Bird Study最新文献_第7页

The Wryneck: biology, behaviour, conservation and symbolism of Jynx torquilla 弯颈人:弯颈人的生物学、行为、保护和象征意义

IF 0.7 4区生物学 Q3 ORNITHOLOGY

Bird Study

Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2022.2052796

Ken W. Smith

Published in Bird Study (Vol. 68, No. 3, 2021)

发表于《鸟类研究》2021年第68卷第3期

引用次数: 0

Role of miR-584-5p in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Apoptosis. miR-584-5p 在脂多糖刺激的人支气管上皮细胞炎症和凋亡中的作用

4区生物学 Q3 ORNITHOLOGY

Bird Study

Pub Date : 2022-04-11 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2408682

Bo Zhang, Qing Zhang, Linying Yang, Hongfei Zheng, Guifen Pang, Mingzhen Zhao, Bo Sun, Jie Cao

Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome is a common clinical syndrome characterized by respiratory failure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are closely related to ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome. TargetScan software analysis showed that miR-584-5p can bind to the 3' noncoding region of TLR4, which is involved in the occurrence and development of ALI, thereby affecting the inflammatory pathway and inflammation development. Thus, we aimed to determine whether miR-584-5p affects ALI. Human bronchial epithelial (16-HBE) cells were transfected with miR-584-5p mimics or inhibitors and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).The cell viability, apoptosis, release of proinflammatory factors, mTOR, and NF-κB pathway protein expression were evaluated respectively. Mimic584 increased, whereas inhibitor584 decreased, LPS-stimulated inflammation. The protein expression of inflammatory factors was significantly increased in 16-HBE cells in the mimic584 + LPS group and decreased in the inhibitor584 + LPS group. Mimic584 activated mTOR and the NF-κB-related proteins P65 and p-p65, whereas inhibitor584 inactivated the proteins in 16-HBE cells. Overexpression of miR-584 significantly promoted apoptosis in LPS-stimulated 16-HBE cells. There were no differences in the proliferation and cell cycle of LPS-stimulated 16-HBE cells regardless of mimic584 or inhibitor584 transfection. Collectively, we demonstrated that inhibitor584 can alleviate ALI-induced expression of inflammatory factors via mTOR signaling and the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, we found that inhibitor584 transfection could be a potential therapeutic strategy for ALI.

急性肺损伤（ALI）/急性呼吸窘迫综合征是一种常见的以呼吸衰竭为特征的临床综合征。微RNA（miRNA）与ALI和急性呼吸窘迫综合征密切相关。TargetScan 软件分析表明，miR-584-5p 可与 TLR4 的 3' 非编码区结合，而 TLR4 与 ALI 的发生和发展有关，从而影响炎症通路和炎症发展。因此，我们旨在确定 miR-584-5p 是否会影响 ALI。用 miR-584-5p 模拟物或抑制剂转染人支气管上皮细胞（16-HBE），然后用脂多糖（LPS）刺激，分别评估细胞活力、凋亡、促炎因子释放、mTOR 和 NF-κB 通路蛋白表达。模拟物 584 增加而抑制剂 584 减少了 LPS 刺激的炎症反应。在 16-HBE 细胞中，mimic584 + LPS 组的炎症因子蛋白表达明显增加，而在抑制剂 584 + LPS 组中则明显减少。在 16-HBE 细胞中，mimic584 激活了 mTOR 和 NF-κB 相关蛋白 P65 和 p-p65，而抑制剂 584 则使这些蛋白失活。在 LPS 刺激的 16-HBE 细胞中，过表达 miR-584 能显著促进细胞凋亡。无论转染 mimic584 还是抑制剂 584，LPS 刺激的 16-HBE 细胞的增殖和细胞周期均无差异。综上所述，我们证明抑制剂 584 可通过 mTOR 信号转导和 NF-κB 通路缓解 ALI 诱导的炎症因子表达。总之，我们发现抑制剂584转染可能是治疗ALI的一种潜在策略。

