Bulletin of Volcanology最新文献

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Dyke to sill deflection in the shallow heterogeneous crust during glacier retreat: part I 冰川后退过程中浅层非均质地壳的堤-基偏转:第一部分

IF 3.5 2区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Bulletin of Volcanology

Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01684-7

Kyriaki Drymoni, Alessandro Tibaldi, Fabio Luca Bonali, Federico Aligi Pasquarè Mariotto

Dykes and sills occupy Mode I (extension), Mode II (shear), or hybrid mode fractures and most of the time transport and store magma from deep reservoirs to the surface. Subject to their successful propagation, they feed volcanic eruptions. Yet, dykes and sills can also stall and become arrested as a result of the crust’s heterogeneous and anisotropic characteristics. Dykes can become deflected at mechanical discontinuities to form sills, and vice versa. Although several studies have examined dyke propagation in heterogeneous and anisotropic crustal segments before, the conditions under which dykes propagate in glacial-volcanotectonic regimes remain unclear. Here, we coupled field observations with 2D FEM numerical modelling to explore the mechanical conditions that encourage (or not) dyke-sill transitions in volcanotectonic or glacial settings. We used as a field example the Stardalur cone sheet-laccolith system, which lies on the Esja peninsula, close to the western rift zone, NW of the southern part of the Icelandic rift. The laccolith is composed of several vertical dykes that transition into sills and form a unique stacked sill ‘flower’ structure. Here, we investigate whether the Stardalur laccolith was formed under the influence of stresses caused by glacial retreat due to thickness variations (0–1 km) in addition to regional and local tectonic stresses (1–3 MPa extension or compression) and varied magma overpressure (1–30 MPa), as well as the influence of the mechanical properties of the lava/hyaloclastite contact. Our results show that the observed field structure in non-glacial regimes was formed as a result of either the mechanical (Young’s modulus) contrast of the lava/hyaloclastite contact or a compressional regime due to pre-existing dykes or faulting. In the glacial domain, the extensional stress field below the ice cap encouraged the formation of the laccolith as the glacier became thinner (subject to a lower vertical load). In all cases, the local stress field influenced dyke to sill deflection in both volcanotectonic regimes.

岩脉和岩台以ⅰ型(伸展)、ⅱ型(剪切)或混合型裂缝为主，多数时候将深部储层的岩浆输送和储存到地表。如果繁殖成功，它们就会成为火山喷发的食物。然而，由于地壳的非均质性和各向异性特征，岩脉和岩脉也可能会失速和停滞。堤防可以在机械不连续处发生偏转，形成堤防，反之亦然。虽然之前有一些研究考察了非均质和各向异性地壳段的岩脉扩展，但在冰川-火山构造制度下岩脉扩展的条件尚不清楚。在这里，我们将实地观测与二维有限元数值模拟相结合，以探索在火山构造或冰川环境中促进(或不促进)堤基过渡的力学条件。我们以位于冰岛裂谷南部西北方向，靠近西部裂谷带的Esja半岛上的Stardalur锥状片状岩系为例。石灰石由几个垂直的岩脉组成，这些岩脉过渡到窗台，形成独特的堆叠窗台“花朵”结构。本文研究了Stardalur泥质岩是否在厚度变化(0 ~ 1 km)、区域和局部构造应力(1 ~ 3 MPa伸展或压缩)和岩浆超压变化(1 ~ 30 MPa)的影响下形成，以及熔岩/透明质碎屑岩接触力学性质的影响。我们的研究结果表明，在非冰川状态下观察到的场结构是由熔岩/透明碎屑岩接触的力学(杨氏模量)对比或由于预先存在的岩脉或断裂而形成的挤压状态形成的。在冰川域，随着冰川变薄(受到较低的垂直载荷)，冰盖下的伸展应力场促进了冰碛石的形成。在两种火山构造体系中，局部应力场均影响岩壁向岩壁的偏转。

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引用次数: 0

Correction to: Deformation, seismicity, and monitoring response preceding and during the 2022 Fagradalsfjall eruption, Iceland 修正:2022年冰岛Fagradalsfjall火山喷发前和期间的形变、地震活动和监测响应

2区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Bulletin of Volcanology

Pub Date : 2023-11-11 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01689-2

Michelle Parks, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Vincent Drouin, Ásta R. Hjartardóttir, Halldór Geirsson, Andrew Hooper, Kristín S. Vogfjörd, Benedikt G. Ófeigsson, Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, Esther H. Jensen, Páll Einarsson, Sara Barsotti, Hildur M. Fridriksdóttir

