Matthew D. Petrie, John B. Bradford, Daniel R. Schlaepfer
Forest and woodland decline is predicted to be increasingly influenced by meteorological variation and climate change in the future. By determining how meteorological variation leads to similar versus differing ecohydrological dynamics of forest and woodland ecosystems, we can gain insight on how future climate-driven declines may be realized. We characterized 23 mixed conifer forest (MC), ponderosa pine forest (PP) and piñon pine–juniper woodland (PJ) sites with different canopy covers in southern Nevada, USA. We compared meteorological variation between these sites and employed water balance modelling and information theory to estimate similarity in the density distributions of soil temperature (Ts), soil water potential (SWP) and transpiration partitioning into total evapotranspiration (T/ET) within and across ecosystems in wetter and drier seasons and in cooler and warmer decades. From 1941 to 2020, this location experienced declines in meteorological water deficit due to higher precipitation, although temperatures increased over more recent time periods (1981–2020). From 1981 to 2020, we generally found greater similarity in SWP and T/ET distributions within MC sites and PP sites in the cool season and in the warm season generally found greater similarity in Ts and T/ET distributions within and between PP and PJ sites (excepting T/ET between PJ sites and higher canopy cover PP sites). Recent warm decades promoted convergence in warm and cool season Ts dynamics, such that Ts dynamics generally became more similar between higher elevation MC sites and lower elevation PP–PJ sites. At the same time, warmer decades initiated divergence of SWP and T/ET dynamics within groups of MC–PP and PP–PJ sites that were formerly more similar to each other (excepting SWP in wet seasons). Although their dynamics will remain strongly coupled to precipitation, warming temperatures have the potential to promote divergence in the ecohydrological dynamics of ecosystems at lower and higher elevations in this sky island system and may also promote novel within-ecosystem divergence associated with variation in vegetation structural attributes.
{"title":"Temperature-driven convergence and divergence of ecohydrological dynamics in the ecosystems of a sky island mountain range","authors":"Matthew D. Petrie, John B. Bradford, Daniel R. Schlaepfer","doi":"10.1002/eco.2703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2703","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forest and woodland decline is predicted to be increasingly influenced by meteorological variation and climate change in the future. By determining how meteorological variation leads to similar versus differing ecohydrological dynamics of forest and woodland ecosystems, we can gain insight on how future climate-driven declines may be realized. We characterized 23 mixed conifer forest (MC), ponderosa pine forest (PP) and piñon pine–juniper woodland (PJ) sites with different canopy covers in southern Nevada, USA. We compared meteorological variation between these sites and employed water balance modelling and information theory to estimate similarity in the density distributions of soil temperature (Ts), soil water potential (SWP) and transpiration partitioning into total evapotranspiration (T/ET) within and across ecosystems in wetter and drier seasons and in cooler and warmer decades. From 1941 to 2020, this location experienced declines in meteorological water deficit due to higher precipitation, although temperatures increased over more recent time periods (1981–2020). From 1981 to 2020, we generally found greater similarity in SWP and T/ET distributions within MC sites and PP sites in the cool season and in the warm season generally found greater similarity in Ts and T/ET distributions within and between PP and PJ sites (excepting T/ET between PJ sites and higher canopy cover PP sites). Recent warm decades promoted convergence in warm and cool season Ts dynamics, such that Ts dynamics generally became more similar between higher elevation MC sites and lower elevation PP–PJ sites. At the same time, warmer decades initiated divergence of SWP and T/ET dynamics within groups of MC–PP and PP–PJ sites that were formerly more similar to each other (excepting SWP in wet seasons). Although their dynamics will remain strongly coupled to precipitation, warming temperatures have the potential to promote divergence in the ecohydrological dynamics of ecosystems at lower and higher elevations in this sky island system and may also promote novel within-ecosystem divergence associated with variation in vegetation structural attributes.</p>","PeriodicalId":55169,"journal":{"name":"Ecohydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pisonia grandis, now threatened, is an important source of soil organic matter on atoll islands and historically composed the dominant canopy of many atoll ecosystems across the Pacific. How the tree manages water to exist across wide precipitation gradients is poorly understood. This study tests the hypotheses that P. grandis is using organic‐rich soils that develop under their canopy and soil layering where organic soils contact carbonate sands as part of their water management strategy. We analysed the chemical and physical properties of soils from two atolls in the central Pacific Ocean, one wet (Palmyra, USA) and one dry (Nikumaroro, Kiribati). Additionally, we used HYDRUS‐1D to simulate vadose zone water dynamics under a range of organic cap thicknesses (0, 14, 30 and 50 cm), precipitation intensities (1, 5 and 10 cm/h) and average precipitation amounts (50, 100, 200 and 400 cm/yr). Laboratory results indicate organic soils are strongly, though not exclusively, associated with P. grandis. Water holding capacity increases with soil organic carbon up to about 10% but not beyond that amount. Modelling results indicate significant water retained in organic soils where they overlie coarse carbonate sediments suggesting a capillary barrier development as the plant‐mediated organic soil accumulates. Retained soil water extends modelled dry‐down times of root‐accessible soil by more than 3 weeks. This indicates that capillary barrier‐enhanced water availability can help explain how P. grandis and other soil‐building atoll species can exist across variable precipitation regimes. To our knowledge, this work is the first description of plant‐mediated capillary barrier development as a water management strategy.
