Pub Date : 2023-10-03DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01662-z
Lee Siebert, Mark E. Reid
Abstract The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was instrumental in advancing understanding of how volcanoes work. Lateral edifice collapses and the generation of volcanic debris avalanches were not widely recognized prior to that eruption, making assessment of their hazards and risks challenging. The proliferation of studies since 1980 on resulting deposits and evaluation of processes leading to their generation has built on the insights from the 1980 eruption. Volcano-related destabilizing phenomena, such as strength reduction by hydrothermal alteration, deformation and structural modifications from shallow magma intrusion, and thermal pressurization of pore fluids supplement those factors also affecting nonvolcanic slopes and can lead to larger failures. Remote and ground-based monitoring techniques can aid in detecting potentially destabilizing dynamic processes and in forecasting the size and location of future large lateral collapses, although forecasting remains a topic of investigation. More than a thousand large lateral collapse events likely ≥ 0.01 km 3 in volume have now been identified from deposits or inferred from source area morphology, leading to a recognition of their importance in the evolution of volcanoes and the hazards they pose. Criteria for recognition of debris-avalanche deposits include morphological factors and textural characteristics from outcrop to microscopic scale, allowing discrimination from other volcaniclastic deposits. Lateral edifice failure impacts a broad spectrum of volcanic structures in diverse tectonic settings and can occur multiple times during the evolution of individual volcanoes. Globally, collapses ≥ 0.1 km 3 in volume have been documented 5–6 times per century since 1500 CE, with about one per century having a volume ≥ 1 km 3 . Smaller events < 0.1 km 3 are underrepresented in the earlier record but also have high hazard impact.
1980年圣海伦斯火山的喷发有助于加深人们对火山活动的了解。在那次喷发之前，人们并没有广泛认识到侧向大厦崩塌和火山碎屑雪崩的产生，这使得对其危害和风险的评估具有挑战性。自1980年以来，关于形成沉积物的研究和对形成过程的评估的激增，都是建立在1980年火山喷发的见解基础上的。与火山有关的不稳定现象，如热液蚀变造成的强度降低、浅层岩浆侵入造成的变形和结构改变、孔隙流体的热加压等，补充了这些影响非火山斜坡的因素，并可能导致更大的破坏。远程和地面监测技术可以帮助探测潜在的破坏稳定的动态过程，并预测未来大型横向崩塌的规模和位置，尽管预测仍然是一个研究课题。目前已从沉积物中确定或从源区形态中推断出1000多个大型横向塌陷事件，其体积可能≥0.01 km2，从而认识到它们在火山演化及其构成的危害中的重要性。碎屑-雪崩沉积的识别标准包括从露头到微观尺度的形态因素和结构特征，可以与其他火山碎屑沉积进行区分。在不同的构造背景下，横向结构破坏影响了广泛的火山结构，并且在单个火山的演化过程中可能发生多次。在全球范围内，自公元1500年以来，每世纪记录到5-6次体积≥0.1 km2的崩塌，每世纪约有一次体积≥1 km2的崩塌。小型活动<在早期的记录中，0.1 km 3的代表不足，但也具有很高的危害影响。
{"title":"Lateral edifice collapse and volcanic debris avalanches: a post-1980 Mount St. Helens perspective","authors":"Lee Siebert, Mark E. Reid","doi":"10.1007/s00445-023-01662-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01662-z","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was instrumental in advancing understanding of how volcanoes work. Lateral edifice collapses and the generation of volcanic debris avalanches were not widely recognized prior to that eruption, making assessment of their hazards and risks challenging. The proliferation of studies since 1980 on resulting deposits and evaluation of processes leading to their generation has built on the insights from the 1980 eruption. Volcano-related destabilizing phenomena, such as strength reduction by hydrothermal alteration, deformation and structural modifications from shallow magma intrusion, and thermal pressurization of pore fluids supplement those factors also affecting nonvolcanic slopes and can lead to larger failures. Remote and ground-based monitoring techniques can aid in detecting potentially destabilizing dynamic processes and in forecasting the size and location of future large lateral collapses, although forecasting remains a topic of investigation. More than a thousand large lateral collapse events likely ≥ 0.01 km 3 in volume have now been identified from deposits or inferred from source area morphology, leading to a recognition of their importance in the evolution of volcanoes and the hazards they pose. Criteria for recognition of debris-avalanche deposits include morphological factors and textural characteristics from outcrop to microscopic scale, allowing discrimination from other volcaniclastic deposits. Lateral edifice failure impacts a broad spectrum of volcanic structures in diverse tectonic settings and can occur multiple times during the evolution of individual volcanoes. Globally, collapses ≥ 0.1 km 3 in volume have been documented 5–6 times per century since 1500 CE, with about one per century having a volume ≥ 1 km 3 . Smaller events < 0.1 km 3 are underrepresented in the earlier record but also have high hazard impact.","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135696088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01671-y
Michelle Parks, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Vincent Drouin, Ásta R. Hjartardóttir, Halldór Geirsson, Andrew Hooper, Kristín S. Vogfjörd, Benedikt G. Ófeigsson, Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, Esther H. Jensen, Páll Einarsson, Sara Barsotti, Hildur M. Fridriksdóttir
Abstract Following two periods of dike intrusion in 2021 at Fagradalsfjall, Iceland, one of which led to an eruption, a third dike intrusion commenced on 30 July 2022. A sudden increase in seismicity occurred within the diking area, with approximately 1700 automatically detected earthquakes > M1 within 24 h. Strong earthquakes were felt over several days within a wider area (largest M W 5.3). The timeline and spatial distribution of seismicity suggested it resulted from diking, together with triggered seismicity in nearby areas releasing stored tectonic stress. Geodetic observations revealed displacements consistent with a dike intrusion, and geodetic modeling on 2 August revealed a best-fit model with a shallow top depth of the dike (~1 km), and high magma inflow rate (~49 m 3 /s). Also considering a decline in seismicity, a warning was issued that the likelihood of a new eruption in the coming days was high. An effusive eruption started the next day (3 August) on a ~375-m-long fissure, with an initial extrusion rate of 32 m 3 /s. The projected surface location of the dike (from the optimal model) was within 49–110 m of the eruptive fissure. We present a timeline of the activity and monitoring response in the days both preceding and following the eruption onset. We compare the details of the activity that occurred prior to this diking and eruption to the previous events at Fagradalsfjall to improve understanding of unrest preceding eruptions.