引用次数: 0

Complex paths of magma propagation at Fernandina (Galápagos): The coexistence of circumferential and radial dike intrusion during the January 2020 eruption Fernandina岩浆传播的复杂路径(Galápagos):在2020年1月喷发期间，周向和径向岩脉侵入共存

2区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Bulletin of Volcanology

Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01688-3

Federico Galetto

引用次数: 0

Historical accounts provide insight on the geological evolution of the 20th century eruptions at Santorini volcano, Greece 历史记载为20世纪希腊圣托里尼火山喷发的地质演化提供了洞见

2区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Bulletin of Volcanology

Pub Date : 2023-11-04 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01681-w

Kyriaki Drymoni, John Browning, Panagiotis Pomonis, Andreas Magganas

Abstract The 20th century eruptions of the Santorini volcano in Greece are the most recent activity of the volcano’s long lifespan. While the different eruptions taking place between 1925 and 1950 have traditionally been considered to exhibit similar eruptive styles, aspects of their evolution and precise information related to the individual eruption dynamics were poorly constrained. This study collates field reports and historical accounts, mainly from the Greek national scientific committee, which was assigned to study the volcanic activity in Nea Kameni Island with recent field campaigns. This analysis provides further insight into these eruptions and attempts to unravel the timing and style of explosive and effusive episodes that took place. Reconstruction of the recent geological evolution and of the eruptive history allow a more complete description of the eruption dynamics and associated unrest. These include fumarolic behaviour, explosion intensity, direction and volume of the lava flows, eruption duration, vent morphological changes (such as craters, domes, and horseshoe ramparts), textural characteristics and lava morphologies, as well as surface fracturing. Specific features related to first-hand accounts of the eruptions and associated products, in conjunction with our in situ post-eruptive geological study, allow an improved reconstruction of activity, both prior to and during the historical eruptions, which contributes to understanding the development of the eruption and enhances the forecast of potential future eruptions from patterns of precursory activity.

20世纪希腊圣托里尼火山的喷发是这座火山漫长的生命周期中最近的一次活动。虽然传统上认为1925年至1950年间发生的不同喷发表现出相似的喷发风格，但它们的演化方面和与个别喷发动力学有关的精确信息却很少得到约束。本研究整理了主要来自希腊国家科学委员会的实地报告和历史记录，该委员会被指派通过最近的实地活动研究Nea Kameni岛的火山活动。这一分析提供了对这些喷发的进一步了解，并试图解开爆发和喷涌事件发生的时间和风格。对近期地质演化和喷发历史的重建，可以更完整地描述喷发动力学和相关的动荡。这些特征包括火山喷发行为、爆炸强度、熔岩流的方向和体积、喷发持续时间、火山口形态变化(如陨石坑、圆顶和马蹄形堡垒)、结构特征和熔岩形态，以及地表破裂。与火山爆发和相关产物的第一手资料相关的具体特征，结合我们在现场进行的火山爆发后地质研究，可以更好地重建火山爆发之前和期间的活动，这有助于了解火山爆发的发展，并根据前兆活动的模式增强对未来潜在火山爆发的预测。

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引用次数: 0

Quantifying uncertainty in probabilistic volcanic ash hazard forecasts, with an application to weather pattern based wind field sampling 量化概率火山灰灾害预报中的不确定性，并应用于基于天气模式的风场采样

2区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Bulletin of Volcanology

Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01664-x

Jeremy Phillips, Shannon Williams, Anthony Lee, Susanna Jenkins

Abstract Probabilistic forecasting of volcanic ash dispersion involves simulating an ensemble of realistic event scenarios to estimate the probability of a particular hazard threshold being exceeded. Although the number of samples that make up the ensemble, how they are chosen, and the desired threshold all set the uncertainty of (or confidence in) the estimated exceedance probability, current practice does not quantify and communicate the uncertainty in ensemble predictions. In this study, we use standard statistical methods to estimate the variance in probabilistic ensembles and use this measure of uncertainty to assess different sampling strategies for the wind field, using the example of volcanic ash transport from a representative explosive eruption in Iceland. For stochastic (random) sampling of the wind field, we show how the variance is reduced with increasing ensemble size and how the variance depends on the desired hazard threshold and the proximity of a target site to the volcanic source. We demonstrate how estimated variances can be used to compare different ensemble designs, by comparing stochastic forecasts with forecasts obtained from a stratified sampling approach using a set of 29 Northern European weather regimes, known as Grosswetterlagen (GWL). Sampling wind fields from within the GWL regimes reduces the number of samples needed to achieve the same variance as compared to conventional stochastic sampling. Our results show that uncertainty in volcanic ash dispersion forecasts can be straightforwardly calculated and communicated, and highlight the need for the volcanic ash forecasting community and operational end-users to jointly choose acceptable levels of variance for ash forecasts in the future.

