Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blae079
Diego J Santana, Edward A Myers, Emanuel M Fonseca, Marcelo Gehara, Eliana F Oliveira, Sandro L Bonatto, Frank T Burbrink, Adrian A Garda
Rivers are prominent landscape features, acting as key promoters of diversification among freshwater organisms. Albeit generally considered potential barriers to species movement, they may also facilitate gene flow and structure populations of semiaquatic species (Riverine Thruway Hypothesis, RTH). We evaluated the role of rivers on the processes responsible for current genetic variation in the semiaquatic frog Pseudis bolbodactyla, testing whether each hydrographic basin harbours distinct genetic lineages. We sequenced three markers on 166 samples from 13 localities along the Paraná (PR), Araguaia–Tocantins (AT), and São Francisco (SF) River basins in Brazil. We recovered three populations geographically matching each hydrographic basin. Our results indicate migration among basins, with the best model selected using approximate Bayesian computation, including migration between AT and SF and ancient gene flow from PR to the AT–SF ancestor. Our findings are likely related to the orogenic events in Central Brazil dating to the Late Miocene (5 Mya), when hydrographic basins and the geomorphological features of the Brazilian Shield were formed. This suggests that P. bolbodactyla probably represents a species complex, with each lineage occurring in a distinct hydrographic basin, matching the predictions of the RTH.
河流是显著的地貌特征，是淡水生物多样化的关键促进因素。尽管河流通常被认为是物种迁移的潜在障碍，但它也可能促进基因流动，并使半水栖物种种群结构化（河流直通假说，RTH）。我们评估了河流对半水蛙（Pseudis bolbodactyla）当前遗传变异过程的作用，测试了每个水文流域是否都蕴藏着不同的遗传系。我们对巴西巴拉那河（Paraná）、阿拉瓜亚-托坎廷斯河（Araguaia-Tocantins）和圣弗朗西斯科河（Sao Francisco）流域沿岸 13 个地点的 166 个样本中的三个标记进行了测序。我们在每个水文流域发现了三个地理上相匹配的种群。我们的研究结果表明，流域之间存在迁移，通过近似贝叶斯计算选出的最佳模型包括 AT 和 SF 之间的迁移以及从 PR 到 AT-SF 祖先的古老基因流。我们的发现可能与巴西中部的造山运动有关，这些造山运动可追溯到晚中新世（5 Mya），当时形成了水文盆地和巴西地盾的地貌特征。这表明，P. bolbodactyla 可能是一个物种复合体，每个品系都出现在不同的水文盆地，这与 RTH 的预测相吻合。
{"title":"Hydrographic basins dictate the genetic structure of the paradoxical frog Pseudis bolbodactyla (Anura: Hylidae) in the rivers of Central Brazil","authors":"Diego J Santana, Edward A Myers, Emanuel M Fonseca, Marcelo Gehara, Eliana F Oliveira, Sandro L Bonatto, Frank T Burbrink, Adrian A Garda","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blae079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blae079","url":null,"abstract":"Rivers are prominent landscape features, acting as key promoters of diversification among freshwater organisms. Albeit generally considered potential barriers to species movement, they may also facilitate gene flow and structure populations of semiaquatic species (Riverine Thruway Hypothesis, RTH). We evaluated the role of rivers on the processes responsible for current genetic variation in the semiaquatic frog Pseudis bolbodactyla, testing whether each hydrographic basin harbours distinct genetic lineages. We sequenced three markers on 166 samples from 13 localities along the Paraná (PR), Araguaia–Tocantins (AT), and São Francisco (SF) River basins in Brazil. We recovered three populations geographically matching each hydrographic basin. Our results indicate migration among basins, with the best model selected using approximate Bayesian computation, including migration between AT and SF and ancient gene flow from PR to the AT–SF ancestor. Our findings are likely related to the orogenic events in Central Brazil dating to the Late Miocene (5 Mya), when hydrographic basins and the geomorphological features of the Brazilian Shield were formed. This suggests that P. bolbodactyla probably represents a species complex, with each lineage occurring in a distinct hydrographic basin, matching the predictions of the RTH.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blae084
Bengt Å Carlsson, Camilla Björkman, Håkan Rydin
In 1749, Linnaeus published Pan Svecicus, a thesis that was defended by his student Nils Hesselgren. The thesis describes food preference trials in cows, goats, sheep, horses, and pigs, and includes 2325 tests with 643 plant species. The data had surprisingly little bearing on the text in the thesis, and even though the experiments quickly became internationally known, the data were merely repeated, rather than discussed. We have digitized the data and linked the species names to modern nomenclature and present the first analysis and discussion of the results. Pigs were most selective (eating 32% of the 204 plant species that were tested on all animals), followed by horses (59%), cows (66%), sheep (82%), and goats (85%). The ruminants (especially goats and sheep) had high overlap in food choice, and the pigs deviated most (despite the fact that pigs are more closely related to the ruminants than are horses). Among plant orders, Fabales and Poales were generally preferred, while Lamiales and Ranunculales were avoided, especially by cows and horses. Cows and horses were also more keen to avoid toxic plant species. All animals showed a preference for species that are today considered nutritious. We now make the data available, for further analyses in ecology, history of science, and other disciplines.
