Pub Date : 2022-10-29DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2022.2137462
D. Klenam, L. Chown, M. Papo, L. Cornish
{"title":"Steels for rail axles - an overview","authors":"D. Klenam, L. Chown, M. Papo, L. Cornish","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2022.2137462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2022.2137462","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75288037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2022.2132910
N. Devi, Rajesh Kumar, Shipra Singh, R. Singh
{"title":"Recent development of graphene-based composite for multifunctional applications: energy, environmental and biomedical sciences","authors":"N. Devi, Rajesh Kumar, Shipra Singh, R. Singh","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2022.2132910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2022.2132910","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82412719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Li3VO4 anode has advantages of high energy density, long cycle life, safe working voltage, low cost, and simple synthesis process. It is considered to be a promising intercalation anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, its practical application is limited for poor electronic conductivity and low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE). At present, nanocrystallization, surface coating, material combination and lattice doping are adopted to improve the electrochemical performance, including ICE, rate capability, cycling stability, etc. This review systematically summarizes the progress and challenges of Li3VO4 anode for energy storage, and provides some guidance for its future study.
{"title":"Review of Li3VO4 anode materials for energy storage","authors":"Xianchang Ye, Yong Fan, Qingsong Tong, Ziying Chen, Mengqi Zhu, Jingyu Huang, Xiang Ding","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2022.2128044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2022.2128044","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Li3VO4 anode has advantages of high energy density, long cycle life, safe working voltage, low cost, and simple synthesis process. It is considered to be a promising intercalation anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, its practical application is limited for poor electronic conductivity and low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE). At present, nanocrystallization, surface coating, material combination and lattice doping are adopted to improve the electrochemical performance, including ICE, rate capability, cycling stability, etc. This review systematically summarizes the progress and challenges of Li3VO4 anode for energy storage, and provides some guidance for its future study.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82715982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-08DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2022.2118663
Chao-li Ma, Wenbo Yu, Guozheng Ma, Wang Haidou
Abstract Due to the high temperature oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, and good radar waves absorption performance, the radar absorbing coatings (RACs) composed of ceramics and its composites have attracted extensive attention. The RACs is composed of dielectric absorbent and matrix. According to the absorbing mechanism, RACs can be divided into magnetic loss RACs and dielectric loss RACs. High temperature RACs is usually dielectric loss RACs. This article describes the basic principle of radar waves absorption by dielectric loss RACs, and the influence mechanism of temperature, dielectric absorbent content, coating thickness, coating structure design, and other parameters on its radar waves absorption performance. Subsequently, this article introduces the test method of radar waves absorbing performance of RACs and the process of spraying method to prepare RACs, especially the atmospheric plasma spraying method. Finally, this article summarizes the latest research progress of high temperature RACs, mainly focusing on the RACs of doped oxide ceramics (especially alumina), carbide ceramics, and MAX phase ceramics. This review suggests the possibilities of improving RACs absorbing performance through the composition optimization and structural design.
{"title":"Recent progress on high temperature radar absorbing coatings (RACs): a review","authors":"Chao-li Ma, Wenbo Yu, Guozheng Ma, Wang Haidou","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2022.2118663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2022.2118663","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Due to the high temperature oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, and good radar waves absorption performance, the radar absorbing coatings (RACs) composed of ceramics and its composites have attracted extensive attention. The RACs is composed of dielectric absorbent and matrix. According to the absorbing mechanism, RACs can be divided into magnetic loss RACs and dielectric loss RACs. High temperature RACs is usually dielectric loss RACs. This article describes the basic principle of radar waves absorption by dielectric loss RACs, and the influence mechanism of temperature, dielectric absorbent content, coating thickness, coating structure design, and other parameters on its radar waves absorption performance. Subsequently, this article introduces the test method of radar waves absorbing performance of RACs and the process of spraying method to prepare RACs, especially the atmospheric plasma spraying method. Finally, this article summarizes the latest research progress of high temperature RACs, mainly focusing on the RACs of doped oxide ceramics (especially alumina), carbide ceramics, and MAX phase ceramics. This review suggests the possibilities of improving RACs absorbing performance through the composition optimization and structural design.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87647285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2022.2107484
S. Mandal, Mayadhar Debata, P. Sengupta, S. Basu
Abstract Permanent magnets (PM) find widespread application in energy conversion, telecommunication, data storage, sensors, electronic gadgets, etc. Even though the market for PM is dominated by rare earth (RE) based magnets like Nd-Fe-B and Sm-Co, the recent crisis of RE elements and supply constraints have evoked the necessity of new PM materials for sustainable development. Owing to the predicted high value of (BH)max , the abundant availability of constituent elements (Fe, Ni), and presence in natural meteorites, L10 FeNi has drawn the attraction of the scientific community. Therefore, in this article, L10 FeNi (tetrataenite) is extensively reviewed as one of the most suitable candidates for future permanent magnetic material. Although L10 FeNi has shown immense potential for PM application due to its high magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetic saturation, the bulk synthesis of this material is not yet achieved. The problems in laboratory synthesis of L10 FeNi and the technological limitations for practical use are dominated by the slow diffusion of Ni in the FeNi lattice around the low order-disorder temperature (∼593 K). Artificial techniques with a low-temperature synthesis of ordered L10 FeNi are highlighted and the properties of L10 FeNi thin films are also presented coherently.
