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Heteroblasty in Conchocarpus heterophyllus (A.St.-Hil.) Kallunki & Pirani (Rutaceae): An approach of leaf development from the unifoliolate leaves Conchocarpus heterophyllus (A.St.-Hil.) Kallunki & Pirani (芸香科)的异形发育：从单小叶叶片看叶的发育过程

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152645

Carlos E.V. Raymundo, José R. Pirani, Gladys F.A. Melo-de-Pinna

Heteroblasty is a phenomenon marked by abrupt changes in the development of organs of certain species. In our research on Conchocarpus heterophyllus, a shrub with palmately arranged leaflets ranging from 3(4) to 5(–7), we observed significant variations in leaf patterns between seedlings, young plants, and plants in the reproductive phase, indicating transition events during plant development. The focus of this study is to thoroughly investigate these events of heteroblasty and heterophylly in C. heterophyllus, with new evidence of the unifoliolate condition in Rutaceae. Morphological and anatomical observations were conducted from mature leaves of individuals at different stages of development. The results show that the heteroblasty in C. heterophyllus is marked by changes in leaf patterns across three stages. In stage 1, seedlings exclusively produce unifoliolate leaves from the first foliage leaf. After the eighth to tenth node from the cotyledons, heterophylly becomes evident with the emergence of leaves containing 2–3 leaflets, in addition to unifoliolate leaves, characterizing the second stage. The third stage is defined by the onset of the reproductive phase, marked by the presence of inflorescences. In this stage, the leaf complexity varies, with the number of leaflets ranging from 2 to 5, and unifoliolate leaves are lacking. Furthermore, our study identified the occurrence of vascular traces of leaflets in the swollen region located at the apex of the petiole of all unifoliolate leaves, occurring in stages 1 and 2. These vascular traces are interpreted as remnants of the lost lateral leaflets in unifoliolate leaves and represent novel evidence of this special condition in compound leaves. Heteroblasty in C. heterophyllus is a genetically controlled phenomenon, and consequently, prospective investigations involving microRNAs, particularly microRNAs 156 and 172, have the potential to provide valuable insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying the transition between different phases.

异叶是某些物种器官发育突然变化的一种现象。在我们对海螺（Conchocarpus heterophyllus）的研究中，我们观察到幼苗、幼株和处于生殖期的植株之间的叶型存在显著差异，这表明植物发育过程中存在过渡事件。本研究的重点是深入研究异叶木犀属植物的这些异叶和异叶事件，为芸香科植物的单小叶状态提供新的证据。研究人员对处于不同发育阶段的成熟叶片进行了形态学和解剖学观察。结果表明，异叶木犀属植物在三个阶段的叶片形态都发生了变化。在第一阶段，幼苗从第一片叶子开始就只长单叶。在子叶的第八至第十节之后，异叶现象开始明显，除了单叶外，还出现了含有 2-3 片小叶的叶片，这是第二阶段的特征。第三阶段是生殖阶段的开始，以花序的出现为标志。在这一阶段，叶片的复杂程度各不相同，小叶的数量从 2 到 5 不等，而且缺少单叶。此外，我们的研究还发现，所有单小叶叶片的叶柄先端肿胀区域都有小叶的维管束痕迹，出现在第 1 和第 2 阶段。这些维管束痕迹被解释为单叶叶片中失去的侧生小叶的残余，是复叶中这种特殊情况的新证据。异叶植物的异叶是一种遗传控制现象，因此，涉及 microRNA（尤其是 microRNA 156 和 172）的前瞻性研究有可能为了解不同阶段之间过渡的遗传机制提供有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Bioclimatic variables affect seed mass and seedling traits of four Gymnocalycium (Cactaceae) species along elevational gradients 生物气候变量沿海拔梯度影响四种仙人掌科植物的种子质量和幼苗特征

