Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1017/s1755691021000359
{"title":"TRE volume 112 issue 3-4 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s1755691021000359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755691021000359","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45548452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.1017/s1755691021000086
A. Dawson
The research of James Croll on the nature of Ice Ages led him into a detailed investigation of ocean currents. By the early 1870s he had calculated from first principles the quantities of heat delivered by ocean currents to high latitude areas and he understood how this heat supply may have altered drastically during ice ages. The publication of his many papers on ocean currents as well as his book, Climate and Time, coincided with Challenger expedition that, in 1872, embarked on a 4-year voyage of scientific exploration of the world's oceans. The expedition was crucially important for Croll since it enabled him to test his theories of ocean circulation using real data. His novel theories of ocean circulation based on this information conflicted with the established views popularly advocated by William Carpenter but they ultimately prevailed. In the many writings of Croll on ocean currents, we encounter, as with other areas of his research, numerous remarkable ideas many decades ahead their time.
{"title":"The oceanographic contribution of James Croll","authors":"A. Dawson","doi":"10.1017/s1755691021000086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755691021000086","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The research of James Croll on the nature of Ice Ages led him into a detailed investigation of ocean currents. By the early 1870s he had calculated from first principles the quantities of heat delivered by ocean currents to high latitude areas and he understood how this heat supply may have altered drastically during ice ages. The publication of his many papers on ocean currents as well as his book, Climate and Time, coincided with Challenger expedition that, in 1872, embarked on a 4-year voyage of scientific exploration of the world's oceans. The expedition was crucially important for Croll since it enabled him to test his theories of ocean circulation using real data. His novel theories of ocean circulation based on this information conflicted with the established views popularly advocated by William Carpenter but they ultimately prevailed. In the many writings of Croll on ocean currents, we encounter, as with other areas of his research, numerous remarkable ideas many decades ahead their time.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s1755691021000086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45562261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1017/S1755691021000232
K. Edwards, M. Robinson
Popular and scholarly information concerning the life of James Croll has been accumulating slowly since the death in 1890 of the self-taught climate change pioneer. The papers in the current volume offer thorough assessments of topics associated with Croll's work, but this contribution seeks to provide a personal context for an understanding of James Croll the man, as well as James Croll the scholar of sciences and religion. Using archival as well as published sources, emphasis is placed upon selected components of his life and some of the less recognised features of his biography. These include his family history, his many homes, his health, participation in learned societies and attitudes to collegiality, financial problems including the failed efforts to secure a larger pension, and friendship. Life delivered a mixture of ‘trials and sorrows’, but it seems clear from the affection and respect accorded him that many looked upon James Croll as a ‘man greater far than his work’.
{"title":"James Croll – a man ‘greater far than his work’","authors":"K. Edwards, M. Robinson","doi":"10.1017/S1755691021000232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691021000232","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Popular and scholarly information concerning the life of James Croll has been accumulating slowly since the death in 1890 of the self-taught climate change pioneer. The papers in the current volume offer thorough assessments of topics associated with Croll's work, but this contribution seeks to provide a personal context for an understanding of James Croll the man, as well as James Croll the scholar of sciences and religion. Using archival as well as published sources, emphasis is placed upon selected components of his life and some of the less recognised features of his biography. These include his family history, his many homes, his health, participation in learned societies and attitudes to collegiality, financial problems including the failed efforts to secure a larger pension, and friendship. Life delivered a mixture of ‘trials and sorrows’, but it seems clear from the affection and respect accorded him that many looked upon James Croll as a ‘man greater far than his work’.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1755691021000232","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45120562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S1755691021000207
L. Aouidane, M. Belhamra, Asma Kheddouma
ABSTRACT Groundwater is widely used in the semi-arid region of Remila plain (Khenchela, Algeria) for urban and agricultural supplies. An integrated statistical and hydro-geochemical approach was performed with 70 water samples in order to identify the main processes and the origin of water salinisation. The results have suggested the dominance of three chemical facies: Sulphato cloruro calcic (SO4–Cl–Ca) in the northeastern part, Sulphato cloruro calci magnisian (SO–4Cl–Ca–Mg) in most of the waters andalkali-earth bicarbonate (HCO3–Ca–Mg) in the southeastern part. Although based on principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis, the statistical approach identified three water groups: (1) saline water (17 %; total dissolved solids >1000 mg l−1 with the dominance of Sulphate (SO42−)); (2) moderately saline water (17 %) with a dominance of bicarbonate (HCO3−); and (3) moderately saline water (66 %) with mixed facies. The binary diagrams confirmed the predominance of three processes: evaporite dissolution and/or precipitation, combined by ionic exchange. In the northeastern part of the area, however, another process was detected – the saline intrusion of Sabkha water, favoured by extensive groundwater use.