{"title":"Deformation, seismicity, and monitoring response preceding and during the 2022 Fagradalsfjall eruption, Iceland","authors":"Michelle Parks, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Vincent Drouin, Ásta R. Hjartardóttir, Halldór Geirsson, Andrew Hooper, Kristín S. Vogfjörd, Benedikt G. Ófeigsson, Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, Esther H. Jensen, Páll Einarsson, Sara Barsotti, Hildur M. Fridriksdóttir","doi":"10.1007/s00445-023-01671-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01671-y","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Following two periods of dike intrusion in 2021 at Fagradalsfjall, Iceland, one of which led to an eruption, a third dike intrusion commenced on 30 July 2022. A sudden increase in seismicity occurred within the diking area, with approximately 1700 automatically detected earthquakes > M1 within 24 h. Strong earthquakes were felt over several days within a wider area (largest M W 5.3). The timeline and spatial distribution of seismicity suggested it resulted from diking, together with triggered seismicity in nearby areas releasing stored tectonic stress. Geodetic observations revealed displacements consistent with a dike intrusion, and geodetic modeling on 2 August revealed a best-fit model with a shallow top depth of the dike (~1 km), and high magma inflow rate (~49 m 3 /s). Also considering a decline in seismicity, a warning was issued that the likelihood of a new eruption in the coming days was high. An effusive eruption started the next day (3 August) on a ~375-m-long fissure, with an initial extrusion rate of 32 m 3 /s. The projected surface location of the dike (from the optimal model) was within 49–110 m of the eruptive fissure. We present a timeline of the activity and monitoring response in the days both preceding and following the eruption onset. We compare the details of the activity that occurred prior to this diking and eruption to the previous events at Fagradalsfjall to improve understanding of unrest preceding eruptions.","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136308234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01674-9
Juan Anzieta, Daniel Pacheco, Glyn Williams-Jones, Mario C. Ruiz
{"title":"Cleaning volcano-seismic event catalogues: a machine learning application for robust systems and potential crises in volcano observatories","authors":"Juan Anzieta, Daniel Pacheco, Glyn Williams-Jones, Mario C. Ruiz","doi":"10.1007/s00445-023-01674-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01674-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136265911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract At active volcanoes recurring eruptive events, erosive processes and collapses modify the edifice morphology and impact monitoring and hazard mitigation. At Etna volcano (Italy) between February and October 2021, 57 paroxysmal events occurred from the South-East Crater (SEC), which is currently its most active summit crater. Strombolian activity and high lava fountains (up to 4 km) fed lava flows towards the east, south and south-west, and caused fallout of ballistics (greater than 1 m in diameter) within 1–2 km from the SEC. The impacted area does not include permanent infrastructure, but it is visited by thousands of tourists. Hence, we rapidly mapped each lava flow before deposits became covered by the next event, for hazard mitigation. The high frequency of the SEC paroxysms necessitated integration of data from three remote sensing platforms with different spatial resolutions. Satellite (Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument, PlanetScope, Skysat and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager) and drone images (visible and thermal) were processed and integrated to extract digital surface models and orthomosaics. Thermal images acquired by a permanent network of cameras of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia were orthorectified using the latest available digital surface model. This multi-sensor analysis allowed compilation of a geodatabase reporting the main geometrical parameters for each lava flow. A posteriori analysis allowed quantification of bulk volumes for the lava flows and the SEC changes and of the dense rock equivalent volume of erupted magma. The analysis of drone-derived digital surface models enabled assessment of the ballistics’ distribution. The developed methodology enabled rapidly and accurate characterisation of frequently occurring effusive events for near real-time risk assessment and hazard communication.