火山灰扩散的概率预测包括模拟一系列现实事件情景，以估计超过特定危险阈值的概率。尽管组成集合的样本数量，它们的选择方式，以及期望的阈值都设置了估计超出概率的不确定性(或置信度)，但当前的实践并没有量化和传达集合预测中的不确定性。在本研究中，我们使用标准统计方法来估计概率集合的方差，并使用这种不确定性度量来评估风场的不同采样策略，并以冰岛一次具有代表性的爆炸喷发的火山灰运输为例。对于风场的随机抽样，我们展示了方差如何随着集合规模的增加而减小，以及方差如何取决于期望的危险阈值和目标地点与火山源的接近程度。我们通过比较随机预报和分层抽样方法获得的预报，展示了如何使用估计方差来比较不同的集合设计，这些方法使用一组29个北欧天气制度，称为格罗斯维特拉根(GWL)。与传统的随机抽样相比，从GWL范围内采样风场减少了实现相同方差所需的样本数量。我们的研究结果表明，火山灰分散预测的不确定性可以直接计算和沟通，并突出了火山灰预测界和业务最终用户共同选择可接受的方差水平的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Cohesional behaviours in pyroclastic material and the implications for deposit architecture 火山碎屑物质的内聚行为及其对矿床结构的影响

2区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Bulletin of Volcanology

Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01682-9

Nemi Walding, Rebecca Williams, Pete Rowley, Natasha Dowey

Abstract Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) are hazardous, multiphase currents of heterogeneous volcanic material and gas. Moisture (as liquid or gas) can enter a PDC through external (e.g., interaction with bodies of water) or internal (e.g., initial eruptive activity style) processes, and the presence of moisture can be recorded within distinct deposit layers. We use analogue experiments to explore the behaviour of pyroclastic material with increasing addition of moisture from 0.00–10.00% wt. Our results show that (1) the cohesivity of pyroclastic material changes with the addition of small amounts of moisture, (2) small increases in moisture content change the material properties from a free-flowing material to a non-flowable material, (3) changes in moisture can affect the formation of gas escape structures and fluidisation profiles in pyroclastic material, (4) gas flow through a deposit can lead to a moisture profile and resulting mechanical heterogeneity within the deposit and (5) where gas escape structure growth is hindered by cohesivity driven by moisture, pressure can increase and release in an explosive fashion. This work highlights how a suite of varied gas escape morphologies can form within pyroclastic deposits resulting from moisture content heterogeneity, explaining variation in gas escape structures as well as providing a potential mechanism for secondary explosions.

火山碎屑密度流(PDCs)是一种危险的多相非均质火山物质和气体流。水分(液体或气体)可以通过外部(例如与水体的相互作用)或内部(例如初始喷发活动类型)过程进入PDC，并且可以在不同的沉积层中记录水分的存在。我们使用模拟实验来探索从0.00% - 10.00% wt增加水分时火山碎屑材料的行为。我们的结果表明:(1)加入少量水分会改变火山碎屑材料的凝聚力，(2)少量增加水分会改变材料的性质，从自由流动的材料变成不流动的材料。(3)水分的变化会影响火山碎屑物质中气体逸出结构和流化剖面的形成;(4)气体流经沉积物会导致沉积物中的水分剖面和机械不均一性;(5)当水分驱动的黏性阻碍了气体逸出结构的生长时，压力会增加并以爆炸性的方式释放。这项工作强调了一套不同的气体逸出形态是如何在火山碎屑沉积物中形成的，这是由水分含量的非均质性引起的，解释了气体逸出结构的变化，并提供了二次爆炸的潜在机制。

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引用次数: 0

A reassessment of the sulfur, chlorine and fluorine atmospheric loading during the 1815 Tambora eruption 对1815年坦博拉火山喷发期间大气中硫、氯和氟含量的重新评估