{"title":"Integrated statistical and hydro-geochemical approach to identify the origin and process of saline contamination of Remila plain groundwater (Khenchela, Algeria)","authors":"L. Aouidane, M. Belhamra, Asma Kheddouma","doi":"10.1017/S1755691021000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691021000207","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Groundwater is widely used in the semi-arid region of Remila plain (Khenchela, Algeria) for urban and agricultural supplies. An integrated statistical and hydro-geochemical approach was performed with 70 water samples in order to identify the main processes and the origin of water salinisation. The results have suggested the dominance of three chemical facies: Sulphato cloruro calcic (SO4–Cl–Ca) in the northeastern part, Sulphato cloruro calci magnisian (SO–4Cl–Ca–Mg) in most of the waters andalkali-earth bicarbonate (HCO3–Ca–Mg) in the southeastern part. Although based on principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis, the statistical approach identified three water groups: (1) saline water (17 %; total dissolved solids >1000 mg l−1 with the dominance of Sulphate (SO42−)); (2) moderately saline water (17 %) with a dominance of bicarbonate (HCO3−); and (3) moderately saline water (66 %) with mixed facies. The binary diagrams confirmed the predominance of three processes: evaporite dissolution and/or precipitation, combined by ionic exchange. In the northeastern part of the area, however, another process was detected – the saline intrusion of Sabkha water, favoured by extensive groundwater use.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"112 1","pages":"89 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1755691021000207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44546098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1017/s1755691021000293
D. Jolley, J. Millett, N. Schofield, L. Broadley, M. Hole, L. Aouidane, M. Belhamra, Asma Kheddouma, Chun-Sheng Wei, Mahdieh Jafari
{"title":"TRE volume 112 issue 2 Cover and Back matter","authors":"D. Jolley, J. Millett, N. Schofield, L. Broadley, M. Hole, L. Aouidane, M. Belhamra, Asma Kheddouma, Chun-Sheng Wei, Mahdieh Jafari","doi":"10.1017/s1755691021000293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755691021000293","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":" ","pages":"b1 - b5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43701893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S1755691021000268
R. Matamales‐Andreu, F. Roig-Munar, O. Oms, À. Galobart, J. Fortuny
ABSTRACT Moradisaurine captorhinid eureptiles were a successful group of high-fibre herbivores that lived in the arid low latitudes of Pangaea during the Permian. Here we describe a palaeoassemblage from the Permian of Menorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean), consisting of ichnites of small captorhinomorph eureptiles, probably moradisaurines (Hyloidichnus), and parareptiles (cf. Erpetopus), and bones of two different taxa of moradisaurines. The smallest of the two is not diagnostic beyond Moradisaurinae incertae sedis. The largest one, on the other hand, shows characters that are not present in any other known species of moradisaurine (densely ornamented maxillar teeth), and it is therefore described as Balearosaurus bombardensis gen. et sp. nov. Other remains found in the same outcrop are identified as cf. Balearosaurus bombardensis gen. et sp. nov., as they could also belong to the newly described taxon. This species is sister to the moradisaurine from the lower Permian of the neighbouring island of Mallorca, and is also closely related to the North American genus Rothianiscus. This makes it possible to suggest the hypothesis that the Variscan mountains, which separated North America from southern Europe during the Permian, were not a very important palaeobiogeographical barrier to the dispersion of moradisaurines. In fact, mapping all moradisaurine occurrences known so far, it is shown that their distribution area encompassed both sides of the Variscan mountains, essentially being restricted to the arid belt of palaeoequatorial Pangaea, where they probably outcompeted other herbivorous clades until they died out in the late Permian.