{"title":"Soil Building and Capillary Barrier–Enhanced Water Availability Help Explain Pisonia grandis and Other Atoll Native's Tolerance for Variable Precipitation Regimes","authors":"Mary Engels, Robert Heinse, Hillary Young","doi":"10.1002/eco.2716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2716","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Pisonia grandis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content>, now threatened, is an important source of soil organic matter on atoll islands and historically composed the dominant canopy of many atoll ecosystems across the Pacific. How the tree manages water to exist across wide precipitation gradients is poorly understood. This study tests the hypotheses that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>P. grandis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> is using organic‐rich soils that develop under their canopy and soil layering where organic soils contact carbonate sands as part of their water management strategy. We analysed the chemical and physical properties of soils from two atolls in the central Pacific Ocean, one wet (Palmyra, USA) and one dry (Nikumaroro, Kiribati). Additionally, we used HYDRUS‐1D to simulate vadose zone water dynamics under a range of organic cap thicknesses (0, 14, 30 and 50 cm), precipitation intensities (1, 5 and 10 cm/h) and average precipitation amounts (50, 100, 200 and 400 cm/yr). Laboratory results indicate organic soils are strongly, though not exclusively, associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>P. grandis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content>. Water holding capacity increases with soil organic carbon up to about 10% but not beyond that amount. Modelling results indicate significant water retained in organic soils where they overlie coarse carbonate sediments suggesting a capillary barrier development as the plant‐mediated organic soil accumulates. Retained soil water extends modelled dry‐down times of root‐accessible soil by more than 3 weeks. This indicates that capillary barrier‐enhanced water availability can help explain how <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>P. grandis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> and other soil‐building atoll species can exist across variable precipitation regimes. To our knowledge, this work is the first description of plant‐mediated capillary barrier development as a water management strategy.","PeriodicalId":55169,"journal":{"name":"Ecohydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuqing Lin, Ting Li, Qiuwen Chen, Ruxia Qiao, Shufeng He, Tao Feng, Jun Wang
The establishment of reservoirs, which alter water temperature and flow dynamics, significantly affects the indigenous fish population, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate effects of the changing water temperature and flow rate on fish ovaries, we subjected female Coreius guichenoti to the combination of different water temperatures (17°C, 20°C and 23°C denoted as L, N and H, respectively) and flow velocities (0 and 0.5 m/s denoted as S and V, respectively). After 30‐day experiment period, we identified 393, 545, 300 and 657 differentially expressed transcripts in HV versus NV, LV versus NV, HS versus NV and LS versus NV, respectively. The transcriptome results showed that both environmental factors could significantly influence oogenesis, with water temperature exerting a more pronounced effect than flow velocity. In particular, the higher temperature (HV and HS) led to a tendency towards masculinization and even infertility in females, which were consistent with the histopathology results. By contrast, the lower temperature (LV and LS) promoted the progression of desirable female attributes, where static water conditions (LS) had a greater effect compared with flowing water (LV). These findings were of great significance for the adaptive operation of reservoirs to create reasonable and precise ecological flows for managing fish reproduction.
