Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2022.2026875
M. Matysek, R. Gwiazda, Tomasz Figarski, F. Zięba, M. Klimecki, Radosław Mateja, P. Krzan, G. Piątek
ABSTRACT Capsule Predation risk of artificial nests resembling Hazel Grouse Tetrastes bonasia nests was reduced in more diverse habitats and when roads and trails were closer. Aims To determine the importance of habitat structure and the presence of roads and hiking trails for the predation risk of artificial ground nests. Methods We investigated predation on artificial nests in mountain spruce forests with high tourist numbers in the Tatra Mountains, Southern Poland, in 2012–2014. Some 174 artificial ground nests resembling those of Hazel Grouse were set up and monitored. For 98 artificial nests, we compared environmental variables at two area scales, and the forest structure between predated and surviving nests. Results At the local scale (within 5 m) artificial nests were more likely to be predated at sites with lower occurrence of ferns and lying dead wood. At the wider spatial scale (within 100 m), nests were more likely to survive if near to roads and tourist trails. The occurrence of different tree species in the forest stand did not significantly influence predation rate of artificial nests. The mean daily nest predation rate was not high and varied between years (0.003–0.009). Conclusion Greater habitat diversity and the presence of roads and trails increased the survival of ground nests. These results are potentially important for conservation planning for threatened ground-nesting birds, such as the Tetraonidae.
{"title":"What habitat parameters are important for the survival of ground nests in mountain forests? Recommendations for protection of Hazel Grouse Tetrastes bonasia based on an experiment with artificial nests","authors":"M. Matysek, R. Gwiazda, Tomasz Figarski, F. Zięba, M. Klimecki, Radosław Mateja, P. Krzan, G. Piątek","doi":"10.1080/00063657.2022.2026875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2022.2026875","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Capsule Predation risk of artificial nests resembling Hazel Grouse Tetrastes bonasia nests was reduced in more diverse habitats and when roads and trails were closer. Aims To determine the importance of habitat structure and the presence of roads and hiking trails for the predation risk of artificial ground nests. Methods We investigated predation on artificial nests in mountain spruce forests with high tourist numbers in the Tatra Mountains, Southern Poland, in 2012–2014. Some 174 artificial ground nests resembling those of Hazel Grouse were set up and monitored. For 98 artificial nests, we compared environmental variables at two area scales, and the forest structure between predated and surviving nests. Results At the local scale (within 5 m) artificial nests were more likely to be predated at sites with lower occurrence of ferns and lying dead wood. At the wider spatial scale (within 100 m), nests were more likely to survive if near to roads and tourist trails. The occurrence of different tree species in the forest stand did not significantly influence predation rate of artificial nests. The mean daily nest predation rate was not high and varied between years (0.003–0.009). Conclusion Greater habitat diversity and the presence of roads and trails increased the survival of ground nests. These results are potentially important for conservation planning for threatened ground-nesting birds, such as the Tetraonidae.","PeriodicalId":55353,"journal":{"name":"Bird Study","volume":"68 1","pages":"258 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46553155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2021.2021389
Alberto G. Gantz, Carlos E. Valdivia
ABSTRACT We evaluate, experimentally, the relative rate of artificial nest predation in hedgerows in southern Chile. Predation on artificial eggs was extremely high, with rodents being the main nest predators.