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152643

Karen Bauk , Nicola Rossi , Diego E. Gurvich , M. Laura Las Peñas

Differences in climatic factors associated with elevation can lead to natural selection for local adaptation in species with a wide distribution range, with some regenerative characteristics changing along the gradient. Most Cactaceae species occur in heterogeneous environments, mainly in mountains. The increasing severity of environmental conditions along elevational gradients could affect seed size, influencing seedling growth. The main aims of the study were to analyse whether seed mass, and seedling size and shape are related to elevational gradients in different populations of four species of the genus Gymnocalycium and to evaluate the relationship between seed mass and bioclimatic variables. Populations of four species of Gymnocalycium (G. andreae, G. erinaceum, G. monvillei and G. mostii) were sampled; the populations were located along three different elevation gradients, with each population corresponding to an elevational class (extremes and intermediate sites). At each elevational site, mature fruits were collected and seed mass and seedling traits were measured. A shape index was calculated by dividing height by width. A value of 1 represents 'globose' seedlings, while increasing values indicate that the seedlings become 'columnar'. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to analyse the relationship between seed mass and seedling size variables. Linear models were used to analyse seed size and seedling shape. First, with elevation as a predictor and then for seed mass, the 19 bioclimatic variables were extracted from WorldClim. The results show that seed mass was positively correlated with seedling shape index, and with seedling height and width. Differences in seed mass among populations were explained by the species and the gradient where they lived, as well as by the environmental variables mean temperature of the coldest quarter, precipitation of the wettest month, and precipitation of the driest month. In conclusion, the intraspecific analyses of the four Gymnocalycium species revealed that the seedling shape patterns were similar across all species in relation to elevation. However, seed mass varied with elevation differently for each species. These findings suggest that each species possesses unique characteristics that enable them to thrive in varying climatic conditions along elevational gradients.

与海拔高度相关的气候因子差异会导致分布范围较广的物种对当地适应性的自然选择，一些再生特性会随着梯度的变化而变化。大多数仙人掌科物种分布在不同的环境中，主要是山区。随着海拔梯度的增加，环境条件的恶劣程度会影响种子的大小，从而影响幼苗的生长。本研究的主要目的是分析仙人掌属（Gymnocalycium）四个物种不同种群的种子质量、幼苗大小和形状是否与海拔梯度有关，并评估种子质量与生物气候变量之间的关系。研究人员对四种Gymnocalycium（G. andreae、G. erinaceum、G. monvillei和G. mostii）的种群进行了取样；这些种群分布在三个不同的海拔梯度上，每个种群对应一个海拔等级（极端和中间地点）。在每个海拔高度地点采集成熟果实，并测量种子质量和幼苗性状。形状指数是用高度除以宽度计算得出的。数值为 1 表示幼苗呈 "球状"，数值增大表示幼苗呈 "柱状"。计算皮尔逊相关系数来分析种子质量和幼苗大小变量之间的关系。线性模型用于分析种子大小和幼苗形状。首先，以海拔高度为预测因子，然后以种子质量为预测因子，从 WorldClim 中提取了 19 个生物气候变量。结果表明，种子质量与苗形指数、苗高和苗宽呈正相关。种群间种子质量的差异可以用物种、种群所在的梯度以及最冷季度的平均气温、最潮湿月份的降水量和最干旱月份的降水量等环境变量来解释。总之，对四个Gymnocalycium物种的种内分析表明，所有物种的幼苗形态与海拔高度的关系相似。然而，每个物种的种子质量随海拔高度的变化也不同。这些发现表明，每个物种都具有独特的特征，使其能够在海拔梯度不同的气候条件下茁壮成长。

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引用次数: 0

Biosystematics studies of endemic Thlaspi violascens Boiss. and T. densiflorum Boiss. & Kotschy: Highlights on molecular and morphological identification 地方性植物Thlaspi violascens Boiss.和T. densiflorum Boiss：分子和形态鉴定要点

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152644

Mehmet Cengiz Karaismailoğlu , Vahap Eldem , Behcet İnal , Mehmet Ali Balcı

This study focuses on differentiating the endemic species Thlaspi violascens and T. densiflorum, which exhibit similar macromorphological characteristics and population appearances with utilizing molecular, anatomical, and micromorphological methods. The complete chloroplast genomes of both species have been sequenced for the first time using next-generation sequencing technologies, allowing for high-resolution analysis of their phylogenetic relationships. The isolated chloroplast genomes measure 152,693 base pairs for T. violascens and 152,718 base pairs for T. densiflorum. Phylogenetic analysis shows that species within the Thlaspi genus are monophyletically distinct from other genera. Although the average nucleotide diversity between the two species is low, whole-genome sequencing-based Skmer analysis has successfully enabled high-resolution species-level discrimination. Anatomically, the two species differ in several aspects, including the type of petiole tip, abaxial surface outline, epidermal cell size and layer count, petiole thickness, vascular bundle number, midrib lobes, mesophyll cell types, and collenchyma layer count. Micromorphological differences are also evident in the primary structures of the anther and ovary, as well as the secondary structures of the sepal and style. Overall, the study concludes that chloroplast genome data, petiolar anatomical features, and floral micromorphological traits can effectively distinguish between T. violascens and T. densiflorum.

