Abstract As the population ages, heart failure will continue to be a growing public health problem. Metabolic homeostasis in the heart requires a fine-tuning of metabolism of different substrates. Notwithstanding a retro control of fatty acid and glucose utilization, the heart functions best when it oxidizes both substrates simultaneously. Mismatch between the uptake and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in the myocardium induces lipotoxicity characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides, diacylglycerols, ceramides and other lipids. Lipotoxicity may result in cardiomyocyte apoptosis, interstitial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction, and may promote insulin resistance. In this review, we will highlight the impact of lipids and lipoproteins on myocardial biology and on the development of heart failure independent of their effects on coronary heart disease.
{"title":"Role of lipids and lipoproteins in myocardial biology and in the development of heart failure","authors":"I. Muthuramu, Neha Singh, Ruhul Amin, B. Geest","doi":"10.2217/clp.15.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/clp.15.20","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As the population ages, heart failure will continue to be a growing public health problem. Metabolic homeostasis in the heart requires a fine-tuning of metabolism of different substrates. Notwithstanding a retro control of fatty acid and glucose utilization, the heart functions best when it oxidizes both substrates simultaneously. Mismatch between the uptake and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in the myocardium induces lipotoxicity characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides, diacylglycerols, ceramides and other lipids. Lipotoxicity may result in cardiomyocyte apoptosis, interstitial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction, and may promote insulin resistance. In this review, we will highlight the impact of lipids and lipoproteins on myocardial biology and on the development of heart failure independent of their effects on coronary heart disease.","PeriodicalId":55252,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Lipidology","volume":"101 1","pages":"329 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80803047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Aggregation of LDL is considered the initial key event in atherogenesis and apoJ is an extracellular chaperone part of the quality control system against protein aggregation. A minor fraction of apoJ in blood is transported by LDL, but its role is poorly understood. Considering both the importance of LDL aggregation in atherosclerosis and the modulatory role of apoJ on protein aggregation, the function of apoJ bound to LDL could be relevant. Recent studies have shown that apoJ prevents the LDL aggregation and inhibits the cytotoxic potential of modified LDL. Other studies have reported increased content of apoJ in atherogenic LDL fractions. These observations point to apoJ as a key modulator of LDL atherogenicity.
{"title":"The role of LDL-bound apoJ in the development of atherosclerosis","authors":"A. Rull, J. Ordóñez‐Llanos, J. L. Sánchez-Quesada","doi":"10.2217/clp.15.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/clp.15.21","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aggregation of LDL is considered the initial key event in atherogenesis and apoJ is an extracellular chaperone part of the quality control system against protein aggregation. A minor fraction of apoJ in blood is transported by LDL, but its role is poorly understood. Considering both the importance of LDL aggregation in atherosclerosis and the modulatory role of apoJ on protein aggregation, the function of apoJ bound to LDL could be relevant. Recent studies have shown that apoJ prevents the LDL aggregation and inhibits the cytotoxic potential of modified LDL. Other studies have reported increased content of apoJ in atherogenic LDL fractions. These observations point to apoJ as a key modulator of LDL atherogenicity.","PeriodicalId":55252,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Lipidology","volume":"61 1","pages":"321 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90702595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eric J Brandt, Shane M Regnier, Edward Ky Leung, Sharon H Chou, Beverly W Baron, Helen S Te, Michael H Davidson, Robert M Sargis
Lipoprotein X (LpX) is an abnormal lipoprotein found in conditions such as lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency and cholestatic states (e.g., primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis). Management of severe hypercholesterolemia due to LpX with drugs and physical removal methods is not well established in the literature. A case is discussed of a 51-year-old woman who presented with multiple electrolyte abnormalities, xanthomas and neuropathy found to be secondary to LpX in the setting of primary sclerosing cholangitis. This case highlights that oral medications, including statins, may be insufficient to normalize lipid levels or improve clinical symptoms of LpX and presents therapeutic plasma exchange as a safe and effective therapeutic option to treat the morbid sequela of LpX hyperlipidemia.
{"title":"Management of lipoprotein X and its complications in a patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis.","authors":"Eric J Brandt, Shane M Regnier, Edward Ky Leung, Sharon H Chou, Beverly W Baron, Helen S Te, Michael H Davidson, Robert M Sargis","doi":"10.2217/clp.15.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/clp.15.23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipoprotein X (LpX) is an abnormal lipoprotein found in conditions such as lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency and cholestatic states (e.g., primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis). Management of severe hypercholesterolemia due to LpX with drugs and physical removal methods is not well established in the literature. A case is discussed of a 51-year-old woman who presented with multiple electrolyte abnormalities, xanthomas and neuropathy found to be secondary to LpX in the setting of primary sclerosing cholangitis. This case highlights that oral medications, including statins, may be insufficient to normalize lipid levels or improve clinical symptoms of LpX and presents therapeutic plasma exchange as a safe and effective therapeutic option to treat the morbid sequela of LpX hyperlipidemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":55252,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Lipidology","volume":"10 4","pages":"305-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/clp.15.23","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34109431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of pediatric chronic liver disease in developed countries. NAFLD has risen to epidemic proportions paralleling that of childhood obesity. It is becoming increasingly evident that NAFLD is strongly linked with cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of mortality in the adult NAFLD population. It is very important for physicians caring for children being cognizant of the potential role of childhood NAFLD as an independent risk factor for CVD. Childhood is a time period where subclinical CVD can be detected, giving us the potential ability to halt or reverse the disease process. In this review, we discuss recent evidence linking childhood NAFLD to CVD and potential pathogenic links.