{"title":"A high rate of rodent-mediated predation on artificial nests in hedgerows of an agricultural landscape in southern Chile","authors":"Alberto G. Gantz, Carlos E. Valdivia","doi":"10.1080/00063657.2021.2021389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2021.2021389","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We evaluate, experimentally, the relative rate of artificial nest predation in hedgerows in southern Chile. Predation on artificial eggs was extremely high, with rodents being the main nest predators.","PeriodicalId":55353,"journal":{"name":"Bird Study","volume":"68 1","pages":"284 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46568609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2021.1974339
Ivana Novčič, Z. Vidović
ABSTRACT Capsule The total flock size and number of nearby neighbours did not affect vigilance behaviour in the Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus, but an increase in the nearest neighbour distance had a positive effect on measures of vigilance. Aims Vigilance allows animals to detect environmental stimuli, such as the presence of predators or competitors. Vigilance entails costs, however, because individuals may devote less time to other biologically important activities. We examined the trade-off between preening and vigilance in wintering Black-headed Gulls, while simultaneously considering the role of several confounding variables. Methods Using multivariate regression models we examined the effect of several predictors on three common measures of vigilance: scan frequency, average scan duration, and the percentage of time allocated to scanning. Results We did not detect a group-size effect on vigilance, but an increase in the nearest-neighbour distance had a positive effect on scanning frequency and the proportion of time focal gulls allocated to scanning. In addition, individuals at the periphery of flocks scanned their environment more frequently compared to centrally positioned gulls. Other variables that had significant effects on vigilance were location of roosting flocks, ambient temperature and wind speed. Conclusions In general, this study indicates that antipredator vigilance played an important role in overall vigilance in preening gulls in an urban environment.
{"title":"Nearest-neighbour distance, rather than group size, affects vigilance in urban flocks of preening Black-headed Gulls Chroicocephalus ridibundus","authors":"Ivana Novčič, Z. Vidović","doi":"10.1080/00063657.2021.1974339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2021.1974339","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Capsule The total flock size and number of nearby neighbours did not affect vigilance behaviour in the Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus, but an increase in the nearest neighbour distance had a positive effect on measures of vigilance. Aims Vigilance allows animals to detect environmental stimuli, such as the presence of predators or competitors. Vigilance entails costs, however, because individuals may devote less time to other biologically important activities. We examined the trade-off between preening and vigilance in wintering Black-headed Gulls, while simultaneously considering the role of several confounding variables. Methods Using multivariate regression models we examined the effect of several predictors on three common measures of vigilance: scan frequency, average scan duration, and the percentage of time allocated to scanning. Results We did not detect a group-size effect on vigilance, but an increase in the nearest-neighbour distance had a positive effect on scanning frequency and the proportion of time focal gulls allocated to scanning. In addition, individuals at the periphery of flocks scanned their environment more frequently compared to centrally positioned gulls. Other variables that had significant effects on vigilance were location of roosting flocks, ambient temperature and wind speed. Conclusions In general, this study indicates that antipredator vigilance played an important role in overall vigilance in preening gulls in an urban environment.","PeriodicalId":55353,"journal":{"name":"Bird Study","volume":"68 1","pages":"174 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47003826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2022.2028718
T. Wesol̸owski
ABSTRACT Capsule European Starlings Sturnus vulgaris nested mostly in natural holes with strong walls (in live trees), typically excavated by medium-sized woodpeckers (small entrances, deep cavities), and high above the ground. Co-occurrence of these safety-enhancing features suggests that predation avoidance has been the main force shaping patterns of Starling nest site selection. Aims To describe patterns of nest site use by Starlings in a primeval forest and to assess the adaptive value of nest site choice. Methods Observations were made of Starlings breeding in undisturbed conditions in a strictly protected part of the Białowieża National Park, Poland. Intensive searches were made for nests (n = 2039) in permanent observation plots during 46 breeding seasons (1975–2020), coupled with measurements of hole attributes and observations of fate and re-use of nest sites. Results Starlings bred along forest edges in holes located in several species of deciduous tree; tree species used differed among habitats and hole location differed across tree species. The birds bred mostly in holes excavated by woodpeckers (70.3%), in trunks (77.4%) of living trees (84.5%). The median girth at breast height of these trees amounted to approximately 170 cm and median height of holes above the ground was 13 m. Starlings used holes excavated by the medium-sized woodpeckers roughly in proportion to their availability in the forest (tree species, stature, height above the ground). About 39% of holes were re-used in the consecutive years, with some holes being used over several decades. Conclusion The features of Starling nest holes (strong walls, narrow entrances, deep cavities) probably constitute adaptations to the need to evade predators. Their body size allows them to nest in excavated holes without threat of their broods being destroyed by woodpeckers.