本研究的重点是利用分子、解剖学和微形态学方法，区分表现出相似大形态特征和种群外观的地方物种Thlaspi violascens和T. densiflorum。利用新一代测序技术首次对这两个物种的完整叶绿体基因组进行了测序，从而可以对它们的系统发生关系进行高分辨率分析。分离出的叶绿体基因组中，T. violascens 和 T. densiflorum 分别有 152,693 个碱基对和 152,718 个碱基对。系统发生分析表明，Thlaspi 属中的物种在单系上与其他属不同。虽然这两个物种之间的平均核苷酸多样性较低，但基于全基因组测序的斯克默分析成功地实现了高分辨率的物种鉴别。在解剖学上，两个物种在多个方面存在差异，包括叶柄顶端的类型、背面轮廓、表皮细胞大小和层数、叶柄厚度、维管束数量、中脉裂片、叶肉细胞类型和胶原层数。花药和子房的主要结构以及萼片和花柱的次要结构也存在明显的微形态差异。总之，该研究认为叶绿体基因组数据、叶柄解剖特征和花微观形态特征可以有效区分 T. violascens 和 T. densiflorum。

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引用次数: 0

The phylogenetic context of corolla symmetry in Canscora Lam. (Gentianaceae) Canscora Lam.（龙胆科）花冠对称的系统发育背景(龙胆科）

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152641

Aditi Sarawgi , Milind Madhav Sardesai , Ritesh Kumar Choudhary

Floral symmetries are perceived as an essential structural trait for classification in angiosperms. However, the traditional view of floral symmetries considered only two states—actinomorphic or zygomorphic—often disregarding other forms. This binary view can be onerous, as floral development may involve numerous shifts in symmetry. In the Gentianaceae family, zygomorphy is predominantly regarded as a synapomorphy for Canscora, leading to the segregation of some actinomorphic Canscora species into the separate genus Canscorinella. Additionally, species with slightly zygomorphic forms have been reported, leaving the relationships among various floral symmetries largely unaddressed. To investigate the phylogenetic relations of floral symmetries in Canscora, we analyzed DNA sequence data from nuclear and plastid markers and examined the generic status of Canscorinella. Furthermore, an ontogenetic study was conducted to understand the ancestral floral symmetries in Canscora. Our analyses revealed the independent evolution of zygomorphy in Gentianaceae and the reversal of actinomorphy in Canscora. This study provided insights into the phylogenetic relationship of Canscorinella within the subtribe Canscorinae, suggesting that Canscora exhibits actinomorphy in its early growth stages, which later develops into zygomorphy.

花对称被认为是被子植物分类的基本结构特征。然而，传统的花对称观点只考虑了两种状态--辐射对称（actinomorphic）或左右对称（zygomorphic）--往往忽略了其他形式。这种二元对立的观点可能很繁琐，因为花的发育可能涉及对称性的多次转变。在龙胆科（Gentianaceae）中，左右对称形态主要被认为是 Canscora 的同形异构体，导致一些辐射对称的 Canscora 物种被分隔为独立的 Canscorinella 属。此外，还报道了一些具有轻微左右对称形态的物种，这使得各种花对称形态之间的关系在很大程度上没有得到解决。为了研究 Canscora 花对称的系统发育关系，我们分析了核标记和质粒标记的 DNA 序列数据，并考察了 Canscorinella 的属地位。此外，我们还进行了本体发育研究，以了解 Canscora 的祖先花对称性。我们的分析揭示了龙胆科植物中左右对称的独立进化，以及 Canscora 植物中动对称的反向进化。这项研究有助于深入了解 Canscorinella 在 Canscorinae 亚族中的系统发育关系，表明 Canscora 在早期生长阶段表现出动变形态，后来发展为左右对称形态。