{"title":"Rapid provision of maps and volcanological parameters: quantification of the 2021 Etna volcano lava flows through the integration of multiple remote sensing techniques","authors":"Cristina Proietti, Emanuela De Beni, Massimo Cantarero, Tullio Ricci, Gaetana Ganci","doi":"10.1007/s00445-023-01673-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01673-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract At active volcanoes recurring eruptive events, erosive processes and collapses modify the edifice morphology and impact monitoring and hazard mitigation. At Etna volcano (Italy) between February and October 2021, 57 paroxysmal events occurred from the South-East Crater (SEC), which is currently its most active summit crater. Strombolian activity and high lava fountains (up to 4 km) fed lava flows towards the east, south and south-west, and caused fallout of ballistics (greater than 1 m in diameter) within 1–2 km from the SEC. The impacted area does not include permanent infrastructure, but it is visited by thousands of tourists. Hence, we rapidly mapped each lava flow before deposits became covered by the next event, for hazard mitigation. The high frequency of the SEC paroxysms necessitated integration of data from three remote sensing platforms with different spatial resolutions. Satellite (Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument, PlanetScope, Skysat and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager) and drone images (visible and thermal) were processed and integrated to extract digital surface models and orthomosaics. Thermal images acquired by a permanent network of cameras of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia were orthorectified using the latest available digital surface model. This multi-sensor analysis allowed compilation of a geodatabase reporting the main geometrical parameters for each lava flow. A posteriori analysis allowed quantification of bulk volumes for the lava flows and the SEC changes and of the dense rock equivalent volume of erupted magma. The analysis of drone-derived digital surface models enabled assessment of the ballistics’ distribution. The developed methodology enabled rapidly and accurate characterisation of frequently occurring effusive events for near real-time risk assessment and hazard communication.","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135742183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-12DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01665-w
Mark E. Stelten, Nicole Thomas, Anthony Pivarunas, Duane Champion
{"title":"Spatio-temporal clustering of post-caldera eruptions at Yellowstone caldera: implications for volcanic hazards and pre-eruptive magma reservoir configuration","authors":"Mark E. Stelten, Nicole Thomas, Anthony Pivarunas, Duane Champion","doi":"10.1007/s00445-023-01665-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01665-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135879300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-12DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01675-8
Greg A. Valentine
{"title":"Effects of debris entrainment and recycling on explosive volcanic eruption jets and columns","authors":"Greg A. Valentine","doi":"10.1007/s00445-023-01675-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01675-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135826196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-12DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01670-z
Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Tobias Dürig, Michelle Parks, Vincent Drouin, Vigfús Eyjólfsson, Hannah Reynolds, Páll Einarsson, Esther Hlíðar Jensen, Birgir Vilhelm Óskarsson, Joaquín M. C. Belart, Joël Ruch, Nils B. Gies, Gro B. M. Pedersen
{"title":"Pre-existing fractures and eruptive vent openings during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption, Iceland","authors":"Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Tobias Dürig, Michelle Parks, Vincent Drouin, Vigfús Eyjólfsson, Hannah Reynolds, Páll Einarsson, Esther Hlíðar Jensen, Birgir Vilhelm Óskarsson, Joaquín M. C. Belart, Joël Ruch, Nils B. Gies, Gro B. M. Pedersen","doi":"10.1007/s00445-023-01670-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01670-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135786447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-09DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01672-x
Adriana Iozzia, L. Watson, M. Cantarero, E. De Beni, G. Di Grazia, G. Ganci, Jeffrey B. Johnson, E. Privitera, Cristina Proietti, M. Sciotto, A. Cannata
{"title":"The influence of volcano topographic changes on infrasound amplitude: lava fountains at Mt. Etna in 2021","authors":"Adriana Iozzia, L. Watson, M. Cantarero, E. De Beni, G. Di Grazia, G. Ganci, Jeffrey B. Johnson, E. Privitera, Cristina Proietti, M. Sciotto, A. Cannata","doi":"10.1007/s00445-023-01672-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01672-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46655678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-08DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01663-y
Heather M. N. Wright, C. Driedger, J. Pallister, Christopher G. Newhall, M. Clynne, J. Ewert
{"title":"Development of a volcanic risk management system at Mount St. Helens—1980 to present","authors":"Heather M. N. Wright, C. Driedger, J. Pallister, Christopher G. Newhall, M. Clynne, J. Ewert","doi":"10.1007/s00445-023-01663-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01663-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41258979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01667-8
S. Árnadóttir, T. Thordarson, Á. Hjartarson, B. Gautason
{"title":"U–Pb zircon age and chronology of the Torfufell central volcano: implications for timing of rift relocation in North Iceland","authors":"S. Árnadóttir, T. Thordarson, Á. Hjartarson, B. Gautason","doi":"10.1007/s00445-023-01667-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01667-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42654470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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