{"title":"Natural nest sites of the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris in a primeval temperate forest","authors":"T. Wesol̸owski","doi":"10.1080/00063657.2022.2028718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2022.2028718","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Capsule European Starlings Sturnus vulgaris nested mostly in natural holes with strong walls (in live trees), typically excavated by medium-sized woodpeckers (small entrances, deep cavities), and high above the ground. Co-occurrence of these safety-enhancing features suggests that predation avoidance has been the main force shaping patterns of Starling nest site selection. Aims To describe patterns of nest site use by Starlings in a primeval forest and to assess the adaptive value of nest site choice. Methods Observations were made of Starlings breeding in undisturbed conditions in a strictly protected part of the Białowieża National Park, Poland. Intensive searches were made for nests (n = 2039) in permanent observation plots during 46 breeding seasons (1975–2020), coupled with measurements of hole attributes and observations of fate and re-use of nest sites. Results Starlings bred along forest edges in holes located in several species of deciduous tree; tree species used differed among habitats and hole location differed across tree species. The birds bred mostly in holes excavated by woodpeckers (70.3%), in trunks (77.4%) of living trees (84.5%). The median girth at breast height of these trees amounted to approximately 170 cm and median height of holes above the ground was 13 m. Starlings used holes excavated by the medium-sized woodpeckers roughly in proportion to their availability in the forest (tree species, stature, height above the ground). About 39% of holes were re-used in the consecutive years, with some holes being used over several decades. Conclusion The features of Starling nest holes (strong walls, narrow entrances, deep cavities) probably constitute adaptations to the need to evade predators. Their body size allows them to nest in excavated holes without threat of their broods being destroyed by woodpeckers.","PeriodicalId":55353,"journal":{"name":"Bird Study","volume":"68 1","pages":"145 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43156376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2021.2019187
S. Gillings, D. Balmer, S. Harris, D. Massimino, J. Pearce‐Higgins
ABSTRACT Capsule COVID-19 restrictions significantly biased BTO/JNCC/RSPB Breeding Bird Survey coverage across the UK allowing indicative trends to be produced for approximately one-third of species in England only. Aims To investigate the effect that COVID-19 restrictions had on participation in and coverage of the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), and to quantify the likely impacts on population change reporting based on 2020 data. Methods We determined geographic, seasonal, and habitat coverage for the BBS in 2020 and compared this to previous years, and quantified the scale of biases and reductions in sample size for target species. We degraded existing BBS data (1994–2019) to simulate 2020 coverage and produced population change estimates using three methods applied to the complete and degraded data to assess the impacts of 2020 coverage on emergent trends. Results In 2020, 49% fewer survey squares were visited compared to 2019. Reductions were greatest in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, and in the early breeding season, when 90% fewer visits were made. The few early visits completed were on atypical dates and showed marked habitat biases. Individual species were detected in 23–96% fewer squares than normal. Population change estimates derived using routine trend models were negatively biased in up to 96% of species, with errors greatest for species normally detected on early visits. Alternative trend models using visit-specific parameterization or focussing only on late season visits overcame coverage biases for some species. Conclusions Lockdown restrictions associated with the COVID-19 outbreak meant it was not possible to produce population trend information for UK, Wales, Scotland, or Northern Ireland in 2020. Indicative long-term trends could be produced in England only for a subset of about 40 species. We recommend managers of citizen science schemes undertake similar analyses to assess the scale of coverage biases when unforeseen events cause temporary, but substantial changes, in sampling effort.
