Collegian最新文献

{"title":"Insights into the barriers and enablers faced by nurse/midwife clinician researchers in Australia","authors":"Caitlin M. Walsh ,&nbsp;Claire M. Rickard ,&nbsp;Karina R. Charles ,&nbsp;Daner Ball ,&nbsp;Jessica A. Schults","doi":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Clinician researchers are described as health professionals who conduct research and provide clinical care. Whilst this dual expertise is common in medicine and increasingly in allied health disciplines, fewer nurses and midwives are engaged in clinician researcher roles.</p></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><p>This study aimed to understand the barriers and enablers experienced by clinician researchers in nursing and midwifery in the Australian health systems.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with current nurse or midwife clinician researchers in Australia. Participants were classified as clinician researchers if they were registered nurses or midwives currently practising clinically whilst concurrently engaged in research. Interview data were analysed using iterative thematic analysis. In total, 15 interviews were conducted.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>Key themes identified included (i) perceived value; (ii) structural factors; and (iii) personal factors. Nurse and midwife clinician researchers reported feeling challenged by the absence of a clear career trajectory, and the constant undervaluing of nurse and midwife clinician researchers by health service leaders and peers.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Barriers included insufficient funding, motivation, mentorship, and leadership support. Enablers included protected research time, leadership support, and capacity-building. Participants also proposed changes to support clinician researcher career progression. These suggestions were used to put forward evidence-based recommendations for such a pathway.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study highlighted the need for a clearly articulated workforce model to support sustainable clinician researcher careers for nurses and midwives to overcome these barriers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55241,"journal":{"name":"Collegian","volume":"30 6","pages":"Pages 843-850"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1322769623000902/pdfft?md5=0bfd0f079f31b6fe9b758edd5c077701&pid=1-s2.0-S1322769623000902-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135662073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nurse–patient ratios and infection control practices: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Monika Tencic ,&nbsp;Michael Anthony Roche","doi":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Substantial research evidence supports the link between nurse staffing and patient outcomes. Low nurse staffing and high workloads have been linked to poor hand hygiene, ineffective equipment cleaning, and incorrect use of personal protective equipment (PPE), with potential outcomes of intravenous cannula infections, wound infections, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia. Research is limited regarding the impact of staffing models on specific infection control practices (ICP) such as wound dressing, oral hygiene, or patient education.</p></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><p>To describe nurses’ perceptions of the impact of nurse–patient ratios on ICP.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire with items drawn from pertinent research was distributed via QR code. Data were collected from 51 nurses on 12 units in a large tertiary referral hospital where a minimum 1:4 patient ratio had been recently introduced. Analysis was comparative and descriptive.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>Most participants were female registered nurses with less than 10 years’ experience in nursing. More than half had experienced a 1:4 ratio on their most recent shift. Nurses in this group indicated that they could complete infection control care in a timely manner, were more likely to provide infection control-related patient education, and had more time to communicate with the treating team about infection control matters. Hand hygiene and the use of PPE were not associated with the 1:4 staffing model.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>ICP included patient education, effective communication, and support appears to be strengthened by ratio staffing. These actions, together with more timely completion of activities such as oral hygiene and wound dressings, may significantly impact hospital-acquired infections and enhance patient safety.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>ICP may be strengthened by staffing consistent with the 1:4 ratio framework. This suggests that ratio-based staffing can have an early and important impact on practice. Findings regarding foundational practices, teamwork, and team support warrant further investigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55241,"journal":{"name":"Collegian","volume":"30 6","pages":"Pages 828-834"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1322769623000926/pdfft?md5=e1fb0dd9c626406b30f7238a9ef331aa&pid=1-s2.0-S1322769623000926-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135607301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mediating effect of job motivation on the relationship between career barriers and nurses’ turnover intention","authors":"Tuğba Yeşilyurt ,&nbsp;Nilgün Göktepe ,&nbsp;Şehrinaz Polat","doi":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Numerous organisational variables have been shown to be associated with nurse turnover, and evidence of the negative impact of nurse turnover on patients and healthcare organisations is accumulating. However, little is known about the impact of nurses' career barriers on nurses’ turnover intentions.