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引用次数: 1

Association between the distribution of Capercaillies Tetrao urogallus and road and track densities at a landscape scale in a national park 国家公园景观尺度上四角珊瑚的分布与道路和轨道密度之间的关系

IF 0.7 4区生物学 Q3 ORNITHOLOGY

Bird Study

Pub Date : 2022-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2022.2141683

R. Summers, Phil Golder, Nicole Wallace, Ewan Munro, Jeremy D. Wilson

ABSTRACT Capsule: The inherited pattern of roads and tracks, now primarily used by people for recreation in the Cairngorms National Park, was associated with a reduced presence of Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus signs in woodland. Aims: To examine if the distribution of Capercaillies in the Cairngorms National Park was associated with the density of roads and tracks that run through woods in the Park, having accounted for habitat variables that are known to affect the distribution of Capercaillies. Methods: In 2013, Capercaillie distribution, as assessed from signs of presence, and habitat variables in seven woods totalling 142 km2 within the Cairngorms National Park were assessed along regularly spaced transects. Numbers of people walking, on bicycles, and in vehicles were counted on selected tracks, and the density of roads and tracks (a measure of human use) in 0.25 km2 squares of woodland was obtained from maps. A logistic regression compared habitat variables and road and track densities in 0.25 km2 squares of woodland where signs of Capercaillie were or were not found. Results: Greater road and track densities were associated with reduced likelihood of finding Capercaillie signs in woodland squares, but the track effect was associated only with the two woods that had the highest levels of use by people. Conclusion: In response to the landscape-scale, correlative evidence of disturbance to Capercaillies, a reduction in track density (a current mean of 2.3 km per km2 of woodland) or modifying human usage of tracks are conservation management options. This presents a challenge for forest managers, public bodies, the tourism industry, and others who wish to promote visitor access to the countryside and also to protect rare and vulnerable wildlife.

摘要：Cairngorms国家公园的道路和轨道的继承模式，现在主要用于人们的娱乐，与林地中Capercailie Tetrao尿路标志的减少有关。目的：考虑到已知会影响Capercailies分布的栖息地变量，研究Cairngorms国家公园Capercailie的分布是否与穿过公园树林的道路和轨道的密度有关。方法：2013年，根据存在迹象评估的Capercailie分布，以及Cairngorms国家公园内总计142平方公里的七片树林中的栖息地变量，沿着规则间隔的样带进行了评估。在选定的轨道上统计步行、骑自行车和乘车的人数，并从地图中获得0.25平方公里林地的道路和轨道密度（衡量人类使用情况）。逻辑回归比较了0.25平方公里林地中的栖息地变量以及道路和轨道密度，在这些林地中发现或没有发现Capercailie的迹象。结果：更大的道路和轨道密度与在林地广场上发现Capercailie标志的可能性降低有关，但轨道效应仅与人们使用水平最高的两片树林有关。结论：根据景观规模，有相关证据表明对Capercailies的干扰，轨道密度降低（目前平均值为2.3 每平方公里林地公里）或改变人类对轨道的使用是保护管理的选择。这对森林管理者、公共机构、旅游业和其他希望促进游客进入乡村并保护稀有和脆弱野生动物的人来说是一个挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Loop-migration and non-breeding locations of British breeding Wood Warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix 英国林莺繁殖地的回圈迁移和非繁殖地

IF 0.7 4区生物学 Q3 ORNITHOLOGY

Bird Study

Pub Date : 2022-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2022.2138825