moradidisurine captorhinid真爬行动物是二叠纪时期盘古大陆干旱低纬度地区成功生存的一群高纤维食草动物。在这里，我们描述了一个来自梅诺卡岛(地中海西部的巴利亚利群岛)二叠纪的古组合，包括小的捕获兽形态的纯爬行动物，可能是moradiisaurines (Hyloidichnus)和副爬行动物(参见Erpetopus)，以及两个不同的moradiisaurines分类群的骨头。两者中最小的那一种，除了moradidisaurinae intertae sedis外，不能诊断。另一方面，最大的一具化石所显示的特征，在其他已知的上颌骨牙齿(密集装饰的上颌骨牙齿)中是不存在的，因此它被描述为Balearosaurus bombardensis gen. et sp. 11 .，在同一露出地发现的其他遗骸被鉴定为cf. Balearosaurus bombardensis gen. et sp. 11 .，因为它们也可能属于新描述的分类单元。该物种是邻近马略卡岛二叠纪下的moradiisurine的姐妹，与北美的Rothianiscus属也有密切关系。这使得我们有可能提出这样的假设，即在二叠纪时期将北美与南欧分开的瓦里斯坎山脉，并不是一个非常重要的古地理屏障，阻止了moradiaurines的扩散。事实上，通过绘制迄今为止已知的所有moradidisurine的分布图，我们发现它们的分布区域包括了Variscan山脉的两侧，基本上被限制在古赤道泛大陆的干旱地带，在那里它们可能与其他食草进化支竞争，直到它们在二叠纪晚期灭绝。
{"title":"A captorhinid-dominated assemblage from the palaeoequatorial Permian of Menorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)","authors":"R. Matamales‐Andreu, F. Roig-Munar, O. Oms, À. Galobart, J. Fortuny","doi":"10.1017/S1755691021000268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691021000268","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Moradisaurine captorhinid eureptiles were a successful group of high-fibre herbivores that lived in the arid low latitudes of Pangaea during the Permian. Here we describe a palaeoassemblage from the Permian of Menorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean), consisting of ichnites of small captorhinomorph eureptiles, probably moradisaurines (Hyloidichnus), and parareptiles (cf. Erpetopus), and bones of two different taxa of moradisaurines. The smallest of the two is not diagnostic beyond Moradisaurinae incertae sedis. The largest one, on the other hand, shows characters that are not present in any other known species of moradisaurine (densely ornamented maxillar teeth), and it is therefore described as Balearosaurus bombardensis gen. et sp. nov. Other remains found in the same outcrop are identified as cf. Balearosaurus bombardensis gen. et sp. nov., as they could also belong to the newly described taxon. This species is sister to the moradisaurine from the lower Permian of the neighbouring island of Mallorca, and is also closely related to the North American genus Rothianiscus. This makes it possible to suggest the hypothesis that the Variscan mountains, which separated North America from southern Europe during the Permian, were not a very important palaeobiogeographical barrier to the dispersion of moradisaurines. In fact, mapping all moradisaurine occurrences known so far, it is shown that their distribution area encompassed both sides of the Variscan mountains, essentially being restricted to the arid belt of palaeoequatorial Pangaea, where they probably outcompeted other herbivorous clades until they died out in the late Permian.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"112 1","pages":"125 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1755691021000268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46408563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S1755691021000244
Chun-Sheng Wei, Zi‐Fu Zhao
ABSTRACT While the external infiltration of water has been identified from modern geothermal and/or fossil hydrothermal systems through stable isotopes, the physicochemical boundary conditions like the initial oxygen isotopes of water $( {{rm delta }^{ 18}{rm O}_{rm W}^{rm i} } ) $ and rock as well as alteration temperature were implicitly presumed or empirically estimated by the conventional forward modelling. In terms of a novel procedure proposed to deal with partial re-equilibration of oxygen isotopes between constituent minerals and water, the externally infiltrated meteoric and magmatic water are theoretically inverted from the early Cretaceous post-collisional granitoid and intruded Triassic gneissic country rock across the Dabie orogen in central-eastern China. The meteoric water with a $ {{rm delta }^{ 18}{rm O}_{rm W}^{rm i} } $ value of −11.01 ‰ was externally infiltrated with a granitoid and thermodynamically re-equilibrated with rock-forming minerals at 140°C with a minimum water/rock (W/R)o ratio around 1.10 for an open system. The lifetime of this meteoric hydrothermal system is kinetically constrained less than 0.7 million years (Myr) via modelling of surface reaction oxygen exchange. A gneissic country rock, however, was externally infiltrated by a magmatic water with $ {{rm delta }^{ 18}{rm O}_{rm W}^{rm i} } $ value of 4.21 ‰ at 340°C with a (W/R)o ratio of 1.23, and this magmatic hydrothermal system could last no more than 12 thousand years (Kyr) to rapidly re-equilibrate with rock-forming minerals. Nevertheless, the external infiltration of water can be theoretically inverted with oxygen isotopes of re-equilibrated rock-forming minerals, and the ancient hydrothermal systems driven by magmatism or metamorphism within continental orogens worldwide can be reliably quantified.