{"title":"Impacts of COVID-19 restrictions on capacity to monitor bird populations: a case study using the UK Breeding Bird Survey","authors":"S. Gillings, D. Balmer, S. Harris, D. Massimino, J. Pearce‐Higgins","doi":"10.1080/00063657.2021.2019187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2021.2019187","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Capsule COVID-19 restrictions significantly biased BTO/JNCC/RSPB Breeding Bird Survey coverage across the UK allowing indicative trends to be produced for approximately one-third of species in England only. Aims To investigate the effect that COVID-19 restrictions had on participation in and coverage of the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), and to quantify the likely impacts on population change reporting based on 2020 data. Methods We determined geographic, seasonal, and habitat coverage for the BBS in 2020 and compared this to previous years, and quantified the scale of biases and reductions in sample size for target species. We degraded existing BBS data (1994–2019) to simulate 2020 coverage and produced population change estimates using three methods applied to the complete and degraded data to assess the impacts of 2020 coverage on emergent trends. Results In 2020, 49% fewer survey squares were visited compared to 2019. Reductions were greatest in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, and in the early breeding season, when 90% fewer visits were made. The few early visits completed were on atypical dates and showed marked habitat biases. Individual species were detected in 23–96% fewer squares than normal. Population change estimates derived using routine trend models were negatively biased in up to 96% of species, with errors greatest for species normally detected on early visits. Alternative trend models using visit-specific parameterization or focussing only on late season visits overcame coverage biases for some species. Conclusions Lockdown restrictions associated with the COVID-19 outbreak meant it was not possible to produce population trend information for UK, Wales, Scotland, or Northern Ireland in 2020. Indicative long-term trends could be produced in England only for a subset of about 40 species. We recommend managers of citizen science schemes undertake similar analyses to assess the scale of coverage biases when unforeseen events cause temporary, but substantial changes, in sampling effort.","PeriodicalId":55353,"journal":{"name":"Bird Study","volume":"68 1","pages":"220 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45243212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2021.2019188
H. Hanmer, C. Boothby, Mike P. Toms, D. Noble, D. Balmer
ABSTRACT Capsule Tawny Owl Strix aluco site occupancy and detectability are influenced by habitat and environmental variables. Aims: To determine factors influencing Tawny Owl occupancy and detectability around British homes and gardens using a large-scale citizen science survey across two main survey periods. Methods Surveys of 20 min duration were undertaken one evening a week from the homes and gardens of volunteers, for up to 26 weeks between October and March of 2005/2006 and 2018/2019, and analysed primarily using multi-season occupancy modelling. Results During two survey periods, more than 9000 sites were surveyed across the breeding range of the Tawny Owl within Britain. The main drivers of occupancy were found to be the extent of broadleaf woodland cover and the degree of urbanization. Detection probability was influenced by date, time, weather, and moon phase. Using the current method, a minimum of five to six survey visits per site would be required to have 95% confidence over the presence or absence of Tawny Owls at a given site, but it may be possible to optimize the survey method further to increase efficiency by surveying in the autumn or early spring, early after dusk, and on cloudless dry evenings close to the full moon. Conclusion The findings indicate that survey methodologies for surveying Tawny Owls can be optimized to increase the efficiency of detection, if present at a site. We highlight the need for further research on the effects of urbanization on Tawny Owls, particularly with regards to artificial light pollution and its effects on behaviour and settlement, along with the need for greater understanding of Tawny Owl activity budgets, which would aid the interpretation of survey results.