M. Burgess, Joan Castelló, Tony Davis, C. Hewson

ABSTRACT Capsule: British breeding Wood Warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix show a clockwise loop migration incorporating stops in southern Europe, the Sahel, and the humid forest zone of West Africa. Aims: To determine autumn and spring migration routes, the location and duration of stopover sites on migration, and the location of non-breeding areas of British breeding Wood Warblers. Methods: In 2016 and 2018 we deployed geolocators to male Wood Warblers on Dartmoor, Devon, and in the New Forest, Hampshire. We retrieved four geolocators from returning birds in 2017, 2019, and 2020. Results: Male Wood Warblers departed breeding sites in late July and stopped for most of August in central southern Europe, crossed the Sahara by a non-stop night and day flight immediately followed by a short stop, and then migrated west to a longer stopover in the Sahel. Final non-breeding destinations were in an area of West Africa covering Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. Two were tracked on spring migration, again crossing the Sahara via a non-stop flight before migrating through Western Europe to complete a clockwise loop migration back to Britain. Conclusion: All tracked Wood Warblers used stopovers for at least three weeks in three distinct regions, in central southern Europe, in the Sahel, and in the humid zone of West Africa. Although the limitations of geolocation prevent matching locations with habitat, these regions are broadly characterized by distinct forest or woodland habitat types, which differ from breeding habitat. All four tracks showed similar patterns in route, stopover behaviour, and timings, suggesting they may be representative of males in these breeding populations, and potentially of other British and western European Wood Warbler populations.

摘要胶囊：英国繁殖的木莺Phylloscopus sibilatrix表现出顺时针循环迁徙，包括在南欧、萨赫勒和西非潮湿森林地区的停留。目的：确定英国繁殖林莺秋季和春季迁徙路线、迁徙中途停留点的位置和持续时间，以及非繁殖区的位置。方法：2016年和2018年，我们在德文郡达特穆尔和汉普郡新森林为雄性林莺部署了地理定位器。我们在2017年、2019年和2020年从返回的鸟类中检索到四个地理定位器。结果：雄性木莺于7月下旬离开繁殖地，在8月的大部分时间里停在中南欧，通过昼夜不停的飞行穿越撒哈拉，然后短暂停留，然后向西迁徙到萨赫勒地区的一个更长的停留地。最后的非繁殖目的地是西非的一个地区，包括几内亚、塞拉利昂和利比里亚。其中两人在春季迁徙时被追踪，再次通过直飞航班穿越撒哈拉沙漠，然后通过西欧完成顺时针循环迁徙返回英国。结论：所有追踪的Wood Warblers在三个不同的地区停留了至少三周，分别是欧洲中南部、萨赫勒和西非潮湿地区。尽管地理位置的局限性阻碍了位置与栖息地的匹配，但这些地区的特点是不同于繁殖栖息地的不同森林或林地栖息地类型。所有四条轨迹在路线、中途停留行为和时间上都显示出相似的模式，这表明它们可能是这些繁殖种群中雄性的代表，也可能是其他英国和西欧林莺种群的代表。

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引用次数: 2

Evidence that rural wintering bird populations supplement suburban breeding populations 证据表明，农村越冬鸟类种群补充了郊区繁殖种群

IF 0.7 4区生物学 Q3 ORNITHOLOGY

Bird Study

Pub Date : 2022-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2022.2139814

H. Hanmer, D. Dadam, G. Siriwardena

ABSTRACT Capsule: Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus and Great Tits Parus major wintering in rural areas tended to move further to breed the following breeding season and more frequently cross the urban–rural boundary, than did those wintering in urban gardens. Aims: To explore and quantify the movements of birds from winter to breeding season locations across the urban–rural ecotone at the boundary of a large urban area. Methods: Birds were colour-ringed at rural and urban/suburban garden ringing sites during the winter. This was followed by breeding season surveys and resighting in the surrounding areas to quantify the movements of colour-ringed birds and changes in habitat selection between seasons. Results: Blue Tits and Great Tits ringed in winter in rural areas tended to move further and selected more urbanized breeding territories the following spring than did urban/suburban garden-ringed conspecifics. This shows that the populations were connected across the urban–rural ecotone by the seasonal movements of individuals, but that net movement was from rural wintering areas to urban breeding habitat. Conclusion: The results suggest that rural populations may not be subsidized by urban wintering birds and winter supplementary feeding, but that the resources in gardens within urban areas, perhaps spring/summer feeding and nestboxes, draw birds in to breed. Combined with independent evidence for lower breeding success in urban areas, this may show the operation of source-sink dynamics. The results suggest important implications for connections between populations, the conservation value of urban areas and potential for the spread of disease, but further work is required to extend evidence and inference to other regions and species. Nevertheless, the approach used here provides a scalable study model that can be applied in other contexts.