{"title":"Theoretical inversion of the fossil hydrothermal systems with oxygen isotopes of constituent minerals partially re-equilibrated with externally infiltrated fluids","authors":"Chun-Sheng Wei, Zi‐Fu Zhao","doi":"10.1017/S1755691021000244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691021000244","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While the external infiltration of water has been identified from modern geothermal and/or fossil hydrothermal systems through stable isotopes, the physicochemical boundary conditions like the initial oxygen isotopes of water $( {{rm delta }^{ 18}{rm O}_{rm W}^{rm i} } ) $ and rock as well as alteration temperature were implicitly presumed or empirically estimated by the conventional forward modelling. In terms of a novel procedure proposed to deal with partial re-equilibration of oxygen isotopes between constituent minerals and water, the externally infiltrated meteoric and magmatic water are theoretically inverted from the early Cretaceous post-collisional granitoid and intruded Triassic gneissic country rock across the Dabie orogen in central-eastern China. The meteoric water with a $ {{rm delta }^{ 18}{rm O}_{rm W}^{rm i} } $ value of −11.01 ‰ was externally infiltrated with a granitoid and thermodynamically re-equilibrated with rock-forming minerals at 140°C with a minimum water/rock (W/R)o ratio around 1.10 for an open system. The lifetime of this meteoric hydrothermal system is kinetically constrained less than 0.7 million years (Myr) via modelling of surface reaction oxygen exchange. A gneissic country rock, however, was externally infiltrated by a magmatic water with $ {{rm delta }^{ 18}{rm O}_{rm W}^{rm i} } $ value of 4.21 ‰ at 340°C with a (W/R)o ratio of 1.23, and this magmatic hydrothermal system could last no more than 12 thousand years (Kyr) to rapidly re-equilibrate with rock-forming minerals. Nevertheless, the external infiltration of water can be theoretically inverted with oxygen isotopes of re-equilibrated rock-forming minerals, and the ancient hydrothermal systems driven by magmatism or metamorphism within continental orogens worldwide can be reliably quantified.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"112 1","pages":"101 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1755691021000244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45149997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1017/s1755691021000281
{"title":"TRE volume 112 issue 2 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s1755691021000281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755691021000281","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":" ","pages":"f1 - f2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48283383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S1755691021000256
S. Jamshidi, M. Jafari
ABSTRACT This research evaluated the variability of current characteristics and seawater properties in the middle part of the southern shelf of the Caspian Sea. The effect of the coastal flow on marine debris dispreading was assessed in the southern Caspian Sea for the first time. The findings showed the existence of thermal stratification containing seasonal thermocline with thickness of about 40 m in the water column. Maximum monthly along-shore current velocities around 1.3 m s−1 were observed in November and December. Monthly variations were clearly found in both flow velocity and local wind components. However, no significant levels of correlation between wind and current speeds were observed during the study in the region. In some cases, the mean monthly cross-shore component velocities were measured at about 29 cm s−1 in November. The findings indicated that there was no upwelling phenomenon associated to the regional wind in the study area. In situ current measurements indicated dominant east and north-northeast directions, presumably related to the effect of general circulation in the southern basin. Current profiles in the water column displayed similarity in directions at 10, 15 and 20 m depths over the continental shelf. The field samples and analysis revealed that the soft and smaller-scale seawater litters can be carried long distances by the current along the coast. Most coastal based and marine litters originated from the tourist activities (in the middle and western parts of the shores) and waste emanated from the river (Tonekabon-Nowshahr).
