Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2020.132542
Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapour can be captured from gas streams on a zeolite 13X adsorbent. Experimental water vapour adsorption isotherms and kinetic curves were measured in the temperature range of 293–393 K and pressure up to 2100 Pa. The equilibrium data were developed with Toth and Sips multi-temperature isotherm models. The results of the process rate studies were described using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models. Findings were compared with our own results of CO2 adsorption studies on the same zeolite.
{"title":"Influence of humidity on carbon dioxide adsorption on zeolite 13X","authors":"","doi":"10.24425/cpe.2020.132542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/cpe.2020.132542","url":null,"abstract":"Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapour can be captured from gas streams on a zeolite 13X adsorbent. Experimental water vapour adsorption isotherms and kinetic curves were measured in the temperature range of 293–393 K and pressure up to 2100 Pa. The equilibrium data were developed with Toth and Sips multi-temperature isotherm models. The results of the process rate studies were described using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models. Findings were compared with our own results of CO2 adsorption studies on the same zeolite.","PeriodicalId":55267,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering-Inzynieria Chemiczna I Procesowa","volume":"22 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135635077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2020.136010
{"title":"The effect of vessel scale on gas hold-up in gas-liquid systems","authors":"","doi":"10.24425/cpe.2020.136010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/cpe.2020.136010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55267,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering-Inzynieria Chemiczna I Procesowa","volume":"21 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135635089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2019.126105
Biocomposite foam scaffolds of poly( ε -caprolactone) (PCL) with different porogenes were produced with batch foaming technique using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) as a blowing agent. In performed experiments composites were prepared from graphene-oxide (nGO), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) and nano-cellulose (nC), with various concentrations. The objective of the study was to explore the effects of porogen concentration and foaming process parameters on the morphology and mechanical properties of three-dimensional porous structures that can be used as temporary scaffolds in tissue engineering. The structures were manufactured using scCO 2 as a blowing agent, at two various foaming pressures (9 MPa and 18 MPa), at three different temperatures (323 K, 343 K and 373 K) for different saturation times (0.5 h, 1 h and 4 h). In order to examine the utility of porogenes, a number of tests, such as static compression tests, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy, have been performed. Analysis of experimental results showed that the investigated materials demonstrated high mechanical strength and a wide range of pore sizes. The obtained results suggest that PCL porous structures are useful as biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering.
{"title":"Application of porogenes in production of porous polymers by supercritical foaming","authors":"","doi":"10.24425/cpe.2019.126105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/cpe.2019.126105","url":null,"abstract":"Biocomposite foam scaffolds of poly( ε -caprolactone) (PCL) with different porogenes were produced with batch foaming technique using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) as a blowing agent. In performed experiments composites were prepared from graphene-oxide (nGO), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) and nano-cellulose (nC), with various concentrations. The objective of the study was to explore the effects of porogen concentration and foaming process parameters on the morphology and mechanical properties of three-dimensional porous structures that can be used as temporary scaffolds in tissue engineering. The structures were manufactured using scCO 2 as a blowing agent, at two various foaming pressures (9 MPa and 18 MPa), at three different temperatures (323 K, 343 K and 373 K) for different saturation times (0.5 h, 1 h and 4 h). In order to examine the utility of porogenes, a number of tests, such as static compression tests, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy, have been performed. Analysis of experimental results showed that the investigated materials demonstrated high mechanical strength and a wide range of pore sizes. The obtained results suggest that PCL porous structures are useful as biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering.","PeriodicalId":55267,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering-Inzynieria Chemiczna I Procesowa","volume":"293 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135678897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2021.138927
The study addresses two groups of issues occurring in modeling and experimental studies of multicomponent nonisobaric diffusion in macroporous materials. The dynamics of such processes is described in terms of systems of nonlinear partial differential equations. A method of orthogonal collocation for resolving the equations is proposed and compared with the method of lines. The second group of problems presented involves numerical simulations of diffusion in a Wicke–Kallenbach diffusion cell. Such an apparatus is used in experimental studies. Particular attention is paid to diffusion in a cell closed from both sides. This is an analogue of the Duncan–Toor experiment. The effect of the number of diffusing components and their initial concentrations on the dynamics of diffusion in binary and ternary solution was studied. Hitherto unknown dynamic properties of such processes were detected and discussed.