</p></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><p>This study aimed to examine the effect of variables related to nurses’ sociodemographic and working characteristics, career barriers, and work motivation on turnover intentions, and reveal the mediating effect of job motivation on the relationship between career barriers on turnover intentions.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire distributed among nurses working in university, private, and public hospitals in Turkey. The sample of the study consisted of 404 nurses, and the Demographic and Work-Related Variables Questionnaire, Career Barriers in Nursing Scale, Nurses Job Motivation Scale, and the Turnover Intention Scale were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, multiple-regression analysis, and mediating effect analysis with HAYES (Model 4) were used in data analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>The regression analysis determined that seven independent variables (type of hospital, duration of current hospital experience, choosing the profession willingly, satisfaction with career opportunities in the current hospital, having a career goal, career barriers, and job motivation) affected nurses’ turnover intention, and these variables explained 41% of the total variance. It was also found that job motivation has a mediating effect on the relationship between career barriers and turnover intention.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study found that nurses’ turnover intentions were affected by variables such as career barriers, job motivation, and sociodemographic/working characteristics, with job motivation having a mediating effect on the relationship between career barriers and turnover intention. An additional finding was that as job motivation increases, turnover intention caused by career barriers decreases. It is important that managers and policymakers implement practices aimed at reducing career barriers and study the factors that increase nurses’ job motivation in order to maintain nurse retention.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55241,"journal":{"name":"Collegian","volume":"30 6","pages":"Pages 821-827"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135607171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial — A ‘rural ready’ nursing workforce","authors":"Leesa Hooker ,&nbsp;Fiona C. Burgemeister ,&nbsp;Jane Mills","doi":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55241,"journal":{"name":"Collegian","volume":"30 6","pages":"Pages 751-752"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135605807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elective day of surgery cancellations: A retrospective observational study","authors":"Imelda Chua ,&nbsp;Jed Duff ,&nbsp;Judy Munday","doi":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.03.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.03.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Day-of-surgery (DOS) cancellations are a common and frustrating phenomenon for surgical patients globally. They are both costly to health systems and patients, causing inconvenience, decreased productivity, and emotional distress. In Australia, there are only few published literature that have explored DOS cancellations.</p></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><p>This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and reasons for DOS cancellations in a South-East Queensland tertiary hospital. Secondly, the study aimed to understand the characteristics of patients who have been cancelled on day of surgery.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>A retrospective observational design was used to investigate elective day of surgery cancellations over one year, from January to December 2019. Variables collected included patients’ age, gender, ethnicity, socio-demographic status, carer responsibilities, attendance at pre-admission clinic (PAC), American Society of Anaesthesiologists status; surgical specialty; category of surgery; date of placement on </span>elective surgery waitlist; ethnicity; suburb of residence; socio-demographic status derived from postcode, employment status, carer responsibilities for other(s); number of times of failure to attend past appointments; presentation at PAC; referrals to other services such as the pre-anaesthetic assessment nurse, nurse navigator or social worker and indigenous liaison health officer during the surgery planning phase, and reasons for cancellation. Mean and standard deviation were calculated to describe age. Frequencies and percentages were also reported.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p><span>Over 1 year, 5334 elective surgeries occurred: of these, 412 patients (8%) were affected by DOS cancellations. Hospital-initiated cancellations accounted for 32% (113/412) of total cancellations, including reasons such as patients’ condition, treatment no longer required or surgeons opting not to perform the procedure. The mean age of patients affected by cancellation was 58 years (SD 17.5). Male patients accounted for a greater proportion of cancellations than females (251 versus 161; 61% versus 39%). Almost half of cancellations were patients who were booked as inpatient admissions (47%, 193/412). </span>Cardiothoracic comprised the specialty most affected by DOS cancellations (43%, 177/412 of cancelled patients).