摘要/ ABSTRACT摘要:蓝山雀(Cyanistes caeruleus)和大山雀(Great Tits Parus)在农村地区的主要越冬行为比在城市花园越冬的更倾向于迁移到下一个繁殖季节繁殖，并且更频繁地跨越城乡边界。目的:探讨并量化某大城市边界城乡交错带内鸟类从冬季到繁殖期的迁徙特征。方法:冬季在农村和城市/郊区的花园圈点对鸟类进行彩圈调查。接下来是繁殖季节的调查和周围地区的重新观测，以量化彩环鸟的运动和季节之间栖息地选择的变化。结果:农村蓝山雀和大山雀在冬季比城市/郊区园环区更倾向于迁徙，并在来年春季选择更多的城市化繁殖区域。这表明，在城乡交接带，种群之间存在个体的季节性迁移，但净迁移是从农村越冬区到城市繁殖地。结论:城市越冬鸟类和冬季补食可能对农村种群没有补贴作用，城市内园林的资源，可能是春夏取食和巢箱，吸引了鸟类的繁殖。结合城市地区繁殖成功率较低的独立证据，这可能表明源库动力学的运作。这些结果对种群之间的联系、城市地区的保护价值和疾病传播的可能性具有重要意义，但需要进一步的工作来将证据和推论扩展到其他地区和物种。然而，这里使用的方法提供了一个可扩展的研究模型，可以应用于其他上下文中。

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引用次数: 0

Individual, sexual and temporal variation in the winter home range sizes of GPS-tagged Eurasian Curlews Numenius arquata gps标记欧亚鸻冬季栖地大小的个体、性别和时间变化

IF 0.7 4区生物学 Q3 ORNITHOLOGY

Bird Study

Pub Date : 2022-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2022.2144129

L. Mander, I. Nicholson, R. Green, Steve G. Dodd, R. Forster, N. Burton

ABSTRACT Capsule: Eurasian Curlews Numenius arquata were faithful to foraging and roosting areas on their coastal wintering grounds, including a habitat creation site. Home range sizes were greater at night than during the day, and showed high inter-individual variability which was not related to sex. Aims: To examine factors affecting variation in the winter home range size of the largest European wader species: the near-threatened Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata. Methods: We examined individual, sexual and temporal (day/night, seasonal and annual) variation in the size of the home ranges of 18 GPS tagged Curlews captured at two sites on the Humber Estuary, UK. Results: Home ranges were small (mean ± SD = 555.5 ± 557.9 ha) and varied slightly in size through the non-breeding season (September–March). We found some annual differences in home range size, and there was some evidence that home range size was greater at night compared to daytime. There was strong inter-individual variation in home range size, which was not related to the species’ sexual size dimorphism and thus potential differences in resource use. Conclusions: Our results highlight that wintering Curlews on the Humber Estuary maintain small home ranges which vary strongly between individuals. Knowledge of the home range size of wintering waders is vital to inform management responses to the potential impacts of environmental changes such as sea-level rise and improving the efficacy of compensatory habitats.