{"title":"Transcriptomic Analysis of the Effects of Changes in Temperature and Flow Velocity on Reproductive Ability of Coreius guichenoti","authors":"Yuqing Lin, Ting Li, Qiuwen Chen, Ruxia Qiao, Shufeng He, Tao Feng, Jun Wang","doi":"10.1002/eco.2721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2721","url":null,"abstract":"The establishment of reservoirs, which alter water temperature and flow dynamics, significantly affects the indigenous fish population, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate effects of the changing water temperature and flow rate on fish ovaries, we subjected female <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Coreius guichenoti</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> to the combination of different water temperatures (17°C, 20°C and 23°C denoted as L, N and H, respectively) and flow velocities (0 and 0.5 m/s denoted as S and V, respectively). After 30‐day experiment period, we identified 393, 545, 300 and 657 differentially expressed transcripts in HV versus NV, LV versus NV, HS versus NV and LS versus NV, respectively. The transcriptome results showed that both environmental factors could significantly influence oogenesis, with water temperature exerting a more pronounced effect than flow velocity. In particular, the higher temperature (HV and HS) led to a tendency towards masculinization and even infertility in females, which were consistent with the histopathology results. By contrast, the lower temperature (LV and LS) promoted the progression of desirable female attributes, where static water conditions (LS) had a greater effect compared with flowing water (LV). These findings were of great significance for the adaptive operation of reservoirs to create reasonable and precise ecological flows for managing fish reproduction.","PeriodicalId":55169,"journal":{"name":"Ecohydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mingyang Li, Xiaodan Zhang, Fulin Li, Jiwen Huang, Zhanhua Li, Yuzhi Shi, Sinan Wang
To enhance comprehension of current research progress in the field of ecohydrology and to provide valuable references for future related research, policy formulation and international collaboration, this article relies on ecohydrology‐related literature and citation records in four databases: China Knowledge Network (CNKI), Wanfang Database, Web of Science (WOS) and Elsevier, up until the end of 2022. We use publication and citation trends analysis along with keyword hotspot analysis using VOS viewer to investigate publication and citation trends in Chinese and English literature. The study systematically analyse the process of keyword changes and research hotspots in Chinese and international English literature, providing a detailed explanation of the differences in research hotspots and the reasons for their formation. The research indicates that since the inception of the term ‘ecohydrology’, relevant literature has displayed sluggish growth alongside rapid development. Additionally, alterations in primary keywords have differed between Chinese and English literature over time. However, ‘groundwater’ has consistently retained a significant amount of attention within Chinese literature. Groundwater has been extensively studied in Chinese literature, with a particular focus on eco‐hydrological processes, their effects, modelling and techniques. Similarly, English language literature is abundant with keywords denoting pivotal concepts like the environment, hydrology, fauna and rivers. These areas have been the focal points of research for international scholars. Regional characteristics, ecological conditions, economic development level and scientific research priorities, among other factors, are all significant contributors to the development of the field of ecohydrology. Differences in research hotspots can also be attributed to geographical characteristics, ecological environment conditions and scientific research priorities. Over the past decade, there has been a gradual convergence in research between Chinese and English literature. The current hotspots of research in ecohydrology include basic research, theoretical applications and adaptive wide‐area mechanistic research. In the future, the discipline of ecohydrology is likely to face numerous challenges and opportunities related to climate change, resource management, and societal needs. Interdisciplinary collaboration, technological innovation and global cooperation will continue to drive breakthroughs in ecohydrology research.
为了更好地了解生态水文学领域当前的研究进展，并为未来的相关研究、政策制定和国际合作提供有价值的参考，本文依赖于四个数据库中与生态水文学相关的文献和引文记录：中国知网 (CNKI)、万方数据库、科学网 (WOS) 和爱思唯尔 (Elsevier)。我们利用发表和引用趋势分析以及 VOS 浏览器的关键词热点分析来研究中英文文献的发表和引用趋势。研究系统分析了中英文文献关键词变化过程和研究热点，详细解释了研究热点的差异及其形成原因。研究表明，自 "生态水文学 "一词诞生以来，相关文献在快速发展的同时也呈现出增长乏力的态势。此外，随着时间的推移，中英文文献中主要关键词的变化也不尽相同。不过，"地下水 "在中文文献中始终保持着较高的关注度。中文文献对地下水进行了广泛的研究，尤其侧重于生态水文过程、其影响、建模和技术。同样，英文文献中也有大量表示环境、水文、动物和河流等关键概念的关键词。这些领域一直是国际学者研究的重点。地区特点、生态条件、经济发展水平和科研重点等因素都是生态水文学领域发展的重要因素。研究热点的差异也可归因于地理特征、生态环境条件和科研重点。近十年来，中英文文献研究逐渐趋同。当前生态水文学的研究热点包括基础研究、理论应用和适应性广域机理研究。未来，生态水文学学科将面临与气候变化、资源管理和社会需求相关的众多挑战和机遇。跨学科协作、技术创新和全球合作将继续推动生态水文学研究取得突破性进展。