{"title":"L10 FeNi: a promising material for next generation permanent magnets","authors":"S. Mandal, Mayadhar Debata, P. Sengupta, S. Basu","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2022.2107484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2022.2107484","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Permanent magnets (PM) find widespread application in energy conversion, telecommunication, data storage, sensors, electronic gadgets, etc. Even though the market for PM is dominated by rare earth (RE) based magnets like Nd-Fe-B and Sm-Co, the recent crisis of RE elements and supply constraints have evoked the necessity of new PM materials for sustainable development. Owing to the predicted high value of (BH)max , the abundant availability of constituent elements (Fe, Ni), and presence in natural meteorites, L10 FeNi has drawn the attraction of the scientific community. Therefore, in this article, L10 FeNi (tetrataenite) is extensively reviewed as one of the most suitable candidates for future permanent magnetic material. Although L10 FeNi has shown immense potential for PM application due to its high magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetic saturation, the bulk synthesis of this material is not yet achieved. The problems in laboratory synthesis of L10 FeNi and the technological limitations for practical use are dominated by the slow diffusion of Ni in the FeNi lattice around the low order-disorder temperature (∼593 K). Artificial techniques with a low-temperature synthesis of ordered L10 FeNi are highlighted and the properties of L10 FeNi thin films are also presented coherently.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86188452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Stainless steel (SS) is a well-known engineering material which is predominantly used in multitudinous applications; however, the disquieting entity is its deteriorative nature triggered by the corrosion in biological, chemical, and high-temperature surroundings. Zirconia is a noteworthy material because of its remarkable mechanical, thermal, and biocompatible properties. To further improve the properties, the high-temperature phases of zirconia are stabilized at room temperature. Zirconia and its stabilized derivates are favored candidates as protective coatings for SS. They offer high resistance, allow them to perform in corrosive, sensitive environments, and augment the longevity, serviceability of SS. Deposition of zirconia/stabilized-zirconia (Z/s-Z) coatings is accomplished using vapor-phase methods, which are capital-intensive; they comprise high vacuum and processing time, confined space, and more energy consumption, resulting in fabrication cost maximization. Alternatively, solution-phase deposition methods are advantageous, effortless, and capable of depositing on large-area substrates, promising to lessen fabrication costs and to enhance yield. Solution-phase methods, namely dip, spray, and spin coatings, have been investigated to produce effective, high-grade Z/s-Z coatings on SS. This review summarizes the utilized precursors, solvents, and process parameters for depositing Z/s-Z coatings on different types and grades of steel through mentioned solution-phase methods, respectively. The review emphasizes the researched potential applications of solution-phase processed Z/s-Z with a particular role as a protective coating on SS-based implants, surgical instruments preserving corrosion resistance, nontoxicity and biocompatibility in the body fluids. The review also highlights the defensive property of solution-phase processed Z/s-Z coatings to the underneath SS against corrosive chemical media (acids like H2SO4, HCl, HNO3; chlorides like NaCl and toxic gases like H2S, coal). The oxidation protection to the beneath SS by the mentioned coatings in aggressive high-temperature surroundings is also focused in the present review.