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引用次数: 0

Orbicules in south American Balanophoraceae: Analysis of its possible role and its taxonomic value in the family 南美洲芭蕉科植物的鳞茎：分析其可能的作用及其在该科中的分类价值

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152642

Virginia Cristina Gómez Villafañe , Héctor Arnaldo Sato , Diego Demarco , Ana María Gonzalez

Balanophoraceae are root parasites, lacking both chlorophyll and typical cormophytic organization. There have been few studies of pollen dispersal mechanisms in Balanophoraceae, and no studies on structures accompanying pollen, such as orbicules. Anthers were analyzed in five South American taxa of Balanophoraceae (Langsdorffia hypogaea, Lophophytum pyramidale, L. mirabile. subsp. bolivianum, Ombrophytum subterraneum and Helosis cayennensis), in order to: (1) determine the presence of orbicules, characterize them and relate their presence with the tapetum type, characteristics of the anther wall and dehiscence, and the pollination mode; (2) and analyze its possible taxonomic value in relation to the phylogeny of the family Balanophoraceae. In three genera (Lophophytum, Langsdorffia and Ombrophytum), the anthers were found to be dithecous, tetrasporangiate with longitudinal dehiscence. In these taxa the endothecium is present and is responsible for dehiscing the anthers. In Helosis the pollen sacs are welded in a synandrium with apical groves and lacking an endothecium. In all species, a secretory tapetum is responsible for nourishing the pollen grains during their formation. The presence of orbicules is variable among the species studied: it is found in Lophophytum and Langsdorffia, and is absent in Ombrophytum and Helosis. In Lophophytum the orbicules appear as small and spheroidal corpuscles with smooth surfaces. In Langsdorffia hypogaea the orbicules are conspicuous spherical, ellipsoid to ovoid forms. This study shows that there is no relationship between layers present in mature anthers, dehiscence type, pollination mode and orbicules presence. We report for the first time the presence of orbicules in the holoparasitic family Balanophoraceae belonging to the order Santalales, in which there is scarce information available regarding the presence of orbicules. Given the intergeneric variations and the consistency at generic level observed in the taxa here analyzed, orbicules may have predictive value and potential for systematically oriented research questions.

芭蕉科植物是根寄生植物，缺乏叶绿素和典型的球根植物组织。有关芭蕉科植物花粉传播机制的研究很少，对花粉附着结构（如花粉囊）的研究也不多。本研究分析了五种南美洲巴兰角科分类群（Langsdorffia hypogaea、Lophophytum pyramidale、L. mirabile. subsp：(1)确定是否存在眼珠，描述眼珠的特征，并将眼珠的存在与锥体类型、花药壁和开裂特征以及授粉方式联系起来；(2)分析眼珠在 Balanophoraceae 科系统发育中可能具有的分类价值。在三个属（Lophophytum、Langsdorffia 和 Ombrophytum）中，发现花药为二室、四孢子囊状，具有纵向开裂。在这些分类群中，内皮层存在并负责花药开裂。在 Helosis 中，花粉囊被焊接在带有顶端凹槽的合胞体中，缺乏内皮层。在所有物种中，花粉粒在形成过程中都由分泌性的绦膜来滋养。在所研究的物种中，轨道的存在是可变的：在 Lophophytum 和 Langsdorffia 中发现了轨道，而在 Ombrophytum 和 Helosis 中则没有。在 Lophophytum 中，球体呈小球状，表面光滑。在 Langsdorffia hypogaea 中，球体呈明显的球形、椭圆形或卵圆形。这项研究表明，成熟花药中存在的花药层、开裂类型、授粉方式与花球的存在之间没有关系。我们首次报道了属于山茶目 Balanophoraceae 的全缘花科中存在的小花球，在该科中有关小花球存在的信息很少。鉴于在本文分析的类群中观察到的属间变异和属级上的一致性，轨道可能具有预测价值和系统性研究问题的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of phytolith inputs from natural plant communities and crops and soil silicon availability (Southeastern Pampean region, Argentina) 分析自然植物群落和农作物的植金石输入量以及土壤硅的可用性（阿根廷东南部潘潘地区）

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152640

María Laura Benvenuto , Mara De Rito , Margarita Luisa Osterrieth , Mariana Fernández Honaine