{"title":"Large-scale citizen science survey of a common nocturnal raptor: urbanization and weather conditions influence the occupancy and detectability of the Tawny Owl Strix aluco","authors":"H. Hanmer, C. Boothby, Mike P. Toms, D. Noble, D. Balmer","doi":"10.1080/00063657.2021.2019188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2021.2019188","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Capsule Tawny Owl Strix aluco site occupancy and detectability are influenced by habitat and environmental variables. Aims: To determine factors influencing Tawny Owl occupancy and detectability around British homes and gardens using a large-scale citizen science survey across two main survey periods. Methods Surveys of 20 min duration were undertaken one evening a week from the homes and gardens of volunteers, for up to 26 weeks between October and March of 2005/2006 and 2018/2019, and analysed primarily using multi-season occupancy modelling. Results During two survey periods, more than 9000 sites were surveyed across the breeding range of the Tawny Owl within Britain. The main drivers of occupancy were found to be the extent of broadleaf woodland cover and the degree of urbanization. Detection probability was influenced by date, time, weather, and moon phase. Using the current method, a minimum of five to six survey visits per site would be required to have 95% confidence over the presence or absence of Tawny Owls at a given site, but it may be possible to optimize the survey method further to increase efficiency by surveying in the autumn or early spring, early after dusk, and on cloudless dry evenings close to the full moon. Conclusion The findings indicate that survey methodologies for surveying Tawny Owls can be optimized to increase the efficiency of detection, if present at a site. We highlight the need for further research on the effects of urbanization on Tawny Owls, particularly with regards to artificial light pollution and its effects on behaviour and settlement, along with the need for greater understanding of Tawny Owl activity budgets, which would aid the interpretation of survey results.","PeriodicalId":55353,"journal":{"name":"Bird Study","volume":"68 1","pages":"233 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44219623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2021.1976103
Martyna Paczuska, Radomir Jaskóła, A. Goławski
ABSTRACT Capsule The diet of the Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor during the non-breeding period was assessed using analysis of pellets and larders. The two methods gave different results but together showed a preference for voles, crickets and dung beetles. Aims To describe the diet composition of the Great Grey Shrike based on analyses of the contents of pellets and larders; to compare the two methods, and to compare prey taken in relation to its local availability. Methods The research was carried out during the non-breeding period of the Great Grey Shrike in an agricultural landscape of east-central Poland in 2014–2018. The diet was assessed through the analysis of the contents of larders and regurgitated pellets. The abundance of potential prey was assessed with pitfall traps for invertebrates and live traps for small mammals. Results In larders, the ratio of vertebrates to invertebrates was 34.3 : 65.7 (n = 528 prey items), with Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Rodentia predominant. In pellets, the ratio was 64.6 : 35.4 (n = 237 prey items in 155 pellets), with Rodentia and Coleoptera being most numerous. The proportions of the most frequently found prey taxa differed significantly between the two methods of diet analysis. In relation to potential prey availability, Great Grey Shrikes showed a preference for Common Voles Microtus arvalis but seemed to avoid mice Apodemus spp. and Diptera. The greatest discrepancies between the methods were for Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera. Conclusion The results of the pellet and larder analyses differed, mainly because of the large number of Orthoptera found in the larders; shrikes can use them to mark their territories and so they may remain uneaten. Both analytical methods should be used simultaneously to determine the diet composition.
{"title":"Diet composition and prey choice by the Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor during the non-breeding period: comparing two methods of diet analysis","authors":"Martyna Paczuska, Radomir Jaskóła, A. Goławski","doi":"10.1080/00063657.2021.1976103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2021.1976103","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Capsule The diet of the Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor during the non-breeding period was assessed using analysis of pellets and larders. The two methods gave different results but together showed a preference for voles, crickets and dung beetles. Aims To describe the diet composition of the Great Grey Shrike based on analyses of the contents of pellets and larders; to compare the two methods, and to compare prey taken in relation to its local availability. Methods The research was carried out during the non-breeding period of the Great Grey Shrike in an agricultural landscape of east-central Poland in 2014–2018. The diet was assessed through the analysis of the contents of larders and regurgitated pellets. The abundance of potential prey was assessed with pitfall traps for invertebrates and live traps for small mammals. Results In larders, the ratio of vertebrates to invertebrates was 34.3 : 65.7 (n = 528 prey items), with Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Rodentia predominant. In pellets, the ratio was 64.6 : 35.4 (n = 237 prey items in 155 pellets), with Rodentia and Coleoptera being most numerous. The proportions of the most frequently found prey taxa differed significantly between the two methods of diet analysis. In relation to potential prey availability, Great Grey Shrikes showed a preference for Common Voles Microtus arvalis but seemed to avoid mice Apodemus spp. and Diptera. The greatest discrepancies between the methods were for Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera. Conclusion The results of the pellet and larder analyses differed, mainly because of the large number of Orthoptera found in the larders; shrikes can use them to mark their territories and so they may remain uneaten. Both analytical methods should be used simultaneously to determine the diet composition.","PeriodicalId":55353,"journal":{"name":"Bird Study","volume":"68 1","pages":"183 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44547347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2021.1987383