{"title":"Phenomenological and numerical issues concerning dynamics of nonisobaric multicomponent diffusion of gases in macroporous media","authors":"","doi":"10.24425/cpe.2021.138927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/cpe.2021.138927","url":null,"abstract":"The study addresses two groups of issues occurring in modeling and experimental studies of multicomponent nonisobaric diffusion in macroporous materials. The dynamics of such processes is described in terms of systems of nonlinear partial differential equations. A method of orthogonal collocation for resolving the equations is proposed and compared with the method of lines. The second group of problems presented involves numerical simulations of diffusion in a Wicke–Kallenbach diffusion cell. Such an apparatus is used in experimental studies. Particular attention is paid to diffusion in a cell closed from both sides. This is an analogue of the Duncan–Toor experiment. The effect of the number of diffusing components and their initial concentrations on the dynamics of diffusion in binary and ternary solution was studied. Hitherto unknown dynamic properties of such processes were detected and discussed.","PeriodicalId":55267,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering-Inzynieria Chemiczna I Procesowa","volume":"328 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135679051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2019.126119
Marek Berezowski
A method of suppressing chaotic oscillations in a tubular reactor with mass recycle is discussed. The method involves intervention in the temperature of the input flow by the recirculation flow and the temperature set from the exterior. The most advantageous solution was proved to be heat coupling elimination and maintenance of the reactor input temperature on the set level. Moreover, the reactor model was identified on the basis of a chaotic solution, as it provides the biggest entropy of information.
{"title":"A method of suppressing chaos in a chemical reactor and the use of chaos for identifying the reactor model","authors":"Marek Berezowski","doi":"10.24425/cpe.2019.126119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/cpe.2019.126119","url":null,"abstract":"A method of suppressing chaotic oscillations in a tubular reactor with mass recycle is discussed. The method involves intervention in the temperature of the input flow by the recirculation flow and the temperature set from the exterior. The most advantageous solution was proved to be heat coupling elimination and maintenance of the reactor input temperature on the set level. Moreover, the reactor model was identified on the basis of a chaotic solution, as it provides the biggest entropy of information.","PeriodicalId":55267,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering-Inzynieria Chemiczna I Procesowa","volume":"306 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135679083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2021.138936
In this paper aggregation of small solid particles in the perikinetic and orthokinetic regimes is considered. An aggregation kernel for colloidal particles is determined by solving the convection-diffusion equation for the pair probability function of the solid particles subject to simple shear and extensional flow patterns and DLVO potential field. Using the solution of the full model the applicability regions of simplified collision kernels from the literature are recognized and verified for a wide range of Péclet numbers. In the stable colloidal systems the assumption which considers only the flow pattern in a certain boundary layer around central particle results in a reasonable accuracy of the particle collision rate. However, when the influence of convective motion becomes more significant one should take into account the full flow field in a more rigorous manner and solve the convection-diffusion equation directly. Finally, the influence of flow pattern and process parameters on aggregation rate is discussed.
{"title":"Effect of flow structure and colloidal forces on aggregation rate of small solid particles suspended in aqueous solutions","authors":"","doi":"10.24425/cpe.2021.138936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/cpe.2021.138936","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper aggregation of small solid particles in the perikinetic and orthokinetic regimes is considered. An aggregation kernel for colloidal particles is determined by solving the convection-diffusion equation for the pair probability function of the solid particles subject to simple shear and extensional flow patterns and DLVO potential field. Using the solution of the full model the applicability regions of simplified collision kernels from the literature are recognized and verified for a wide range of Péclet numbers. In the stable colloidal systems the assumption which considers only the flow pattern in a certain boundary layer around central particle results in a reasonable accuracy of the particle collision rate. However, when the influence of convective motion becomes more significant one should take into account the full flow field in a more rigorous manner and solve the convection-diffusion equation directly. Finally, the influence of flow pattern and process parameters on aggregation rate is discussed.","PeriodicalId":55267,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering-Inzynieria Chemiczna I Procesowa","volume":"169 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135679396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2022.140809
R. Cherbański, L. Rudniak, P. Machniewski, E. Molga, J. Tępiński, Wojciech Klapsa, P. Lesiak
The ethanol fire hazards will become more frequent due to the new established targets for the consumption of renewable energy sources. With this in mind, this paper aims to widen the current knowledge on CFD modelling of such a fire. As previous works rely heavily on the data of small pool fire diameters (below 1 m), this research deals with ethanol pool fire on a one-meter test tray, using our own experimental data. A mathematical model was developed and solved using a commercial CFD package (ANSYS Fluent). A new hybrid RANS-LES (SBES) model was employed to calculate turbulent stresses. Generally, the simulation results showed a good fit with the experimental results for flame temperatures at different elevations. In particular, a minor discrepancy was only observed for the top thermocouple (1.9 m above the tray). The flame heights computed with the CFD model were on average higher than the experimental one. Good agreement was observed for the radiative fraction and the axial temperature profile on the plume centreline. The latter showed an almost perfect fit between the temperature profiles obtained from CFD simulations and those calculated from the plume law for temperature.