Silica phytoliths constitute an important source of Si to terrestrial environments. Different plant communities contribute varying amounts of phytoliths to soils due to differences in plant taxa. In Pampean region, Argentina, agriculture has largely replaced natural communities like grasslands and wetlands. This replacement affects the specific plant composition of the area, modifies the potential phytolith input from plants to soils, and as a consequence, the soil Si content. Since no study specifically measures the potential phytolith contribution from natural communities and crops in the region, we aimed to quantify and compare phytolith production in natural plant communities and typical crops from Pampean region and its relation to available soil Si content. Three natural communities and three crops were selected. Phytolith content in plant communities was estimated by the phytolith amount produced in plant tissues (calcination technique) and plant biomass, while soil Si was measured by UV–VIS spectrophotometry. Phytolith content differed between natural communities and crops. The communities with the highest phytolith content were those that contained high phytolith-producing species and / or high plant biomass (959.61 ± 95.64 and 665.27 ± 382.38 kg/ha, wheat and "juncal", respectively). There were no significant differences in Si content between natural and cropland soils, and phytolith production differences in plant communities were not reflected in the soils. Probably soil genesis, vegetation history and / or management can explain the lack of differences. Continuous monitoring of phytolith production, plant biomass and soil Si content could explain the Si cycle in this region.

硅质植物体是陆地环境中重要的硅源。由于植物类群的差异，不同植物群落为土壤提供的植硅体数量各不相同。在阿根廷潘潘地区，农业在很大程度上取代了草原和湿地等自然群落。这种替代影响了该地区特定的植物组成，改变了从植物到土壤的潜在植金石输入量，从而改变了土壤的硅含量。由于没有研究专门测量该地区自然群落和农作物的潜在植物石贡献，我们的目的是量化和比较帕潘地区自然植物群落和典型农作物的植物石产量及其与可用土壤硅含量的关系。我们选择了三个自然群落和三种作物。植物群落中的植生石含量是通过植物组织（煅烧技术）和植物生物量中产生的植生石数量估算的，而土壤中的硅则是通过紫外-可见分光光度法测量的。不同自然群落和农作物的植生石含量各不相同。植化石含量最高的群落是那些含有高植化石生产物种和/或高植物生物量的群落（小麦和 "juncal "的植化石含量分别为 959.61 ± 95.64 和 665.27 ± 382.38 千克/公顷）。天然土壤和耕地土壤中的硅含量没有明显差异，植物群落中植物体产量的差异也没有反映在土壤中。土壤成因、植被历史和/或管理可能是造成差异的原因。对植生石产量、植物生物量和土壤硅含量的持续监测可以解释该地区的硅循环。

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引用次数: 0

Journey to the west: Migration patterns of the riparian montane genus Myricaria 西行之路河岸山地柽柳属的迁徙模式

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152639

Kailin Sun, Silke Werth

Myricaria Desv. (Tamaricaceae) is a genus of riparian plants found in montane regions throughout Eurasia. We present molecular phylogenies covering the entire Eurasian range of the genus using the chloroplast interspacer region psbA-trnH, the chloroplast region trnL-trnF, and the nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS). Biogeographical analyses of the DNA sequencing data based on Takhtajan's Floristic Provinces using a Bayesian Binary Markov Chain Monte Carlo reconstruction show that the origin of Myricaria is the Tibetan Floristic Province, specifically in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. A molecular clock analysis was also performed. We estimate that the crown age of Myricaria is around 22.8 Ma and that the common ancestor of all European Myricaria occurred around 8.8 Ma ago. By covering the entire native range of the genus, our analyses confirm previous hypotheses on the origin and migration patterns of Myricaria, namely a central Asian centre of origin, followed by a westward migration to Europe via the central Asian mountain ranges, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe. The divergence times and migration routes of Myricaria are remarkably similar to that of the genus Hippophae L.