{"title":"Analysis of Research Hot Spots in Chinese and International English Ecohydrological Literature","authors":"Mingyang Li, Xiaodan Zhang, Fulin Li, Jiwen Huang, Zhanhua Li, Yuzhi Shi, Sinan Wang","doi":"10.1002/eco.2718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2718","url":null,"abstract":"To enhance comprehension of current research progress in the field of ecohydrology and to provide valuable references for future related research, policy formulation and international collaboration, this article relies on ecohydrology‐related literature and citation records in four databases: China Knowledge Network (CNKI), Wanfang Database, Web of Science (WOS) and Elsevier, up until the end of 2022. We use publication and citation trends analysis along with keyword hotspot analysis using VOS viewer to investigate publication and citation trends in Chinese and English literature. The study systematically analyse the process of keyword changes and research hotspots in Chinese and international English literature, providing a detailed explanation of the differences in research hotspots and the reasons for their formation. The research indicates that since the inception of the term ‘ecohydrology’, relevant literature has displayed sluggish growth alongside rapid development. Additionally, alterations in primary keywords have differed between Chinese and English literature over time. However, ‘groundwater’ has consistently retained a significant amount of attention within Chinese literature. Groundwater has been extensively studied in Chinese literature, with a particular focus on eco‐hydrological processes, their effects, modelling and techniques. Similarly, English language literature is abundant with keywords denoting pivotal concepts like the environment, hydrology, fauna and rivers. These areas have been the focal points of research for international scholars. Regional characteristics, ecological conditions, economic development level and scientific research priorities, among other factors, are all significant contributors to the development of the field of ecohydrology. Differences in research hotspots can also be attributed to geographical characteristics, ecological environment conditions and scientific research priorities. Over the past decade, there has been a gradual convergence in research between Chinese and English literature. The current hotspots of research in ecohydrology include basic research, theoretical applications and adaptive wide‐area mechanistic research. In the future, the discipline of ecohydrology is likely to face numerous challenges and opportunities related to climate change, resource management, and societal needs. Interdisciplinary collaboration, technological innovation and global cooperation will continue to drive breakthroughs in ecohydrology research.","PeriodicalId":55169,"journal":{"name":"Ecohydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The flow regime of a river is well established as being one of the key drivers of riverine ecosystem type, diversity and condition. This is especially true of seasonal rivers that experience a cease to flow period over the dry months of the year. To effectively assess changes in the components of the flow regime, it is required that flow data be quantified into metrics for ease of assessment and to effectively relate changes to environmental outcomes. Previous methods have used large numbers of, often complex, flow metrics to assess the flow regime. These metrics are often highly internally correlated with each other, and their complicated nature makes communication difficult. We suggest that the high correlation and the targeted nature of ecological flow regime assessment means a smaller number of well selected metrics can be used more effectively that large suites of generic metrics. We report on a series of six flow metrics that cover the whole of the flow regime, are reported annually and are simple to assess and interpret. We further expand on the practical use of these metrics as environmental indicators in their application to the highly variable seasonal rivers of southern Australia by using a moving average approach rather than single years. This approach accounts for, and allows for, the interannual variability expected in these systems. Environmental water requirements are defined using upper and lower bounds of a moving average for each metric over an environmentally stable period. We argue that this approach represents a more representative and robust approach to the assessment of environmental water requirements that is simpler and easier to interpret and communicate that existing flow regime assessment methods.