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p><span>By identifying the reasons for cancellation, and the characteristics of patients who are prone to being cancelled on the day of surgery, we have highlighted that DOS cancellations may be preventable in some cases. Further, quality improvement projects or </span>root cause analysis are required to investigate and further address preventable DOS cancellation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55241,"journal":{"name":"Collegian","volume":"30 5","pages":"Pages 721-726"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48271457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Informing and developing professional practice: How international educational programs influence nurse and midwife professional practice","authors":"Jacqueline Johnston,&nbsp;Lisa McKenna,&nbsp;Gulzar Malik,&nbsp;Sonia Reisenhofer","doi":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><p>This paper forms part of a grounded theory study that aimed to determine the impact of an international mobility program during a nurse’s or midwife’s pre-registration program on their subsequent nursing and/or midwifery practice. The focus of this article is on how nursing and midwifery professional practice was informed and developed through participation in international educational programs.</p></div><div><h3>Background</h3><p>Participation in an international educational program during a nurse’s or midwife’s pre-registration education is known to have many positive benefits, however, previous studies have highlighted a need to investigate long-term outcomes on professional practice.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Using Charmaz’s constructivist grounded theory approach, 13 general nurses, 2 mental health nurses, 3 midwives, and 4 dual-qualified nurse/midwives from 8 different countries were interviewed. Data were analysed following coding procedures, with three categories constructed. This paper focuses on the category conceptualised as <em>Informing and developing professional practice</em>.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>Participants experienced different healthcare systems and being reflective and applying knowledge to current practice contributed to the development of professional practice. International educational programs were also found to assist in aspiring and cementing decisions for many regarding their future nursing or midwifery practice.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Participation in an international educational program has an ongoing and positive influence on a nurse’s or midwife’s professional practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55241,"journal":{"name":"Collegian","volume":"30 5","pages":"Pages 744-750"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46759926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient experience of elective general surgery: An integrative review","authors":"Eva Bavin ,&nbsp;Georgia Tobiano ,&nbsp;Brigid M. Gillespie","doi":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><p>To identify and synthesise the current evidence on elective general surgery patient experience of care.</p></div><div><h3>Design</h3><p>An integrative review reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.</p></div><div><h3>Data sources</h3><p>CINAHL, Medline, Embase, and PsycInfo databases were searched for primary peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2010 and January 2023.</p></div><div><h3>Review methods</h3><p>Studies on the experiences of elective general surgery patients (aged 16 and above) published in English were included. Studies that focused on emergency surgical patient experiences or proxy-reported experiences were excluded. Titles and abstracts of retrieved studies were screened according to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted and quality assessment of the included articles was undertaken using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Data were analysed using Thomas and Harden’s thematic synthesis framework.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>About 36 studies were included. Six themes were identified: (i) daring to care; (ii) seeing the same people; (iii) being a decision partner in my own care; (iv) keeping me in the loop; (v) receiving information from the right person, at the right time; and (vi) seeking comfort.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Review findings resonate with key dimensions of patient-centred care and demonstrate that treating a patient as a unique person, involving patients in care, and providing information can influence general surgery patients’ perceptions of their hospital experience. These findings could inform areas for improvement in nursing practice, to enhance general surgery patients’ experience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55241,"journal":{"name":"Collegian","volume":"30 5","pages":"Pages 676-685"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47071762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a care bundle to support healthcare workers wearing N95 masks","authors":"Hermione Shea ,&nbsp;Kathren Puyk ,&nbsp;Michelle Tuck ,&nbsp;Marcus Kusiak ,&nbsp;Jaspreet Sidhu ,&nbsp;Tracey Bucknall","doi":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>N95 masks are required to protect healthcare workers from COVID-19, however, they are known to increase the risk of facial skin injuries.</p></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><p>This study aims to assess staff knowledge, behaviours, and adverse outcomes, in relation to a care bundle, designed to prevent and manage facial skin injury in healthcare workers wearing N95 masks.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>A quasi-experimental study design was used to compare outcomes for staff who were required to wear N95 masks and had access to a care bundle at a major metropolitan health service during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared with those who did not. Staff were invited to participate in an anonymous survey.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>The convenience sample included 758 participants and of these 31.3% accessed the care bundle. Post introduction of the care bundle, 59.8% developed facial injury compared with 72.7% who did not use the care bundle (p = 0.03). Of staff who accessed the care bundle, 28.7% developed acne<span>, compared with 49.5% who did not access the care bundle (p = 0.001). Statistically significant improvements in uptake of prevention and treatment strategies were found in those who accessed the care bundle, compared with those who did not.