摘要本研究对里海南部陆架中部海流特征和海水性质的变化进行了研究。首次在里海南部评估了海岸流对海洋垃圾扩散的影响。结果表明，该区水柱存在含季节性温跃层的热分层，厚度约为40 m。11月和12月的最大岸流速度约为1.3 m s - 1。风速和局地风分量的月变化明显。然而，在该地区的研究期间，没有观察到风速和风速之间的显著相关性。在某些情况下，11月测得的月平均跨岸分量速度约为29厘米s- 1。结果表明，研究区不存在与区域风相关的上升流现象。原位海流测量显示主要方向为东部和东北偏北，可能与盆地南部环流的影响有关。在大陆架上方10、15和20 m深度的水柱中，水流剖面在方向上显示出相似性。野外取样和分析表明，软质和小尺度的海水凋落物可被海流沿海岸携带较远的距离。大多数沿海和海洋垃圾来自旅游活动(在海岸的中部和西部)，废物来自河流(Tonekabon-Nowshahr)。
{"title":"Environmental impacts of physical and dynamical characteristics of the southern coastal waters of the Caspian Sea","authors":"S. Jamshidi, M. Jafari","doi":"10.1017/S1755691021000256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691021000256","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research evaluated the variability of current characteristics and seawater properties in the middle part of the southern shelf of the Caspian Sea. The effect of the coastal flow on marine debris dispreading was assessed in the southern Caspian Sea for the first time. The findings showed the existence of thermal stratification containing seasonal thermocline with thickness of about 40 m in the water column. Maximum monthly along-shore current velocities around 1.3 m s−1 were observed in November and December. Monthly variations were clearly found in both flow velocity and local wind components. However, no significant levels of correlation between wind and current speeds were observed during the study in the region. In some cases, the mean monthly cross-shore component velocities were measured at about 29 cm s−1 in November. The findings indicated that there was no upwelling phenomenon associated to the regional wind in the study area. In situ current measurements indicated dominant east and north-northeast directions, presumably related to the effect of general circulation in the southern basin. Current profiles in the water column displayed similarity in directions at 10, 15 and 20 m depths over the continental shelf. The field samples and analysis revealed that the soft and smaller-scale seawater litters can be carried long distances by the current along the coast. Most coastal based and marine litters originated from the tourist activities (in the middle and western parts of the shores) and waste emanated from the river (Tonekabon-Nowshahr).","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"112 1","pages":"111 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48864191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S175569102100027X
P. Piñero, A. I. Olivares, D. Verzi, V. H. Contreras
ABSTRACT Echimyidae is the most widely diversified family among hystricognath rodents, both in the number of species and variety of lifestyles. In the Patagonian Subregion of southern South America, extinct echimyids related to living arboreal species (Echimyini) are recorded up to the middle Miocene, whereas all the known southern fossils since the late Miocene are linked to terrestrial and fossorial lineages currently inhabiting the Chacoan open biome in eastern South America. In this work, we describe a new genus of echimyid rodent, Paralonchothrix gen. nov., from the late Miocene of northwestern Argentina and western Brazil. Its single recognised species, Paralonchothrix ponderosus comb. nov., is represented by two hemimandibles. One of them comes from a level of Loma de Las Tapias Formation, underlying a tuff dated at 7.0 ± 0.9 Ma (Huayquerian age, late Miocene); the other specimen comes from the ‘Araucanense’ of Valle de Santa María (type locality, Huayquerian age, late Miocene). A phylogenetic analysis linked Paralonchothrix to Lonchothrix, both being the sister group to Mesomys. Thereby, for the first time, an echimyid linked to living Amazonian arboreal clades is recognised for the late Miocene of southern South America. Paralonchothrix gen. nov. thus represents an exceptional record that raises the need to review the postulated evolutionary pattern for echimyids recorded at high latitudes since the late Miocene. The new genus provides a minimum age (ca.7 Ma) in the fossil record for the divergence between Mesomys and Lonchothrix. The palaeoenvironmental conditions inferred for the late Miocene in western and northwestern Argentina suggest savanna-type environments, with areas with more closed woodlands in peri-Andean valleys. The record of Paralonchothrix gen. nov. supports the hypothesis that this area would have maintained connections with tropical biomes of northern South America during the late Miocene.
摘要棘鼠科是三颌目啮齿类动物中种类最多、生活方式多样的一科。在南美洲南部的巴塔哥尼亚次区域，与现存的树栖物种（Echimyini）有关的已灭绝针虫被记录到中新世中期，而自中新世晚期以来所有已知的南部化石都与目前居住在南美洲东部Chacoan开放生物群落的陆地和化石谱系有关。在这项工作中，我们描述了阿根廷西北部和巴西西部中新世晚期的一个新的针虫啮齿动物属，Paralonchothrix gen.nov。其唯一被认可的物种，黄腹副龙舌兰。nov.，由两个半下颌表示。其中一个来自Loma de Las Tapias组的一个层面，位于7.0±0.9 Ma的凝灰岩之下（华奎时代，中新世晚期）；另一个标本来自Santa María山谷的“Araucanense”（模式位置，华克时代，中新世晚期）。系统发育分析将Paralonchothrix与Lonchotrix联系起来，两者都是Mesomys的姐妹群。因此，在南美洲南部的中新世晚期，首次发现了一种与亚马逊树栖分支有关的针虫。因此，Paralonchothrix gen.nov.代表了一个特殊的记录，这提出了审查自中新世晚期以来在高纬度记录的针虫类假设进化模式的必要性。这个新属提供了Mesomys和Lonchothrix之间分歧的化石记录中的最小年龄（约7 Ma）。阿根廷西部和西北部中新世晚期推断的古环境条件表明，该地区属于稀树草原型环境，安第斯山脉附近的山谷中有更多的封闭林地。Paralonchothrix gen.nov.的记录支持了这样一种假设，即该地区在中新世晚期与南美洲北部的热带生物群落保持着联系。
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