{"title":"Simplified Environmental Flow Metrics and Environmental Water Requirements for Mediterranean Seasonal Rivers","authors":"Douglas Green, Kumar Savadamuthu","doi":"10.1002/eco.2722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2722","url":null,"abstract":"The flow regime of a river is well established as being one of the key drivers of riverine ecosystem type, diversity and condition. This is especially true of seasonal rivers that experience a cease to flow period over the dry months of the year. To effectively assess changes in the components of the flow regime, it is required that flow data be quantified into metrics for ease of assessment and to effectively relate changes to environmental outcomes. Previous methods have used large numbers of, often complex, flow metrics to assess the flow regime. These metrics are often highly internally correlated with each other, and their complicated nature makes communication difficult. We suggest that the high correlation and the targeted nature of ecological flow regime assessment means a smaller number of well selected metrics can be used more effectively that large suites of generic metrics. We report on a series of six flow metrics that cover the whole of the flow regime, are reported annually and are simple to assess and interpret. We further expand on the practical use of these metrics as environmental indicators in their application to the highly variable seasonal rivers of southern Australia by using a moving average approach rather than single years. This approach accounts for, and allows for, the interannual variability expected in these systems. Environmental water requirements are defined using upper and lower bounds of a moving average for each metric over an environmentally stable period. We argue that this approach represents a more representative and robust approach to the assessment of environmental water requirements that is simpler and easier to interpret and communicate that existing flow regime assessment methods.","PeriodicalId":55169,"journal":{"name":"Ecohydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Loess Plateau is one of the most severely eroded areas in the world. A series of ecological measures (e.g., terracing, afforestation and reforestation) have been implemented to rehabilitate the environment. However, consecutive field observations are still inadequate regarding the benefits of eco‐measures on erosion reductions. In this study, surface runoff and soil loss were monitored at the plots of Pinus tabulaeformis with two different terraces and natural slope, including fish scale pits with Pinus tabulaeformis (F–P.t), control slope (natural slope) with Pinus tabulaeformis (C–P.t) and zig terraces with Pinus tabulaeformis (Z–P.t) in the growing season of 2015–2021. Results showed that terraces played a key role in reducing water and soil loss compared to natural slopes. The zig terraces had the greatest runoff and soil loss reduction benefits (43.38% and 67.75%, respectively). Maximum runoff and sediment occurred under the rainfall with high intensity and short duration. Runoff depth was better explained by rainfall depth and rainfall duration compared to soil loss rate. Compared with the natural slope, the degree of explanation of multiple regression models for terrace plots dropped to 36.1%–41.2% for runoff depth and declined to 12.7%–19.5% for soil erosion rate. This study revealed that different terracing measures with afforestation can effectively contribute to soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau of China. The combination of zig terraces and P. tabulaeformis is recommended as it has the best potential for improving the micro‐topography, storing rainfall and decreasing soil erosion. These results can help evaluate ecological restoration projects on the Loess Plateau and provide a scientific basis for the implementation of terracing projects in similar areas.
{"title":"Effect of Terraces and Rainfall on Water and Soil Loss in Pinus tabulaeformis Plantations in the Semiarid Loess Hilly Region of China","authors":"Yue Huang, Wei Wei, Shengnan Chen","doi":"10.1002/eco.2720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2720","url":null,"abstract":"The Loess Plateau is one of the most severely eroded areas in the world. A series of ecological measures (e.g., terracing, afforestation and reforestation) have been implemented to rehabilitate the environment. However, consecutive field observations are still inadequate regarding the benefits of eco‐measures on erosion reductions. In this study, surface runoff and soil loss were monitored at the plots of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Pinus tabulaeformis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> with two different terraces and natural slope, including fish scale pits with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Pinus tabulaeformis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> (F–P.t), control slope (natural slope) with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Pinus tabulaeformis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> (C–P.t) and zig terraces with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Pinus tabulaeformis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> (Z–P.t) in the growing season of 2015–2021. Results showed that terraces played a key role in reducing water and soil loss compared to natural slopes. The zig terraces had the greatest runoff and soil loss reduction benefits (43.38% and 67.75%, respectively). Maximum runoff and sediment occurred under the rainfall with high intensity and short duration. Runoff depth was better explained by rainfall depth and rainfall duration compared to soil loss rate. Compared with the natural slope, the degree of explanation of multiple regression models for terrace plots dropped to 36.1%–41.2% for runoff depth and declined to 12.7%–19.5% for soil erosion rate. This study revealed that different terracing measures with afforestation can effectively contribute to soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau of China. The combination of zig terraces and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>P. tabulaeformis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> is recommended as it has the best potential for improving the micro‐topography, storing rainfall and decreasing soil erosion. These results can help evaluate ecological restoration projects on the Loess Plateau and provide a scientific basis for the implementation of terracing projects in similar areas.","PeriodicalId":55169,"journal":{"name":"Ecohydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brandon Van Huizen, Richard M. Petrone, Xing Fang, John W. Pomeroy
Methods used to quantify evapotranspiration (ET) from Sphagnum‐dominated peatlands often assume that soil moisture is not a limiting factor; actual ET (AET) equals potential ET (PET). However, soil moisture can become limiting as peatlands dry, lowering AET below PET and necessitating the use of a surface resistance term in AET estimations. Quantifying and calculating surface resistance is a challenge for the non‐vascular plant surfaces such as those dominated by Sphagnum moss. This paper explores and quantifies the ecohydrological processes that drive Sphagnum resistance to ET. It is hypothesized that a relationship exists between the Sphagnum moss resistance and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated hydraulic conductivity (K‐ratio) for boreal peatlands, where the K‐ratio is a proxy for the hydrophysical properties of the porous medium. An empirical relationship between Sphagnum moss resistance and the K‐ratio was developed from data collected from a boreal peatland and implemented in the cold regions hydrological model. Empirically modelled resistance values (0–800 s m−1) did not match well with estimates from inverting observations and the Penman–Monteith (PM) algorithm (0–5000 s m−1). Difficulties in validating resistance values were possibly due to lack of moisture limiting conditions although this is seemingly contradicted by the alpha value being less than 1. Priestley–Taylor (PT) and PM algorithms in CRHM were used to estimate AET and compared with each other and with observations from an onsite eddy covariance (EC) system. The PT algorithm, using a site‐specific alpha value (0.75) performed the best with a mean difference of 9.4% (±12.0%) when compared to EC measurements of AET. The PM algorithm consistently overestimated EC measurements with a mean difference of 68.4% (±50.0%), even with a moss resistance incorporated into its use. The performance of PM algorithm is impeded by the uncertainty in quantifying Sphagnum resistance. Reducing this uncertainty should be a focus of future studies, as it does not require the use of a site‐specific alpha value.