由于对可再生能源消费目标的新设定，乙醇火灾隐患将更加频繁。考虑到这一点，本文旨在扩大目前关于此类火灾的CFD建模的知识。由于以往的工作严重依赖于小池火直径(小于1m)的数据，本研究采用我们自己的实验数据，在一米测试盘上处理乙醇池火。建立了一个数学模型，并使用商业CFD软件包(ANSYS Fluent)进行求解。采用一种新的混合ranss - les (SBES)模型计算湍流应力。总的来说，在不同高度下火焰温度的模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。特别是，只有在顶部热电偶(托盘上方1.9米)观察到一个微小的差异。计算得到的火焰高度平均高于实验值。辐射分数与烟羽中心线的轴向温度分布吻合较好。后者显示了从CFD模拟得到的温度分布与从羽流定律计算得到的温度分布之间几乎完美的拟合。
{"title":"Ethanol pool fire on a one-meter test tray – validation of CFD results","authors":"R. Cherbański, L. Rudniak, P. Machniewski, E. Molga, J. Tępiński, Wojciech Klapsa, P. Lesiak","doi":"10.24425/cpe.2022.140809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/cpe.2022.140809","url":null,"abstract":"The ethanol fire hazards will become more frequent due to the new established targets for the consumption of renewable energy sources. With this in mind, this paper aims to widen the current knowledge on CFD modelling of such a fire. As previous works rely heavily on the data of small pool fire diameters (below 1 m), this research deals with ethanol pool fire on a one-meter test tray, using our own experimental data. A mathematical model was developed and solved using a commercial CFD package (ANSYS Fluent). A new hybrid RANS-LES (SBES) model was employed to calculate turbulent stresses. Generally, the simulation results showed a good fit with the experimental results for flame temperatures at different elevations. In particular, a minor discrepancy was only observed for the top thermocouple (1.9 m above the tray). The flame heights computed with the CFD model were on average higher than the experimental one. Good agreement was observed for the radiative fraction and the axial temperature profile on the plume centreline. The latter showed an almost perfect fit between the temperature profiles obtained from CFD simulations and those calculated from the plume law for temperature.","PeriodicalId":55267,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering-Inzynieria Chemiczna I Procesowa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48625967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2022.140830
P. Mishra, Lubhani Mishra, A. Tiwari
The aim of the present study was to explore the influence of aiding buoyancy on mixed convection heat transfer in power-law fluids from an isothermally heated unconfined square cylinder. Extensive numerical results on drag coefficient and surface averaged values of the Nusselt number are reported over a wide range of parameters i.e. Richardson number, 0 . 1 ≤ Ri ≤ 5, power-law index, 0 . 4 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 1 . 8, Reynolds number, 0 . 1 ≤ Re ≤ 40, and Prandtl number, 1 ≤ Pr ≤ 100. Further, streamline profiles and isotherm contours are presented herein to provide an insight view of the detailed flow kinematics.
{"title":"Effect of aiding buoyancy on heat transfer from an isothermal square cylinder in power-law fluids","authors":"P. Mishra, Lubhani Mishra, A. Tiwari","doi":"10.24425/cpe.2022.140830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/cpe.2022.140830","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study was to explore the influence of aiding buoyancy on mixed convection heat transfer in power-law fluids from an isothermally heated unconfined square cylinder. Extensive numerical results on drag coefficient and surface averaged values of the Nusselt number are reported over a wide range of parameters i.e. Richardson number, 0 . 1 ≤ Ri ≤ 5, power-law index, 0 . 4 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 1 . 8, Reynolds number, 0 . 1 ≤ Re ≤ 40, and Prandtl number, 1 ≤ Pr ≤ 100. Further, streamline profiles and isotherm contours are presented herein to provide an insight view of the detailed flow kinematics.","PeriodicalId":55267,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering-Inzynieria Chemiczna I Procesowa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46766065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2022.140814
Kunjan Junghare, Shyam M Kodape, A. Rathod, D. Lataye
Ultrasonically improved electrochemically generated adsorbent (UEGA) has been synthesized and used for adsorption of fluoride ions from fluoride laden waste water. UEGA was prepared in two major steps, firstly electrochemically generated adsorbent (EGA) was prepared using electrolytic method followed by ultrasonication treatment. Ultrasonication causes size reduction which leads to increase in surface area viz. active site which helps to enhance attachment of negatively charged fluoride ion on positively changed UEGA from waste water. UEGA was prepared at three different amplitude i.e. 50, 70 and 90% respectively. Taguchi optimization for defluoridation was carried out considering operating parameters such as initial concentration; contact time; adsorbent dose; and temperature. The results obtained demonstrated that adsorption showed different fluoride removal at varying frequency. This study proved that varying percentage amplitude of ultrasonication significantly affects defluoridation efficiency.