</span></p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>This study has demonstrated the benefits of a care bundle to support healthcare workers wearing N95 masks. The bundle improved staff knowledge and reduced minor facial skin injuries.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Ongoing COVID-19 cases necessitate that healthcare workers continue to wear N95 masks for long and indefinite periods, and as such, the field remains an area for future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55241,"journal":{"name":"Collegian","volume":"30 5","pages":"Pages 653-659"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43566830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of a structured revision program and the impact on final-year undergraduate nursing students’ preparedness for clinical placement: Mixed methods study","authors":"Susan Irvine ,&nbsp;Yu Hua Gong ,&nbsp;Carmel Mcleod ,&nbsp;Yangama Jokwiro ,&nbsp;Beverley Copnell","doi":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.08.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2023.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Problem</h3><p>The effects of a revision program on undergraduate nursing students’ preparedness for their final clinical placement leading to their graduate year are unknown.</p></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><p>To explore students’ perceptions of confidence, anxiety, self-doubt, and preparedness for a high-acuity clinical placement following a three-day structured revision program.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>This was a mixed methods study conducted in the final year of the undergraduate nursing degree. Data were collected by survey using a self-developed 10-item instrument with three components of confidence, inhibitors (self-doubt/anxiety), and preparedness (n = 75) and by semi-structured individual interviews and focus group (7 students in total). Independent sample t-tests were used to compare data between components’ scores and demographic characteristics. Interview data were analysed using thematic analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Students who attended the revision program had significantly higher scores for confidence, inhibitors, and preparation. Higher scores in one or more components were associated with enrolment in the Bachelor of Nursing (BN) versus the Bachelor of Nursing/Bachelor of Midwifery, enrolment in the accelerated pathway of the BN, older age, and previous healthcare experience. Four themes emerged from the qualitative data: anticipatory concerns, confidence, preparedness, and striving to belong.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The findings have potential implications for adverse learning outcomes and poor student performance because of negative behaviours, lack of preparedness, and belongingness. There is a need to structure curricula, implement instructional support for students with anxiety and self-doubt, and faculty to align pedagogy to best educational practices with student attendance at structured revision sessions before each clinical placement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55241,"journal":{"name":"Collegian","volume":"30 5","pages":"Pages 708-714"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49732391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nurses’ perspectives on delays in care escalation in an acute private hospital","authors":"Suzie Noye ,&nbsp;Koshila Kumar ,&nbsp;Anastasia Hutchinson ,&nbsp;Jane Willcox","doi":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colegn.2023.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Problem</h3><p>Despite mandated Rapid-Response Systems (RRS), hospitals continue to see delays in escalation of care. There is a paucity of research regarding nurses’ perceptions of the reasons for care escalation delays in the private hospital setting in which there is a different model of care and hierarchy of the medical system. It is important to understand how these elements may influence the approach to escalating care.</p></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><p>To explore nurses’ perspectives and experiences of clinical deterioration and the factors impacting on timely escalation of care in a private, non-profit hospital.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Twenty-three bedside and leadership nurses were purposively recruited. Qualitative descriptive methodology employed interviews and focus groups to explore knowledge of, and belief in RRS criteria and process, individual confidence, perceived barriers, and RRS education. Data were analysed thematically.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>Three major themes were elicited. First, hierarchy and a culture of indecisiveness. Second, gatekeeping and protocol adherence impacting on timely escalation. Third, the importance of confidence in the nurse role to escalate care. Communication barriers and inconsistent leadership were common threads across all themes.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>RRS have been shown to be effective, however, if escalation criteria are implemented inconsistently, individual’s prior experience can impact interdisciplinary communication, RRS processes and patient outcomes.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The effectiveness of RRS is dependent on a supportive workplace culture, good communication, and consistent leadership. Further research is required to understand the optimal mechanisms for implementing RRS processes in private, non-profit hospitals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55241,"journal":{"name":"Collegian","volume":"30 5","pages":"Pages 660-667"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42516336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}