用于量化以泥炭藓为主的泥炭地蒸散量（ET）的方法通常假定土壤水分不是限制因素；实际蒸散量（AET）等于潜在蒸散量（PET）。然而，泥炭地干燥时，土壤水分会成为限制因素，使实际蒸散发低于潜在蒸散发，因此在估算实际蒸散发时必须使用地表阻力项。对于非维管束植物表面（如以泥炭藓为主的表面）而言，量化和计算表面电阻是一项挑战。本文探讨并量化了驱动泥炭藓抵抗蒸散发的生态水文过程。假设北方泥炭地的泥炭藓阻力与非饱和与饱和导水率之比（K-ratio）之间存在关系，其中 K-ratio代表多孔介质的水物理特性。根据从北方泥炭地收集的数据，建立了泥炭藓阻力与 K 比率之间的经验关系，并将其应用于寒冷地区水文模型。根据经验模拟的阻力值（0-800 s m-1）与通过观测数据和彭曼-蒙蒂斯（PM）算法（0-5000 s m-1）反演得出的估算值不太吻合。CRHM 中的 Priestley-Taylor（PT）和 PM 算法被用来估算 AET，并与其他算法以及现场涡度协方差（EC）系统的观测结果进行了比较。使用特定站点α值（0.75）的 PT 算法性能最佳，与 EC 测量的 AET 相比，平均差异为 9.4% (±12.0%)。PM 算法始终高估了导电率测量值，平均差为 68.4%（±50.0%），即使在使用该算法时加入了苔藓阻力。PM 算法的性能受到泥炭藓抗性量化不确定性的影响。减少这种不确定性应该是未来研究的重点，因为它不需要使用特定地点的阿尔法值。
{"title":"Evaluating the Use of the Penman–Monteith and Priestley–Taylor Algorithms for Modelling Peatland Evapotranspiration Using the Cold Regions Hydrological Model","authors":"Brandon Van Huizen, Richard M. Petrone, Xing Fang, John W. Pomeroy","doi":"10.1002/eco.2714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2714","url":null,"abstract":"Methods used to quantify evapotranspiration (ET) from <jats:italic>Sphagnum</jats:italic>‐dominated peatlands often assume that soil moisture is not a limiting factor; actual ET (AET) equals potential ET (PET). However, soil moisture can become limiting as peatlands dry, lowering AET below PET and necessitating the use of a surface resistance term in AET estimations. Quantifying and calculating surface resistance is a challenge for the non‐vascular plant surfaces such as those dominated by <jats:italic>Sphagnum</jats:italic> moss. This paper explores and quantifies the ecohydrological processes that drive <jats:italic>Sphagnum</jats:italic> resistance to ET. It is hypothesized that a relationship exists between the <jats:italic>Sphagnum</jats:italic> moss resistance and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated hydraulic conductivity (K‐ratio) for boreal peatlands, where the K‐ratio is a proxy for the hydrophysical properties of the porous medium. An empirical relationship between <jats:italic>Sphagnum</jats:italic> moss resistance and the K‐ratio was developed from data collected from a boreal peatland and implemented in the cold regions hydrological model. Empirically modelled resistance values (0–800 s m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) did not match well with estimates from inverting observations and the Penman–Monteith (PM) algorithm (0–5000 s m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>). Difficulties in validating resistance values were possibly due to lack of moisture limiting conditions although this is seemingly contradicted by the alpha value being less than 1. Priestley–Taylor (PT) and PM algorithms in CRHM were used to estimate AET and compared with each other and with observations from an onsite eddy covariance (EC) system. The PT algorithm, using a site‐specific alpha value (0.75) performed the best with a mean difference of 9.4% (±12.0%) when compared to EC measurements of AET. The PM algorithm consistently overestimated EC measurements with a mean difference of 68.4% (±50.0%), even with a moss resistance incorporated into its use. The performance of PM algorithm is impeded by the uncertainty in quantifying <jats:italic>Sphagnum</jats:italic> resistance. Reducing this uncertainty should be a focus of future studies, as it does not require the use of a site‐specific alpha value.","PeriodicalId":55169,"journal":{"name":"Ecohydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Spitale, Marco Fezzi, Nadia Zorzi, Elisabeth Slomp, Sandro Rigotti, Alex Borrini, Olena Bilous, Marco Cantonati
River regulation due to dams and other intake structures has impacted the hydrology, water quality and biology of rivers worldwide. The release of minimum flows still represents the strategy aimed at maintaining certain aspects of the original flow patterns. However, there remains a limited understanding of the consequences of artificially induced flows on water quality and aquatic life across various types of rivers. This study was conducted in Trentino (south‐eastern Alps, Italy) in 60 perennial river reaches (400–2005 m a.s.l.), all located downstream of water abstractions for different hydropower plants. The main goal of this research was to compare the effect of different residual flows on