{"title":"A revisit to solution-processed zirconia and its stabilized derivatives as protective coatings for base-stainless steel","authors":"Robbi Vivek Vardhan, Nitesh Eknath Chaudhari, Pavan Pujar, Saumen Mandal","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2022.2100737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2022.2100737","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Stainless steel (SS) is a well-known engineering material which is predominantly used in multitudinous applications; however, the disquieting entity is its deteriorative nature triggered by the corrosion in biological, chemical, and high-temperature surroundings. Zirconia is a noteworthy material because of its remarkable mechanical, thermal, and biocompatible properties. To further improve the properties, the high-temperature phases of zirconia are stabilized at room temperature. Zirconia and its stabilized derivates are favored candidates as protective coatings for SS. They offer high resistance, allow them to perform in corrosive, sensitive environments, and augment the longevity, serviceability of SS. Deposition of zirconia/stabilized-zirconia (Z/s-Z) coatings is accomplished using vapor-phase methods, which are capital-intensive; they comprise high vacuum and processing time, confined space, and more energy consumption, resulting in fabrication cost maximization. Alternatively, solution-phase deposition methods are advantageous, effortless, and capable of depositing on large-area substrates, promising to lessen fabrication costs and to enhance yield. Solution-phase methods, namely dip, spray, and spin coatings, have been investigated to produce effective, high-grade Z/s-Z coatings on SS. This review summarizes the utilized precursors, solvents, and process parameters for depositing Z/s-Z coatings on different types and grades of steel through mentioned solution-phase methods, respectively. The review emphasizes the researched potential applications of solution-phase processed Z/s-Z with a particular role as a protective coating on SS-based implants, surgical instruments preserving corrosion resistance, nontoxicity and biocompatibility in the body fluids. The review also highlights the defensive property of solution-phase processed Z/s-Z coatings to the underneath SS against corrosive chemical media (acids like H2SO4, HCl, HNO3; chlorides like NaCl and toxic gases like H2S, coal). The oxidation protection to the beneath SS by the mentioned coatings in aggressive high-temperature surroundings is also focused in the present review.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87549493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2022.2095977
M. Awotunde, A. Adegbenjo, O. Ajide, P. Olubambi
Abstract The applications of carbon allotrope-reinforced Ti-based composites have witnessed enormous expansion in recent times owing to their light weight and competitive properties. However, a consistent controversy still exists on the process of in-situ TiC formation (during powder preparation, reinforcement dispersion and synthesis), its site within the composite and particularly the role it plays on the properties of the bulk composite. Although some authors have opined that the presence of TiC in the bulk composite enhances its overall properties, others hold a contrary opinion. Hence, this current study is aimed at reviewing the positions of the previous studies on this seemingly controversial subject up to date; with a view to broadening the available knowledge base on this crucial area of interest.
{"title":"Influence of Ti/TiC interface and its site of formation on the properties of powder metallurgically fabricated Ti-based composites reinforced with carbonaceous materials: A review","authors":"M. Awotunde, A. Adegbenjo, O. Ajide, P. Olubambi","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2022.2095977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2022.2095977","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The applications of carbon allotrope-reinforced Ti-based composites have witnessed enormous expansion in recent times owing to their light weight and competitive properties. However, a consistent controversy still exists on the process of in-situ TiC formation (during powder preparation, reinforcement dispersion and synthesis), its site within the composite and particularly the role it plays on the properties of the bulk composite. Although some authors have opined that the presence of TiC in the bulk composite enhances its overall properties, others hold a contrary opinion. Hence, this current study is aimed at reviewing the positions of the previous studies on this seemingly controversial subject up to date; with a view to broadening the available knowledge base on this crucial area of interest.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79621661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-18DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2022.2080640
Henrique Zannini Luz, L. A. Loureiro dos Santos
Abstract The use of polymeric fiber scaffolds in the biomedical field has been studied extensively in recent years. Among the principal methods used for obtaining the scaffold fibers at the micrometer to nanometer scale are: electrospinning, blow-spinning, and centrifugal spinning, with different peculiarities applying to each methodology. The centrifuge spinning method stands out for its simplicity and high rate of fiber production, despite the fact that it is little used to obtain fibers for scaffolds. The objective of this bibliographical review is to present a brief history of the centrifugal spinning method and the flexibility and easiness of its implementation when compared to the others. Furthermore, this article presents the types of medical applications being studied, the properties used in the methods (showing the current range of applications), and the characteristics of the polymer fibers and membranes obtained, as well as the performance of scaffolds in cell culture and in vivo tests, based on published work. This all illustrates the high potential of the technique for use in the biomedical field.
{"title":"Centrifugal spinning for biomedical use: a review","authors":"Henrique Zannini Luz, L. A. Loureiro dos Santos","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2022.2080640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2022.2080640","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The use of polymeric fiber scaffolds in the biomedical field has been studied extensively in recent years. Among the principal methods used for obtaining the scaffold fibers at the micrometer to nanometer scale are: electrospinning, blow-spinning, and centrifugal spinning, with different peculiarities applying to each methodology. The centrifuge spinning method stands out for its simplicity and high rate of fiber production, despite the fact that it is little used to obtain fibers for scaffolds. The objective of this bibliographical review is to present a brief history of the centrifugal spinning method and the flexibility and easiness of its implementation when compared to the others. Furthermore, this article presents the types of medical applications being studied, the properties used in the methods (showing the current range of applications), and the characteristics of the polymer fibers and membranes obtained, as well as the performance of scaffolds in cell culture and in vivo tests, based on published work. This all illustrates the high potential of the technique for use in the biomedical field.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"519 - 534"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87513307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-09DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2022.2083579
M. Dragoman, M. Aldrigo, D. Dragoman, S. Iordanescu, A. Dinescu, S. Vulpe, M. Modreanu
Abstract Following the initial report on ferroelectricity in hafnia (HfO2) more than a decade ago, the researchers’ interest in this intriguing material system has constantly increased due to the promise it holds for future applications. Currently, there is an unbalanced situation, where an overwhelming majority of studies focus on either nanoscale characterization or on tuning the growth conditions in view of improving the properties of HfO2, but only few applications of this material system are being investigated. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of all emerging nanoscale ferroelectrics, to review their integration in most promising devices and to provide a critical analysis addressing the detrimental physical effects of nanoscale ferroelectrics on the performance of devices while outlining the perspectives to alleviate these adverse effects.