Saara Mäkelin, M. Wahlberg, A. Osiecka, C. Hermans, T. Balsby
ABSTRACT Capsule Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis use vocal communication during the breeding season, with males being particularly vocal earlier in the breeding cycle and showing individual variation in some calls, which could be used for individual recognition. Aims To identify and describe vocal behaviour of Great Cormorants, to link calls with observed behaviours and to explore if the calls had potential for individual recognition. Methods We followed 21 nesting pairs of Great Cormorants by videoing and recording their vocal behaviour throughout the breeding season. We linked calls with observed behaviours, and measured the acoustic characteristics of the calls using signal analysis tools in Matlab. Results We identified and measured acoustic characteristics of six different call types: courtship, landing, nest building, nest relief, jumping, and chick begging calls. Five of these call types were linked to distinctive breeding behaviours. Vocal signalling occurred between the male and female, and between parents and offspring. Males showed higher vocal activity than females and used a larger repertoire of calls. The courtship call was the most common call type in both sexes. These calls also differed acoustically between the sexes; male calls were longer in duration than female calls (617 ms versus 323 ms) and had wider bandwidth (763 Hz versus 473 Hz). Conclusion Great Cormorants use vocal communication for social interactions. Males were vocally more active and had a larger repertoire of calls than females, and calls differed between the sexes. Calls of males also differed individually and could, therefore, function for individual recognition in this species.
{"title":"Vocal behaviour of the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis during the breeding season","authors":"Saara Mäkelin, M. Wahlberg, A. Osiecka, C. Hermans, T. Balsby","doi":"10.1080/00063657.2021.1987383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2021.1987383","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Capsule Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis use vocal communication during the breeding season, with males being particularly vocal earlier in the breeding cycle and showing individual variation in some calls, which could be used for individual recognition. Aims To identify and describe vocal behaviour of Great Cormorants, to link calls with observed behaviours and to explore if the calls had potential for individual recognition. Methods We followed 21 nesting pairs of Great Cormorants by videoing and recording their vocal behaviour throughout the breeding season. We linked calls with observed behaviours, and measured the acoustic characteristics of the calls using signal analysis tools in Matlab. Results We identified and measured acoustic characteristics of six different call types: courtship, landing, nest building, nest relief, jumping, and chick begging calls. Five of these call types were linked to distinctive breeding behaviours. Vocal signalling occurred between the male and female, and between parents and offspring. Males showed higher vocal activity than females and used a larger repertoire of calls. The courtship call was the most common call type in both sexes. These calls also differed acoustically between the sexes; male calls were longer in duration than female calls (617 ms versus 323 ms) and had wider bandwidth (763 Hz versus 473 Hz). Conclusion Great Cormorants use vocal communication for social interactions. Males were vocally more active and had a larger repertoire of calls than females, and calls differed between the sexes. Calls of males also differed individually and could, therefore, function for individual recognition in this species.","PeriodicalId":55353,"journal":{"name":"Bird Study","volume":"68 1","pages":"211 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48994294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2021.1976104
J. Siekiera, Ł. Jankowiak, Artur Siekiera, N. Chmura, P. Profus, T. Sparks, P. Tryjanowski
ABSTRACT Capsule White Storks Ciconia ciconia forming migrating flocks in southern Poland in autumn came from central Poland and eastern Germany, and used ploughed fields and cut meadows to forage before they moved south. Aims The aim of this study was to collect information on the flocking behaviour of the White Stork in southern Poland, with a special focus on the origins of birds forming flocks, flock size, age characteristics of birds, and habitat selection. Methods During a study conducted in 2012–2019 in southern Poland, we recorded the size, age composition and geographic origin of White Storks forming autumn flocks. The collection of the large number of records was made possible by the use of a small aeroplane during the first two years of the study, which enabled us to locate flocks over a large study area. Results In total, 5685 storks were observed, with a median flock size of eight individuals, although flock size varied during the migration period and by time of day. For the 2980 birds for which age could be determined, there was a higher proportion of adults (55.7%) than juveniles (44.3%). Analysis of data from ringed birds showed that the mean (±sd) distance travelled from natal sites was 277.3 ± 245.3 km, with birds coming mainly from southern Poland and eastern Germany. Storks foraged mainly in ploughed fields and cut meadows, and such habitats appear crucial for fuelling before migration. Conclusions Southern Poland provides an important stop-over site for migrating White Storks, which originate from a potentially large area. Hence, ensuring the continued availability of autumn foraging for White Storks in southern Poland benefits not only local birds but also a much larger population.