macroinvertebrates and diatoms. The overall effect of discharge was low but still significant only for macroinvertebrates, whereas diatoms were affected mostly by the water chemistry. Both groups responded to the substrate composition and to the hydromorphology, which in turn resulted to be strongly correlated. The biotic indices, originally developed to respond to pollution, were unaffected by the flow reduction, raising concerns about the potential consequences that assessment based on this approach may have on the evaluation of ecological flow. This study emphasizes the importance of considering the broader ecological context in which flow alterations occur, particularly the interaction of hydromorphology and substrate, in understanding their impact on aquatic biota.
{"title":"Macroinvertebrates but Not Diatoms Are Affected by Streamflow Alteration Below Hydropower Diversions","authors":"Daniel Spitale, Marco Fezzi, Nadia Zorzi, Elisabeth Slomp, Sandro Rigotti, Alex Borrini, Olena Bilous, Marco Cantonati","doi":"10.1002/eco.2712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2712","url":null,"abstract":"River regulation due to dams and other intake structures has impacted the hydrology, water quality and biology of rivers worldwide. The release of minimum flows still represents the strategy aimed at maintaining certain aspects of the original flow patterns. However, there remains a limited understanding of the consequences of artificially induced flows on water quality and aquatic life across various types of rivers. This study was conducted in Trentino (south‐eastern Alps, Italy) in 60 perennial river reaches (400–2005 m a.s.l.), all located downstream of water abstractions for different hydropower plants. The main goal of this research was to compare the effect of different residual flows on macroinvertebrates and diatoms. The overall effect of discharge was low but still significant only for macroinvertebrates, whereas diatoms were affected mostly by the water chemistry. Both groups responded to the substrate composition and to the hydromorphology, which in turn resulted to be strongly correlated. The biotic indices, originally developed to respond to pollution, were unaffected by the flow reduction, raising concerns about the potential consequences that assessment based on this approach may have on the evaluation of ecological flow. This study emphasizes the importance of considering the broader ecological context in which flow alterations occur, particularly the interaction of hydromorphology and substrate, in understanding their impact on aquatic biota.","PeriodicalId":55169,"journal":{"name":"Ecohydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban tree canopies intercept rain and snowfall, potentially extending the service life of asphalt pavement below them. However, the process of pavement wetting has not been quantified and controlling factors are poorly understood. In this study, we document four forms of pavement moisture and experimentally test the role of trees in regulating wetness. Study plots were established on asphalt pavement under and adjacent to broad‐leaved street trees in a residential neighbourhood typical of cities in the Northeastern Unites States. Pavement wetting by rainfall, drying after experimental wetting, and accumulation and persistence of snow and ice were recorded. Pavement wetness under a tree canopy lagged 25 to 35 minutes behind pavement under an open sky, a delay that would prevent or reduce wetting in 28% of rain events in the study region. Pavement drying was 70% slower under a canopy than in open plots. Partially covered plots showed intermediate wetting and drying behaviour consistent with direct‐beam solar exposure. Significantly less snow was observed under the leafless canopy than under the open sky, and snow melted faster under the canopy. Ice cover and persistence were unrelated to canopy openness but strongly influenced by traffic and drainage. Pavement microclimate did not differ significantly with tree size or canopy porosity. We conclude that street trees control pavement moisture within ranges that potentially affect pavement structure and longevity. Tree‐scale arrangement appears to be more important than fine‐scale canopy structure.