柽柳属（Myricaria Desv.）是一种河岸植物，分布于整个欧亚大陆的山地地区。我们利用叶绿体间隔区 psbA-trnH、叶绿体区 trnL-trnF，以及核糖体内部转录间隔区（ITS），对该属的整个欧亚大陆范围进行了分子系统进化分析。利用贝叶斯二元马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛重建法对基于塔克塔扬花卉省的DNA测序数据进行的生物地理学分析表明，Myricaria的原产地是西藏花卉省，特别是青藏高原。我们还进行了分子钟分析。我们估计锦鸡儿属的冠年龄约为 22.8 Ma，所有欧洲锦鸡儿属的共同祖先出现在约 8.8 Ma 之前。我们的分析覆盖了该属的整个原生地，从而证实了之前关于Myricaria起源和迁移模式的假说，即起源中心在中亚，然后通过中亚山脉、高加索和东欧向西迁移到欧洲。Myricaria的分化时间和迁移路线与Hippophae L.属的分化时间和迁移路线极为相似。

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引用次数: 0

Geographical and environmental influences on Boswellia elongata Balf.f. volatiles: An in situ study on Socotra Island 地理和环境对乳香挥发物的影响：索科特拉岛的现场研究

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152638

Jana Tulková , Antonio Pompeiano , Tara Joy Massad , Petr Vahalík , Zuzana Paschová , Lucie Vaníčková , Petr Maděra

Frankincense, an esteemed oleo-gum resin derived from Boswellia species (Burseraceae), has been prized by humans for its aromatic, medicinal, and spiritual properties across millennia. Environmental factors play a crucial role in shaping the volatile compound composition of this resin, thereby influencing its quality. In this investigation, we analyzed frankincense sourced from Boswellia elongata Balf.f. at six distinct locations on Socotra Island. Employing thermal desorption-gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS), we identified 92 terpenoid compounds, spanning monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. Predominant among these volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were α-pinene, γ-terpinene, o-cymene, and (E)-β-farnesene. Multivariate analyses revealed subtle differences in VOC composition, particularly pronounced at the Ma'aleh site, the most geographically isolated research locality. The flowers in this population also displayed distinct red-pink coloration compared to other populations. Integration of VOC data with environmental variables revealed correlations with temperature, elevation, and proximity to the sea, with specific compounds exhibiting associations with distinct environmental contexts. Our findings underscore the impact of microclimatic and abiotic conditions on the volatile profile of individual trees. Moreover, this study offers comprehensive insights into the VOC profile of B. elongata resin and its interplay with environmental factors, thereby suggesting avenues for the cultivation of new varieties or hybridization within the species.

乳香是从乳香树（Burseraceae）中提取的一种受人尊敬的油胶树脂，千百年来一直因其芳香、药用和精神特性而受到人类的珍视。环境因素在形成这种树脂的挥发性化合物成分方面起着至关重要的作用，从而影响其质量。在这项调查中，我们分析了索科特拉岛六个不同地点的乳香（来源于 Boswellia elongata Balf.f.）。利用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（TD-GC/MS），我们鉴定出 92 种萜类化合物，包括单萜、倍半萜和二萜。在这些挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）中，最主要的是α-蒎烯、γ-萜品烯、邻栉烯和(E)-β-法呢烯。多元分析揭示了挥发性有机化合物组成的微妙差异，在地理位置最偏僻的研究地点 Ma'aleh 尤为明显。与其他种群相比，该种群的花朵还呈现出独特的红粉色。将挥发性有机化合物数据与环境变量整合后发现，它们与温度、海拔高度和距离海洋的远近有关，特定化合物与不同的环境背景相关。我们的发现强调了小气候和非生物条件对个体树木挥发性特征的影响。此外，这项研究还全面揭示了细叶榕树脂的挥发性有机化合物特征及其与环境因素的相互作用，从而为培育新品种或树种内部杂交提出了建议。

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引用次数: 0

Anatomical, histochemical and micrographic analysis of aerial parts of Aristolochia elegans Mast. (Aristolochiaceae), a potentially toxic plant used in folk medicine 马兜铃科植物马兜铃（Aristolochia elegans Mast.(马兜铃科），一种用于民间医药的潜在有毒植物

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152626

Ignacio J. Agudelo , María Victoria Cura , Cecilia B. Dobrecky , Leonardo M. Anconatani , María Inés Mercado , Marcelo L. Wagner , Rafael A. Ricco

Aristolochia elegans (Aristolochiaceae) is a plant species indigenous to South America, widely employed in traditional folk medicine and commonly referred to as 'mil hombres'. Despite its medicinal applications, this plant contains aristolochic acid; a compound associated with the potential risk of chronic intoxications and induced nephropathy following prolonged ingestion. The absence of comprehensive microscopic identification guidelines for A. elegans, whether utilizing fresh, dried, or powdered specimens, highlights the necessity to establish its pharmacognostic diagnostic characteristics ensuring the recognition of the species and its safe and controlled utilization.