{"title":"Post-breeding flocks of White Storks Ciconia ciconia in southern Poland: size, age composition and the geographical origin of birds","authors":"J. Siekiera, Ł. Jankowiak, Artur Siekiera, N. Chmura, P. Profus, T. Sparks, P. Tryjanowski","doi":"10.1080/00063657.2021.1976104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2021.1976104","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Capsule White Storks Ciconia ciconia forming migrating flocks in southern Poland in autumn came from central Poland and eastern Germany, and used ploughed fields and cut meadows to forage before they moved south. Aims The aim of this study was to collect information on the flocking behaviour of the White Stork in southern Poland, with a special focus on the origins of birds forming flocks, flock size, age characteristics of birds, and habitat selection. Methods During a study conducted in 2012–2019 in southern Poland, we recorded the size, age composition and geographic origin of White Storks forming autumn flocks. The collection of the large number of records was made possible by the use of a small aeroplane during the first two years of the study, which enabled us to locate flocks over a large study area. Results In total, 5685 storks were observed, with a median flock size of eight individuals, although flock size varied during the migration period and by time of day. For the 2980 birds for which age could be determined, there was a higher proportion of adults (55.7%) than juveniles (44.3%). Analysis of data from ringed birds showed that the mean (±sd) distance travelled from natal sites was 277.3 ± 245.3 km, with birds coming mainly from southern Poland and eastern Germany. Storks foraged mainly in ploughed fields and cut meadows, and such habitats appear crucial for fuelling before migration. Conclusions Southern Poland provides an important stop-over site for migrating White Storks, which originate from a potentially large area. Hence, ensuring the continued availability of autumn foraging for White Storks in southern Poland benefits not only local birds but also a much larger population.","PeriodicalId":55353,"journal":{"name":"Bird Study","volume":"68 1","pages":"190 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44477170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2021.2003751
L. Raye
ABSTRACT A former breeding population of Northern Wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe in the downs of southern England is frequently mentioned in early modern sources from 1529 to 1772 CE. The south of England also seems to have been the first inland area in Britain where European Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus were successfully kept away from the coast. There is textual evidence that Northern Wheatears were exploiting newly established Rabbit warrens as nests and foraging sites.
{"title":"Historical links between breeding Northern Wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe and European Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus warrens in southeast England","authors":"L. Raye","doi":"10.1080/00063657.2021.2003751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2021.2003751","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A former breeding population of Northern Wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe in the downs of southern England is frequently mentioned in early modern sources from 1529 to 1772 CE. The south of England also seems to have been the first inland area in Britain where European Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus were successfully kept away from the coast. There is textual evidence that Northern Wheatears were exploiting newly established Rabbit warrens as nests and foraging sites.","PeriodicalId":55353,"journal":{"name":"Bird Study","volume":"68 1","pages":"279 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46942196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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