{"title":"Street‐side trees control pavement wetness in a moist‐temperate region with cold winters","authors":"Glenn R. Matlack, Issam Khoury, Bhaven Naik","doi":"10.1002/eco.2704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2704","url":null,"abstract":"Urban tree canopies intercept rain and snowfall, potentially extending the service life of asphalt pavement below them. However, the process of pavement wetting has not been quantified and controlling factors are poorly understood. In this study, we document four forms of pavement moisture and experimentally test the role of trees in regulating wetness. Study plots were established on asphalt pavement under and adjacent to broad‐leaved street trees in a residential neighbourhood typical of cities in the Northeastern Unites States. Pavement wetting by rainfall, drying after experimental wetting, and accumulation and persistence of snow and ice were recorded. Pavement wetness under a tree canopy lagged 25 to 35 minutes behind pavement under an open sky, a delay that would prevent or reduce wetting in 28% of rain events in the study region. Pavement drying was 70% slower under a canopy than in open plots. Partially covered plots showed intermediate wetting and drying behaviour consistent with direct‐beam solar exposure. Significantly less snow was observed under the leafless canopy than under the open sky, and snow melted faster under the canopy. Ice cover and persistence were unrelated to canopy openness but strongly influenced by traffic and drainage. Pavement microclimate did not differ significantly with tree size or canopy porosity. We conclude that street trees control pavement moisture within ranges that potentially affect pavement structure and longevity. Tree‐scale arrangement appears to be more important than fine‐scale canopy structure.","PeriodicalId":55169,"journal":{"name":"Ecohydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The spatial distribution of biological communities may be regulated by environmental and spatial processes, and the intensity of these processes depend on the species characteristics, spatial heterogeneity and spatial extent. We investigated the relationship between the non‐migratory fish metacommunity with environmental and spatial variables using the variance partitioning procedure. We used data from lakes of four Neotropical floodplains: Amazon, Araguaia, Pantanal and Paraná. We hypothesised that the processes that drive the spatial distribution of non‐migratory fish in floodplain systems depend on connectivity driven by flood pulse. We predict that spatial variables are less important to explaining the fish community structures during rainy periods when there is no dispersal limitation. In contrast, environmental variables influence these structures during rainy and dry periods. During dry periods, metacommunities depend on species' dispersal abilities, but during rainy and dry periods, spatial distribution depends on the environmental filters selected by each species. For most of the environmental variables, it was possible to observe more similarity in the rainy period. Our results showed different patterns of fish communities for the lakes of the four floodplains systems, which led us to reject our hypothesis. Non‐migratory fish remain in their natal environment and perform only small lateral movements. In this scenario, we found a little influence from spatial variables in both periods and a great contribution of environmental variables for Amazon (16%) and Pantanal (32%) floodplains in structuring fishes' distribution in the rainy period.
{"title":"Patterns of non‐migratory fish metacommunity from Neotropical floodplains: Local mechanisms, regional scale and hydrological dynamics","authors":"Patricia Almeida Sacramento, Nadson Ressyé Simões, Gustavo Henrique Zaia Alves, Sidineia Amadio, Andre Andrian Padial, Evanilde Benedito","doi":"10.1002/eco.2706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2706","url":null,"abstract":"The spatial distribution of biological communities may be regulated by environmental and spatial processes, and the intensity of these processes depend on the species characteristics, spatial heterogeneity and spatial extent. We investigated the relationship between the non‐migratory fish metacommunity with environmental and spatial variables using the variance partitioning procedure. We used data from lakes of four Neotropical floodplains: Amazon, Araguaia, Pantanal and Paraná. We hypothesised that the processes that drive the spatial distribution of non‐migratory fish in floodplain systems depend on connectivity driven by flood pulse. We predict that spatial variables are less important to explaining the fish community structures during rainy periods when there is no dispersal limitation. In contrast, environmental variables influence these structures during rainy and dry periods. During dry periods, metacommunities depend on species' dispersal abilities, but during rainy and dry periods, spatial distribution depends on the environmental filters selected by each species. For most of the environmental variables, it was possible to observe more similarity in the rainy period. Our results showed different patterns of fish communities for the lakes of the four floodplains systems, which led us to reject our hypothesis. Non‐migratory fish remain in their natal environment and perform only small lateral movements. In this scenario, we found a little influence from spatial variables in both periods and a great contribution of environmental variables for Amazon (16%) and Pantanal (32%) floodplains in structuring fishes' distribution in the rainy period.","PeriodicalId":55169,"journal":{"name":"Ecohydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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