{"title":"Ferroelectrics at the nanoscale: materials and devices – a critical review","authors":"M. Dragoman, M. Aldrigo, D. Dragoman, S. Iordanescu, A. Dinescu, S. Vulpe, M. Modreanu","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2022.2083579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2022.2083579","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Following the initial report on ferroelectricity in hafnia (HfO2) more than a decade ago, the researchers’ interest in this intriguing material system has constantly increased due to the promise it holds for future applications. Currently, there is an unbalanced situation, where an overwhelming majority of studies focus on either nanoscale characterization or on tuning the growth conditions in view of improving the properties of HfO2, but only few applications of this material system are being investigated. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of all emerging nanoscale ferroelectrics, to review their integration in most promising devices and to provide a critical analysis addressing the detrimental physical effects of nanoscale ferroelectrics on the performance of devices while outlining the perspectives to alleviate these adverse effects.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"58 1","pages":"561 - 579"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76658605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2022.2085659
Giuseppe Pintaude
Abstract Hardness is a powerful property to evaluate the deformation behavior of materials. It serves as confident quality control for several processes, especially in the heat treatment of metals. With the advent of depth-sensing indentation, this technique embraces the determination of other mechanical properties. As proof, recognized standards are available to guide the evaluation of Young’s modulus using instrumented indentation. However, there are continuous efforts to describe the strength using hardness apparatus. This critical review aims to compile all ways of correlation between hardness and uniaxial strength. This relationship is usually addressed by a single value, called constraint factor, vastly recognized in metals as approximately 3. From a theoretical point of view, this value works well for materials with rigid-plastic behavior, where hardening effects can be discharged. Divergent variations presented herein show difficulties in incorporating the effect of plastic properties on the constraint factor determination. In the same way, the empirical determinations did not consider the differences in hardening exponents, putting in the same statistical analysis diverse microstructures. A specific section discusses the constraint factor for nonmetallic materials. There are critical doubts for determining strength from hardness values in this case. The existence of several approaches to estimate the constraint factor in brittle materials did not assure yet a unique value for the same material, which put in evidence the lack of a robust physical basis to understand the plastic deformation under indentation. Future trends are indicated along with these observations to become practical the recent developments that have allied hardness and strength. The most important aspect is to combine adequately the experimental and simulation approaches, which can be supported by an analysis of residual imprints of hardness and finite element model.
{"title":"Hardness as an indicator of material strength: a critical review","authors":"Giuseppe Pintaude","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2022.2085659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2022.2085659","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hardness is a powerful property to evaluate the deformation behavior of materials. It serves as confident quality control for several processes, especially in the heat treatment of metals. With the advent of depth-sensing indentation, this technique embraces the determination of other mechanical properties. As proof, recognized standards are available to guide the evaluation of Young’s modulus using instrumented indentation. However, there are continuous efforts to describe the strength using hardness apparatus. This critical review aims to compile all ways of correlation between hardness and uniaxial strength. This relationship is usually addressed by a single value, called constraint factor, vastly recognized in metals as approximately 3. From a theoretical point of view, this value works well for materials with rigid-plastic behavior, where hardening effects can be discharged. Divergent variations presented herein show difficulties in incorporating the effect of plastic properties on the constraint factor determination. In the same way, the empirical determinations did not consider the differences in hardening exponents, putting in the same statistical analysis diverse microstructures. A specific section discusses the constraint factor for nonmetallic materials. There are critical doubts for determining strength from hardness values in this case. The existence of several approaches to estimate the constraint factor in brittle materials did not assure yet a unique value for the same material, which put in evidence the lack of a robust physical basis to understand the plastic deformation under indentation. Future trends are indicated along with these observations to become practical the recent developments that have allied hardness and strength. The most important aspect is to combine adequately the experimental and simulation approaches, which can be supported by an analysis of residual imprints of hardness and finite element model.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"623 - 641"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82588598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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