridium, the sister-group to all other genera, is the most morphologically distinct, particularly due to the presence of marginal trichomes on the seeds. In contrast, these trichomes have been entirely lost in the core-Trichantherinae, supporting a synapomorphy for that clade. Members of the Bravaisia–Trichanthera clade are differentiated from those of the Sanchezia–Suessenguthia clade by their more robust capsules. Additionally, the presence of trichomes on the capsules distinguishes Suessenguthia and Trichanthera from their respective sister-genera. A notable and previously undescribed feature observed in this study is an atypical capsule dehiscence, here referred to as "fragmentary dehiscence." This novel characteristic in Trichantherinae may play a compensatory role in seed dispersal strategies, potentially offsetting the evolutionary loss of seed trichomes.

Trichantherinae是风ellieae（棘科）唯一的新热带亚部落，由大约80种组成，分布在墨西哥到南美洲西部和北部。尽管水果和种子的形态为风叶属植物的系统发育和生态学提供了重要的见解，但这些特征在旋毛虫属植物中的记载仍然很少。本研究利用立体显微镜和扫描电镜对该亚族6属中5属26种的果实和种子形态进行了分析。我们提出了详细的形态描述，在一般水平，随着测量和摄影插图的每个物种。我们的结果确定了减少种子毛状体作为一个新报道的毛状体。此外，果实和种子形态被证明是区分亚部落属的有效手段。Louteridium是所有其他属的姐妹属，在形态上是最独特的，特别是由于种子上边缘毛状体的存在。相比之下，这些毛状体在核心trichantherae中完全消失了，这支持了该分支的突触性。Bravaisia-Trichanthera分支的成员与Sanchezia-Suessenguthia分支的成员区别在于它们更结实的蒴果。此外，蒴果上毛状体的存在将Suessenguthia和Trichanthera与其各自的姐妹属区分开来。在这项研究中观察到的一个值得注意的和先前描述的特征是非典型的蒴果开裂，这里称为“碎片开裂”。这一新的特征在毛虫科中可能在种子传播策略中发挥了补偿作用，潜在地抵消了种子毛状体的进化损失。

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引用次数: 0

In praise of bracteoles 在赞美小苞片

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152861

Jean-Paul Walch , Solange Blaise

There are currently few articles dedicated to bracteoles even though they play a unique role in the development of inflorescences and flowers. What functions do they perform? How do cymes develop without bracteoles?

Eichler (1875) hypothesized that bracteole position influences sepal arrangement. Our phyllotaxis model, based on the influence of inhibition fields on primordia initiation patterns, gives a theoretical basis to Eichler's hypothesis: we used our model to examine the influence of bracteoles on calyx arrangement in different angiosperms with diverse inflorescence and bracteole configuration.

In Ranunculales, bracteoles play a significant role in cymose branching, but are also sometimes found in racemose inflorescences, for instance in Delphinium. Members of the core eudicot subfamily Faboideae give us the opportunity to compare the arrangement of calyces within racemose inflorescences with and without bracteoles (either absent or aborted during development).

Cincinnus are highly complex cymes that evolved independently in monocots and dicots. In Solanaceae, the spiral initiation of the calyx depends on either two lateral bracteoles, as in Petunia, or a single bracteole, as in some Nicotiana species. When bracteoles are absent, as in Solanum, other peripheral organs play a role in determining calyx arrangement. Evolution has allowed the production of increasingly compact inflorescences. Boraginaceae, and in particular the genus Myosotis, illustrate the complexity of these inflorescence structures.

In conclusion, we discuss the evolution of bracteole function, a key element of the diversity of inflorescences and for the arrangement of floral organs.

目前很少有文章专门讨论小苞片，尽管它们在花序和花的发育中起着独特的作用。它们有什么功能？聚伞花序在没有小苞片的情况下如何发育？Eichler（1875）假设小苞片的位置影响萼片的排列。基于抑制场对原基起始模式影响的叶状性模型为Eichler的假设提供了理论依据：我们利用该模型考察了不同花序和小苞片构型的被子植物中小苞片对花萼排列的影响。在毛茛属植物中，小苞片在聚伞状花序的分支中起着重要的作用，但有时也在总状花序中发现，例如飞燕草。核心的小苞叶亚科的成员给了我们比较有小苞叶和没有小苞叶的总状花序（在发育过程中缺失或流产）中萼的排列的机会。蝎尾花是高度复杂的聚伞花序，在单子房和双子房中独立进化。在茄科植物中，花萼的螺旋状起始依赖于两个侧小苞片，如矮牵牛花，或单个小苞片，如某些烟草属植物。当小苞片不存在时，如在茄茎中，其他周围器官起决定花萼排列的作用。进化使得花序越来越紧密。琉璃苣科，特别是琉璃苣属，说明了这些花序结构的复杂性。总之，我们讨论了小苞片功能的进化，这是花序多样性和花器官排列的关键因素。

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引用次数: 0

Growth phenology, cambial activity, and formation of secondary vascular tissues in Juniperus procera trees 朱柏生长物候、形成层活性和次生维管组织的形成

IF 1.8 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2025.152855

Pervaiz R. Khan , Rahmah N Al-Qthanin , Ibrahim M. Aref , Muhammad Iqbal

This study was undertaken to elucidate the pattern of tree phenology, cambial growth and wood formation in Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl. growing in a low-altitude, semi-arid region of Al-Yazid, Saudi Arabia. Primary growth was found to continue for 5.5 months (mid-March to end of August) at a rate of 10.21 cm year^-1. Following the new leaf formation, vascular cambium was active for five months (mid-March to mid-August), producing phloem for three months (April-June) and also xylem for three months (June-August). The maximum number of cell layers in the cambial zone (5-6) was observed during June at a high temperature (30° C), moderate rainfall, low relative humidity (35.3%) and a high water-saturation deficit (44%). A close relationship was found between the emergence of new leaves and the initiation/continuation of cambial activity and tissue differentiation. Variations in the maximum and the mean monthly temperatures during the period of cambial activity showed a high degree of similarity with the variation pattern of width of the cambial zone. The same applies to the relationship between the cambial-zone width and the water-saturation deficit during the active period of cambium. The wood produced by the cambial activity was dense (0.69 g cm^-3) and composed of relatively narrow and short component cells; average width of the annual growth ring was 284 µm.

本研究旨在阐明朱柏（Juniperus procera Hochst）树木物候、形成层生长和木材形成的模式。Endl交货。生长在沙特阿拉伯Al-Yazid的低海拔半干旱地区。发现初级生长持续了5.5个月（3月中旬至8月底），年增长率为10.21厘米。新叶形成后，维管形成层的活跃期为5个月（3月中旬至8月中旬），产生韧皮部为3个月（4 - 6月），木质部为3个月（6 - 8月）。在6月份高温（30℃）、中等降雨、低相对湿度（35.3%）和高含水亏缺（44%）条件下，形成层区细胞层数最多（5-6层）。发现新叶的出现与形成层活性的开始/延续和组织分化密切相关。形成层活动期月最高气温和月平均气温的变化规律与形成层带宽度的变化规律具有高度的相似性。形成层活跃期形成层宽度与含水亏缺的关系也是如此。形成层活动产生的木材密度大（0.69 g cm-3），由相对狭窄和短的组成细胞组成；年轮平均宽度为284µm。

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引用次数: 0

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