摘要胶囊：欧亚冰壶在其沿海越冬地（包括栖息地创建地）忠实于觅食和栖息区域。夜间的家庭范围比白天大，并且表现出与性别无关的高个体间变异性。目的：研究影响欧洲最大的涉禽物种——濒临灭绝的欧亚蝾螈（Curlew Numenius arquata）冬季栖息地大小变化的因素。方法：我们检查了在英国亨伯河口的两个地点捕获的18只GPS标记的柯鹬的家庭范围的个体、性别和时间（白天/晚上、季节和年度）变化。结果：家庭范围很小（平均 ± SD = 555.5 ± 557.9公顷），在非繁殖季节（9月至3月）大小略有变化。我们发现，家庭范围的大小每年都有一些差异，有证据表明，与白天相比，夜间的家庭范围更大。家域大小存在强烈的个体间差异，这与物种的性别大小二型性以及资源利用的潜在差异无关。结论：我们的研究结果强调，亨伯河口的越冬鹬保持着较小的栖息地范围，个体之间差异很大。了解越冬涉禽的栖息地大小对于管理层应对海平面上升等环境变化的潜在影响和提高补偿栖息地的效率至关重要。

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引用次数: 1

Distribution and flight heights of Sandwich Terns Thalasseus sandvicensis during different behaviours near wind farms in the Netherlands 荷兰风电场附近三明治燕鸥不同行为的分布和飞行高度

IF 0.7 4区生物学 Q3 ORNITHOLOGY

Bird Study

Pub Date : 2022-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2022.2138827

R. Fijn, M. Collier

ABSTRACT Flight heights and behaviour of 1460 Sandwich Terns Thalasseus sandvicensis in the Dutch North Sea were recorded with a laser range finder during ship-based surveys in 2020 and 2021. Over 87% of all Sandwich Terns were flying below 20 m, and fewer than 1.5% were recorded above 40 m, leading to a two-fold increase in the collision risk model estimates for the Borssele offshore wind farm in the Netherlands compared to the current standard flight height distributions.

摘要：在2020年和2021年的船上调查中，用激光测距仪记录了荷兰北海1460只Sandwich Terns Thalasseus sandvicensis的飞行高度和行为。超过87%的三明治燕鸥飞行速度低于20 m、 40岁以上的人不到1.5% m、导致荷兰Borssele海上风电场的碰撞风险模型估计值与当前标准飞行高度分布相比增加了两倍。

引用次数: 0

Sense of School Belonging and Paediatric Illness: A Scoping Review. 学校归属感与儿科疾病：范围研究》。

4区生物学 Q3 ORNITHOLOGY

Bird Study

Pub Date : 2021-10-15 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/cie.32

Lucrezia Tomberli, Enrica Ciucci

The experience of hospitalization leads children to move away from their everyday life, such as school attendance. Participating in school activities and relating with classmates are important experiences in children's development and promote a general sense of school belonging. A scoping review was conducted on the sense of school belonging (SoSB) of school-age children with medical conditions. The review concerned four specific research questions: (a) How is SoSB studied and indexed? (b) Has research on this topic changed over time? (c) What methods and techniques are used to study this topic? and (d) What role does SoSB play in the life of pupils with medical conditions? Four databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and Education Source. The abstract and full-paper screening process identified 10 articles. A qualitative line of argument metasynthesis highlighted numerous interesting aspects: SoSB is a psychological need for pupils with a medical condition and information and communication technologies (ICT) offer an opportunity to promote SoSB and make pupils feel greater levels of well-being, less pain, and fewer negative emotions. Promoting SoSB is important for fostering a better quality of life for children with illness, helping them feel more normal and part of the class, despite not being present; hospital and regular schools should engage in creating connection opportunities for pupils with medical condition and their classes.

住院经历导致儿童远离日常生活，如上学。参加学校活动和与同学交往是儿童成长过程中的重要经历，能促进儿童对学校的普遍归属感。我们对患有疾病的学龄儿童的学校归属感（SoSB）进行了一次范围审查。综述涉及四个具体的研究问题：(a) SoSB 是如何研究和索引的？(b) 有关该主题的研究是否随着时间的推移而发生变化？(d) SoSB 在患有疾病的学龄儿童的生活中扮演什么角色？搜索了四个数据库：PubMed、Scopus、PsycInfo 和 Education Source。通过摘要和论文全文筛选，确定了 10 篇文章。定性论证的元综合突出了许多有趣的方面：SoSB是患有某种疾病的学生的一种心理需求，而信息与传播技术（ICT）提供了一个促进SoSB的机会，使学生感受到更大程度的幸福、更少的痛苦和更少的负面情绪。促进 SoSB 对提高患病儿童的生活质量非常重要，它可以帮助他们感觉自己更加正常，尽管不在课堂上，也是课堂的一部分；医院和普通学校应为患病学生和他们的班级创造联系的机会。