{"title":"Cardiovascular risk in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: recent advances","authors":"S. Baskar, S. Jhaveri, N. Alkhouri","doi":"10.2217/clp.15.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/clp.15.26","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of pediatric chronic liver disease in developed countries. NAFLD has risen to epidemic proportions paralleling that of childhood obesity. It is becoming increasingly evident that NAFLD is strongly linked with cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of mortality in the adult NAFLD population. It is very important for physicians caring for children being cognizant of the potential role of childhood NAFLD as an independent risk factor for CVD. Childhood is a time period where subclinical CVD can be detected, giving us the potential ability to halt or reverse the disease process. In this review, we discuss recent evidence linking childhood NAFLD to CVD and potential pathogenic links.","PeriodicalId":55252,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Lipidology","volume":"140 1","pages":"351 - 362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80014426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract “Despite the widespread use of statins to control LDL cholesterol levels and lessen the burden of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of death worldwide...”
{"title":"The potential of apolipoprotein mimetic peptides in the treatment of atherosclerosis.","authors":"Luke J Leman","doi":"10.2217/clp.15.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/clp.15.18","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract “Despite the widespread use of statins to control LDL cholesterol levels and lessen the burden of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of death worldwide...”","PeriodicalId":55252,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Lipidology","volume":"10 3","pages":"215-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/clp.15.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34428408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Blondin, Sébastien M. Labbé, É. Turcotte, F. Haman, D. Richard, A. Carpentier
Abstract The presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans has been rediscovered through the clinical use of the radioactive glucose analog 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose with PET. This has led to numerous studies demonstrating cold exposure as the major physiological modulator of BAT activity. These reports also suggested that age, gender, BMI and the presence of diabetes are also important modulators of BAT volume and metabolic activity. Although 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET has provided important information on BAT glucose metabolism, other techniques are being developed and applied to assess other aspects of BAT metabolism. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the pathophysiological functions of BAT in humans and discuss some of the strengths and limitations of the current investigational techniques.
{"title":"A critical appraisal of brown adipose tissue metabolism in humans","authors":"D. Blondin, Sébastien M. Labbé, É. Turcotte, F. Haman, D. Richard, A. Carpentier","doi":"10.2217/clp.15.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/clp.15.14","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans has been rediscovered through the clinical use of the radioactive glucose analog 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose with PET. This has led to numerous studies demonstrating cold exposure as the major physiological modulator of BAT activity. These reports also suggested that age, gender, BMI and the presence of diabetes are also important modulators of BAT volume and metabolic activity. Although 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET has provided important information on BAT glucose metabolism, other techniques are being developed and applied to assess other aspects of BAT metabolism. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the pathophysiological functions of BAT in humans and discuss some of the strengths and limitations of the current investigational techniques.","PeriodicalId":55252,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Lipidology","volume":"6 1","pages":"259 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73711719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Aims: Double-dose statin regimen achieves merely 6% of decrease in serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, whereas the risk of side effects increased largely. Methods: In order to evaluate the lipid lowering effects and safety of combined therapy with Xuezhikang (XZK) and low-dose rosuvastatin, we recruited 30 patients to randomly divide into two groups, and then received combined therapy with XZK at 1.2 g/day and rosuvastatin at 5 mg/day or rosuvastatin at 10 mg/day, respectively. After 8 weeks, the subjects in the two groups cross-changed their treatments for the second period (8 weeks). Results: Compared with rosuvastatin alone, the combined therapy induced a significant decrease in LDL-C, total cholesterol and triglyceride with no serious adverse events, and exerted a slight effect on PCSK9 level. Discussion: The results suggest that combined therapy is a first-line therapeutic strategy for dyslipidemia patients.