{"title":"Optimization of fluoride removal using ultrasonically improved electrochemically generated adsorbent: A Taguchi approach","authors":"Kunjan Junghare, Shyam M Kodape, A. Rathod, D. Lataye","doi":"10.24425/cpe.2022.140814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/cpe.2022.140814","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonically improved electrochemically generated adsorbent (UEGA) has been synthesized and used for adsorption of fluoride ions from fluoride laden waste water. UEGA was prepared in two major steps, firstly electrochemically generated adsorbent (EGA) was prepared using electrolytic method followed by ultrasonication treatment. Ultrasonication causes size reduction which leads to increase in surface area viz. active site which helps to enhance attachment of negatively charged fluoride ion on positively changed UEGA from waste water. UEGA was prepared at three different amplitude i.e. 50, 70 and 90% respectively. Taguchi optimization for defluoridation was carried out considering operating parameters such as initial concentration; contact time; adsorbent dose; and temperature. The results obtained demonstrated that adsorption showed different fluoride removal at varying frequency. This study proved that varying percentage amplitude of ultrasonication significantly affects defluoridation efficiency.","PeriodicalId":55267,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering-Inzynieria Chemiczna I Procesowa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46129643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2022.140825
Romil Gandhi, Aashish Moses, S. Baral
On the off chance that methods which reduce the global CO 2 content are unavailable and inefficient, the increasing CO 2 levels will lead to a synchronized rise in temperature across the world. The conversion of this abundant CO 2 into hydrocarbons like CH 4 , CH 3 OH, CO, HCOOH and hydrogen fuel using different techniques and their use for power could assist with the world’s energy deficiency and solve the CO 2 reduction-energy nexus. In this study, photocatalytic CO 2 conversion by sunlight will be of primary focus since this bears a resemblance with the regular photosynthesis phenomenon. This work also portrays the writings that have narrated the development of mixtures of two or more carbon ions (C 2 + ) within the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 . This paper thus comprises the energy required for CO 2 photoreduction, the kinetics mechanisms and thermodynamics requirements. The reaction of CO with water and the hydrogenation of CO 2 are covered to understand the gap of Gibb’s free energy between both of the reactions. Likewise, the summary of different metal-based co-catalysts, metal-free co-catalysts and their selectivity towards CO 2 reduction by photocatalysis and reduction of CO 2 into various hydrocarbons, fuel and materials have also been examined.
{"title":"Fundamental study of the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2: A short review of thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanisms","authors":"Romil Gandhi, Aashish Moses, S. Baral","doi":"10.24425/cpe.2022.140825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/cpe.2022.140825","url":null,"abstract":"On the off chance that methods which reduce the global CO 2 content are unavailable and inefficient, the increasing CO 2 levels will lead to a synchronized rise in temperature across the world. The conversion of this abundant CO 2 into hydrocarbons like CH 4 , CH 3 OH, CO, HCOOH and hydrogen fuel using different techniques and their use for power could assist with the world’s energy deficiency and solve the CO 2 reduction-energy nexus. In this study, photocatalytic CO 2 conversion by sunlight will be of primary focus since this bears a resemblance with the regular photosynthesis phenomenon. This work also portrays the writings that have narrated the development of mixtures of two or more carbon ions (C 2 + ) within the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 . This paper thus comprises the energy required for CO 2 photoreduction, the kinetics mechanisms and thermodynamics requirements. The reaction of CO with water and the hydrogenation of CO 2 are covered to understand the gap of Gibb’s free energy between both of the reactions. Likewise, the summary of different metal-based co-catalysts, metal-free co-catalysts and their selectivity towards CO 2 reduction by photocatalysis and reduction of CO 2 into various hydrocarbons, fuel and materials have also been examined.","PeriodicalId":55267,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Process Engineering-Inzynieria Chemiczna I Procesowa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42852388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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