2区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Bulletin of Volcanology

Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01683-8

Manon Pouget, Yves Moussallam, Estelle F. Rose-Koga, Haraldur Sigurdsson

引用次数: 1

Shallow storage, fragmentation depth, and eruption velocity of the 7.05 Ma Rattlesnake Tuff as indicated by breadcrust bubble ash morphology 面包壳泡灰形态表征了7.05 Ma响尾蛇凝灰岩的浅储层、破碎深度和喷发速度

2区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Bulletin of Volcanology

Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01677-6

Benjamin J. Andrews, Steve L. Quane

引用次数: 0

Surface fractures generated during the 2021 Reykjanes oblique rifting event (SW Iceland) 2021年Reykjanes斜裂事件(冰岛西南部)期间产生的地表裂缝

2区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Bulletin of Volcanology

Pub Date : 2023-10-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01666-9

Simon Bufféral, Elisabetta Panza, Stefano Mannini, Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Adriano Nobile, Nils Gies, Birgir Vilhelm Óskarsson, Joël Ruch

Abstract We use a comprehensive dataset of field observations, high spatial resolution drone orthomosaics and digital terrain models (DTMs) to map, quantify and characterize the extensive ground fracturing related to the 2021 seismo-tectonic and volcanic activity in the Reykjanes Peninsula (Iceland). The dataset, spans an area of about 30 km $$^2$$ 2 , where we map nearly 20 000 ground cracks with metric to decametric lengths and centimetric extensional offsets, revealing a dominant dextral shear, in agreement with published seismic data. Although striking in a direction similar to the volcanic systems in the Reykjanes Peninsula (N030–040), most fractures appear as en-échelon structures globally aligned along N-S-striking fault zones up to 3–4 km long. By examining the timing of ground fracturing through repeated field observations, seismic data and InSAR images, we associate a fracture zone with most earthquakes of M $$_omega ge 5.0$$ ω ≥ 5.0 that occurred in the month preceding the March 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption. We describe three preexisting N-S fault zones, with fault segments that were reactivated up to three times during the pre-eruptive seismic activity, while the magma intrusion did not trigger graben-related ground fractures typically observed during magmatic injections. Our depiction of a system dominated by strike-slip tectonic features helps in understanding the geometry and bookshelf-mode of tectonic activity along a diffuse and highly oblique extensional plate boundary. Evidence of transient fracturing is typically quickly lost because of erosion or lava flow burial, highlighting a potential under-representation of diffuse fracturing when studying old tectonic and volcanic systems.

利用野外观测数据、高空间分辨率无人机正测图和数字地形模型(dtm)的综合数据集，对冰岛雷克雅内斯半岛2021年地震构造和火山活动相关的大面积地面压裂进行了制图、量化和表征。该数据集的面积约为30公里$$^2$$ 2，我们在其中绘制了近2万个地面裂缝，长度为公制至十公制，伸展偏移量为厘米制，揭示了一个主要的右向剪切，与已公布的地震数据一致。虽然断裂的方向与雷克雅内斯半岛(N030-040)的火山系统相似，但大多数断裂在全球范围内呈现出沿南北走向的断裂带排列的网状结构，最长可达3-4公里。通过重复的现场观测、地震数据和InSAR图像来检查地面破裂的时间，我们将裂缝带与发生在2021年3月Fagradalsfjall火山喷发前一个月的大多数M $$_omega ge 5.0$$ ω≥5.0级地震联系起来。我们描述了三个先前存在的N-S断裂带，其中断裂带在爆发前地震活动期间被重新激活了三次，而岩浆侵入并没有引发岩浆注入期间通常观察到的与地堑相关的地面裂缝。我们对一个以走滑构造特征为主导的系统的描述，有助于理解沿扩散和高度斜向伸展板块边界的构造活动的几何形状和书架模式。瞬态压裂的证据通常会因为侵蚀或熔岩流掩埋而迅速消失，这凸显了在研究古老的构造和火山系统时，弥漫性压裂的潜在代表性不足。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental sintering of crystal-rich rhyolitic ash at high fluid pressures with implications for degassing of magma 高流体压力下富晶流纹岩灰的实验烧结及其对岩浆脱气的影响

2区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Bulletin of Volcanology

Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01678-5

Rachel Blandon, James E. Gardner, Fabian B. Wadsworth, Edward W. Llewellin, Jérémie Vasseur

引用次数: 0

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