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引用次数: 0

How much to carry? Implications of maximum load carrying capacity for prey use of urban and rural Northern Goshawks Accipiter gentilis 携带多少？北方苍鹰Accipiter gentilis最大载重量对城市和农村猎物利用的影响

IF 0.7 4区生物学 Q3 ORNITHOLOGY

Bird Study

Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2022.2103097

M. Engler, Youri van der Horst, Manuela Merling de Chapa, O. Krone

ABSTRACT Capsule: Compared to their rural counterparts, urban Northern Goshawks Accipiter gentilis potentially maximize their energy delivery to the nest by exploiting heavier prey species close to their maximum carrying capacity. Aims: We aimed to assess prey use of a raptor species with distinct reversed sexual size dimorphism from a perspective of physical limitations during foraging and the transportation of prey. Methods: We estimated the theoretical maximum load carrying capacity (MLCC) of fully developed Northern Goshawks based on their flight muscle mass. Additionally, we collected data on the breeding season diet of Northern Goshawks in urban and rural habitats in Germany. By linking MLCC estimates to the diet we explained the relevance of prey size from a viewpoint of load carrying capacity. Results: Estimates for the mean (± sd) additional portable loads were 684 g (± 237) for males and 971 g (± 235) for females, accounting for 96% and 84% of their body mass, respectively. Overall prey weight averaged higher for urban areas compared to rural ones, while the majority of prey items were between 200 and 500 g and below the estimated MLCC of both sexes, with the exception of single heavy species. Results suggest that prey use of Northern Goshawks during the breeding season is barely limited by prey transportability, since both sexes are physically capable of carrying the majority of prey species to their nest. Conclusions: Urban Northern Goshawks can exploit heavier, available prey species compared to their rural counterparts, allowing them to hunt larger prey closer to their MLCC. Ultimately, by maximizing their energy delivery to the nest, this presumably constitutes one key factor why Goshawks successfully colonized European cities. This study is the first to link estimates of physical limitations in prey transportation for a free-living raptor species to its prey composition in the light of colonizing urban environments.

摘要胶囊：与农村同类相比，北方城市苍鹰Accipiter gentilis通过利用接近其最大承载能力的较重猎物，有可能最大限度地将能量输送到巢穴。目的：我们旨在从觅食和运输猎物过程中的身体限制的角度，评估一种具有明显的性大小二型性反转的猛禽物种的猎物使用情况。方法：根据北方苍鹰飞行肌肉的质量，估算其理论最大承载能力（MLCC）。此外，我们还收集了德国城市和农村栖息地北方苍鹰繁殖季节饮食的数据。通过将MLCC估计值与饮食联系起来，我们从承载能力的角度解释了猎物大小的相关性。结果：估计平均（±sd）额外便携式负荷为684 男性为g（±237），971 g（±235），分别占其体重的96%和84%。城市地区的总体猎物重量平均高于农村地区，而大多数猎物的重量在200至500之间 g和低于估计的两性MLCC，单一重物种除外。结果表明，北方苍鹰在繁殖季节的猎物使用几乎不受猎物可运输性的限制，因为两性在身体上都有能力将大多数猎物带到巢穴。结论：与农村苍鹰相比，城市北方苍鹰可以利用更重、可用的猎物物种，使它们能够在更靠近MLCC的地方捕食更大的猎物。最终，通过最大限度地将能量输送到巢穴，这可能是Goshawks成功殖民欧洲城市的一个关键因素。这项研究首次将自由生活猛禽物种猎物运输的物理限制估计与其在城市环境中的猎物组成联系起来。