目的:双剂量他汀方案仅能降低血清LDL- c (LDL- c)水平的6%，而副作用的风险却大大增加。方法:为评价血脂康与小剂量瑞舒伐他汀联合治疗的降脂效果及安全性，我们招募30例患者，随机分为两组，分别采用血脂康1.2 g/d、瑞舒伐他汀5 mg/d或瑞舒伐他汀10 mg/d联合治疗。8周后，两组受试者进行第二期治疗(8周)。结果:与单用瑞舒伐他汀相比，联合用药可显著降低LDL-C、总胆固醇和甘油三酯，无严重不良事件发生，对PCSK9水平影响较小。讨论:结果表明，联合治疗是血脂异常患者的一线治疗策略。
{"title":"Combined therapy with Xuezhikang and low-dose rosuvastatin provides an effective and safe therapeutic strategy for dyslipidemic patients","authors":"Min Wang, Shuiping Zhao, Ming-yue Tan, F. Huang","doi":"10.2217/clp.15.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/clp.15.15","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aims: Double-dose statin regimen achieves merely 6% of decrease in serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, whereas the risk of side effects increased largely. Methods: In order to evaluate the lipid lowering effects and safety of combined therapy with Xuezhikang (XZK) and low-dose rosuvastatin, we recruited 30 patients to randomly divide into two groups, and then received combined therapy with XZK at 1.2 g/day and rosuvastatin at 5 mg/day or rosuvastatin at 10 mg/day, respectively. After 8 weeks, the subjects in the two groups cross-changed their treatments for the second period (8 weeks). Results: Compared with rosuvastatin alone, the combined therapy induced a significant decrease in LDL-C, total cholesterol and triglyceride with no serious adverse events, and exerted a slight effect on PCSK9 level. Discussion: The results suggest that combined therapy is a first-line therapeutic strategy for dyslipidemia patients.","PeriodicalId":55252,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Lipidology","volume":"44 1","pages":"243 - 250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74724162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract “...recent data from transgenic mice and large human epidemiological studies have revealed a strong association between afamin and the prevalence and development of metabolic syndrome and related diseases.”
{"title":"Afamin is a promising novel marker for metabolic syndrome and related diseases","authors":"F. Kronenberg, H. Dieplinger","doi":"10.2217/clp.15.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/clp.15.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract “...recent data from transgenic mice and large human epidemiological studies have revealed a strong association between afamin and the prevalence and development of metabolic syndrome and related diseases.”","PeriodicalId":55252,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Lipidology","volume":"PP 1","pages":"207 - 210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84534084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Vuono, M. Ricci, A. Villa, A. Gentili, M. Scavizzi, G. Ciuffetti, M. Pirro, C. Ferri, G. Lupattelli
Abstract Aim: To evaluate, in a large population, differences in HDL levels between subjects with acute phase reaction (APR) and subjects without different HDL decreases depending on disease causing APR and correlations between HDL and APR parameters. Materials & methods: In 902 patients we retrospectively evaluated alpha-2-globulins, white blood cells, C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles. APR was defined by CRP >1.5 mg/dl. Patients were reselected in seven subsets: infections, rheumatic diseases, neoplasms, cerebro-cardiovascular diseases, traumatic/mental disorders, endocrine/metabolic diseases and controls. Results: Subjects with APR showed significantly lower HDL-C (age and gender adjusted). Subset ‘infections’ showed the lowest HDL-C values and the highest CRP values. HDL-C had inverse significant correlation with all APR parameters. At stepwise regression analysis gender, albumin, TG and CRP were independent predictors of HDL-C. Conclusion: Our data produced the observation that subjects with APR show HDL-C levels lower than non-APR subjects to a large and heterogeneous population. HDL-C levels decrease in a different manner on the basis of the disease causing APR, maybe depending on inflammation intensity.
{"title":"Biohumoral and comorbidity determinants of low HDL-C during acute phase response in a setting of in-hospital patients","authors":"S. Vuono, M. Ricci, A. Villa, A. Gentili, M. Scavizzi, G. Ciuffetti, M. Pirro, C. Ferri, G. Lupattelli","doi":"10.2217/clp.15.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/clp.15.17","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aim: To evaluate, in a large population, differences in HDL levels between subjects with acute phase reaction (APR) and subjects without different HDL decreases depending on disease causing APR and correlations between HDL and APR parameters. Materials & methods: In 902 patients we retrospectively evaluated alpha-2-globulins, white blood cells, C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles. APR was defined by CRP >1.5 mg/dl. Patients were reselected in seven subsets: infections, rheumatic diseases, neoplasms, cerebro-cardiovascular diseases, traumatic/mental disorders, endocrine/metabolic diseases and controls. Results: Subjects with APR showed significantly lower HDL-C (age and gender adjusted). Subset ‘infections’ showed the lowest HDL-C values and the highest CRP values. HDL-C had inverse significant correlation with all APR parameters. At stepwise regression analysis gender, albumin, TG and CRP were independent predictors of HDL-C. Conclusion: Our data produced the observation that subjects with APR show HDL-C levels lower than non-APR subjects to a large and heterogeneous population. HDL-C levels decrease in a different manner on the basis of the disease causing APR, maybe depending on inflammation intensity.","PeriodicalId":55252,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Lipidology","volume":"95 1","pages":"227 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79624743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract “...the 2015 NLA Annual Summary of Clinical Lipidology is the first edition, with yearly updates planned for this ‘living document,’ thus reflecting the latest developments in lipidology.”
{"title":"The National Lipid Association Annual Summary of Clinical Lipidology 2015: one-stop shopping for the information age","authors":"H. Bays","doi":"10.2217/CLP.15.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/CLP.15.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract “...the 2015 NLA Annual Summary of Clinical Lipidology is the first edition, with yearly updates planned for this ‘living document,’ thus reflecting the latest developments in lipidology.”","PeriodicalId":55252,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Lipidology","volume":"98 1","pages":"211 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89264561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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