Mild dissociations, transversal sections and electron microscopy observations were performed on specimens collected at the Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve and the Buenos Aires Botanical Garden (CABA). In addition, histochemical tests were conducted to asess the presence of primary and secondary metabolites.

The stems exhibited secondary growth, characterized by diffuse porous wood and 7–9 medullary rays. The xylem showed wide scalariform pitted vessel units and fibrotracheids. Whereas the leaves presented hooked trichomes and rodlet-shaped epicuticular wax deposits, a common trait among Aristolochia species. The histochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids in the cortical parenchyma and fibers of the stems and petioles, as well as phenolic compounds in the xylem and cortical parenchyma of young stem and in the lamina mesophyll and abaxial epidermis adjacent to the midrib of the leaf. These micrographic described features serve as valuable tools for identifying A. elegans in commercial samples.

马兜铃科植物马兜铃属（Aristolochia elegans）是南美洲土生土长的植物物种，在传统民间医药中被广泛使用，通常被称为 "mil hombres"。尽管马兜铃属植物具有药用价值，但它含有马兜铃酸，这种化合物具有慢性中毒的潜在风险，长期摄入会诱发肾病。无论是利用新鲜标本、干燥标本还是粉末标本，马兜铃科植物都缺乏全面的显微鉴定指南，这突出表明有必要确定其药理诊断特征，以确保识别该物种并安全、有序地使用。此外，还进行了组织化学测试，以评估初级和次级代谢产物的存在情况。茎干表现为二次生长，其特征是弥漫多孔的木质部和 7-9 根髓射线。木质部显示出宽大的鳞片状凹陷血管单元和纤维管。叶片上有钩状毛状体和棒状表皮蜡沉积物，这是马兜铃属植物的共同特征。组织化学分析显示，茎和叶柄的皮层实质和纤维中含有生物碱，幼茎的木质部和皮层实质以及叶中脉附近的叶片中层和背面表皮中含有酚类化合物。这些显微照片描述的特征是在商业样本中鉴别秀丽木的重要工具。

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引用次数: 0

The phenology of flowering in Spiranthes sinensis s.s. 中华龙吐珠的开花物候学

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152628

Lu-Han Wang

The native Spiranthes sinensis s.s. of Taiwan is an emerging ornamental potted orchid. This study aims to understand the conditions for floral differentiation and life cycle to facilitate artificial cultivation and commercial production of S. sinensis. Every August, new leaves appeared from the dwarf stem, during which the old roots acted as a nutrient source, providing the energy needed for the initial foliation phase. In November, the apical bud enters the floral initiation. In January, the apical bud began to transform into the primary inflorescence of the plant, while the lateral bud apical meristem began to differentiate into floral meristem. The plant produced a main spike in February, followed by the lateral bud inflorescences; the plant bloomed from March to May. Changes in sugar and starch contents were associated with inflorescence development. A higher soluble sugar level was noted in the roots and stems from January to April at the time of anthesis. Starch began to accumulate in the roots from February to August. The growth cycle restarted in August every year with new shoot formation, with the roots providing the initial nutrients for shoot growth to restart a new growing cycle. The influence of temperature changes on inflorescence development and flowering is discussed.

台湾原生的中华凤梨（Spiranthes sinensis s.s.）是一种新兴的观赏性盆栽兰花。本研究旨在了解其花分化和生命周期的条件，以促进人工栽培和商业化生产。每年八月，矮茎长出新叶，在此期间，老根作为营养源，为最初的褶皱阶段提供所需的能量。11 月，顶芽进入花期。1 月，顶芽开始转化为植株的主花序，而侧芽顶端分生组织开始分化为花分生组织。2 月，植株长出主穗，侧芽花序紧随其后；3 月至 5 月，植株开花。糖和淀粉含量的变化与花序的发育有关。1 月至 4 月花期时，根和茎中的可溶性糖含量较高。从 2 月到 8 月，根部开始积累淀粉。每年 8 月，随着新芽的形成，生长周期重新开始，根部为新芽的生长提供初始养分，从而重新开始新的生长周期。讨论了温度变化对花序发育和开花的影响。

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引用次数: 0