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引用次数: 0

Long-term decline and geographical variation in the numbers of moulting Common Eiders Somateria mollissima in Shetland 设得兰岛蜕皮公鸭数量的长期下降和地理变异

IF 0.7 4区生物学 Q3 ORNITHOLOGY

Bird Study

Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2022.2141192

Will T. S. Miles, M. Mellor, S. Gear, P. Harvey, G. Tyler

ABSTRACT Capsule: Numbers of moulting Common Eiders Somateria mollissima counted in Shetland during surveys from 1977 to 2019 decreased from approximately 14,500 to an estimated 3600 individuals, a 75% population decline. Aims: To report results of extensive surveys of Eiders across Shetland during the annual complete moult period, review historical surveys, and evaluate long-term population changes and the possible underlying causes for change. Methods: Extensive areas of coastal Shetland were surveyed for Eiders during the annual moult period from July to September, every one to five years from 1977 to 2019. Spatial sampling was variable between surveys from 1977 to 1993 but more systematic and standardised during all surveys from 1996 to 2019. Overall population change, changes in numbers of birds within areas categorised as either exposed or sheltered coast, and change in the proportion of adult males to females/juveniles were assessed. Results: Surveys from 1977 to 1993 indicated a 55% decrease, from approximately 14,500–6500 individuals, and surveys from 1996 to 2019 showed a 45% decrease, from an estimated 6700–3600 individuals, indicating an overall population decrease of approximately 75% from 1977 to 2019. From 1996 to 2019, Eider numbers decreased in areas of exposed coast by approximately 90% but increased by at least 70% in the more sparsely populated sheltered areas, and the overall proportion of adult males to females/juveniles reduced by one-third. Conclusion: From 1977 to 2019, a substantial decline of approximately 75% occurred in the Shetland Eider population at the time of moult. Shetland Eiders are not S. m. mollissima but morphologically and genetically akin to S. m. faeroeensis, the Faroese subspecies, the rarest subspecies worldwide, so this decline is of high conservation concern. Causes of the decline largely remain unknown, but ecological datasets on Shetland Eiders are few and detailed studies, including remote tracking of individuals’ movements throughout the year, would be worthwhile.

摘要:在1977年至2019年的调查中，设得兰群岛的换羽普通绒鸭(Somateria mollissima)的数量从约14,500只下降到约3,600只，种群数量下降了75%。目的:报告在年度完全换羽期对设得兰群岛的艾德鸭进行的广泛调查的结果，回顾历史调查，并评估长期的种群变化和可能的潜在变化原因。方法:1977 - 2019年，在每年7 - 9月的换羽期，每1 - 5年对设得兰沿海广大地区进行调查。在1977年至1993年的调查中，空间抽样是可变的，但在1996年至2019年的所有调查中，空间抽样更加系统化和标准化。评估了总体种群变化、在暴露海岸或隐蔽海岸区域内鸟类数量的变化，以及成年雄性与雌性/幼鸟比例的变化。结果:从1977年到1993年的调查显示，从大约14500 - 6500只下降了55%，从1996年到2019年的调查显示，从估计的6700-3600只下降了45%，表明从1977年到2019年，总人口减少了大约75%。从1996年到2019年，裸露海岸地区的绒鸭数量减少了约90%，但在人口较少的庇护地区，绒鸭数量增加了至少70%，成年雄性与雌性/幼鸟的总体比例减少了三分之一。结论:从1977年到2019年，设得兰绒鸭换羽时的种群数量大幅下降了约75%。设得兰绒鸭不是S. m. mollissima，但在形态和遗传上与S. m. faeroeensis(法罗亚种，世界上最稀有的亚种)相似，因此这种下降受到高度关注。数量减少的原因大部分仍不清楚，但设得兰绒鸭的生态数据很少，详细的研究，包括全年对个体活动的远程跟踪，将是值得的。

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引用次数: 0