{"title":"Are cows pickier than goats? Linnaeus’s innovative large-scale feeding experiment","authors":"Bengt Å Carlsson, Camilla Björkman, Håkan Rydin","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blae084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blae084","url":null,"abstract":"In 1749, Linnaeus published Pan Svecicus, a thesis that was defended by his student Nils Hesselgren. The thesis describes food preference trials in cows, goats, sheep, horses, and pigs, and includes 2325 tests with 643 plant species. The data had surprisingly little bearing on the text in the thesis, and even though the experiments quickly became internationally known, the data were merely repeated, rather than discussed. We have digitized the data and linked the species names to modern nomenclature and present the first analysis and discussion of the results. Pigs were most selective (eating 32% of the 204 plant species that were tested on all animals), followed by horses (59%), cows (66%), sheep (82%), and goats (85%). The ruminants (especially goats and sheep) had high overlap in food choice, and the pigs deviated most (despite the fact that pigs are more closely related to the ruminants than are horses). Among plant orders, Fabales and Poales were generally preferred, while Lamiales and Ranunculales were avoided, especially by cows and horses. Cows and horses were also more keen to avoid toxic plant species. All animals showed a preference for species that are today considered nutritious. We now make the data available, for further analyses in ecology, history of science, and other disciplines.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blae081
Megan J Osborne, Guilherme Caeiro-Dias, Thomas F Turner
Large mitochondrial DNA fragments and nearly complete mitogenomes were obtained from nextera-tagmented reductively amplified DNA (nextRAD) data from the Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus). We used these data to characterize variation across the mitogenome and to evaluate changes in mitochondrial diversity across a 20 year time series punctuated by marked species decline. We observed different evolutionary rates among protein-coding genes and inflated values of the ratio of non-synonymous change to non-synonymous sites to synonymous changes per synonymous site for several protein-coding genes, violating assumptions of selective neutrality. Analyses suggested that non-synonymous substitutions are effectively neutral, and our results were not consistent with genetic draft. Mitogenomes revealed large long-term effective population size for Rio Grande silvery minnow, and time-series data indicated recent reductions in mitochondrial diversity via genetic drift associated with population bottlenecks. The results presented in this study show that in some cases, nextRAD sequences contain informative mitochondrial DNA data.
我们从格兰德河银鱼（Hybognathus amarus）的新标记还原扩增 DNA（nextRAD）数据中获得了大量线粒体 DNA 片段和几乎完整的有丝分裂基因组。我们利用这些数据描述了有丝分裂基因组的变异特征，并评估了线粒体多样性在物种明显减少的 20 年时间序列中的变化。我们观察到蛋白质编码基因之间存在不同的进化速率，而且一些蛋白质编码基因的非同义变化与非同义位点的比值与每个同义位点的同义变化的比值出现了膨胀，这违反了选择中性的假设。分析表明，非同义替换实际上是中性的，我们的结果与基因草案不一致。线粒体基因组显示，格兰德河银鱼的长期有效种群规模较大，而时间序列数据表明，近期线粒体多样性因与种群瓶颈相关的遗传漂变而减少。本研究的结果表明，在某些情况下，nextRAD序列包含信息丰富的线粒体DNA数据。
{"title":"Mitogenomics of a declining species, the Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus), with boom–bust population dynamics","authors":"Megan J Osborne, Guilherme Caeiro-Dias, Thomas F Turner","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blae081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blae081","url":null,"abstract":"Large mitochondrial DNA fragments and nearly complete mitogenomes were obtained from nextera-tagmented reductively amplified DNA (nextRAD) data from the Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus). We used these data to characterize variation across the mitogenome and to evaluate changes in mitochondrial diversity across a 20 year time series punctuated by marked species decline. We observed different evolutionary rates among protein-coding genes and inflated values of the ratio of non-synonymous change to non-synonymous sites to synonymous changes per synonymous site for several protein-coding genes, violating assumptions of selective neutrality. Analyses suggested that non-synonymous substitutions are effectively neutral, and our results were not consistent with genetic draft. Mitogenomes revealed large long-term effective population size for Rio Grande silvery minnow, and time-series data indicated recent reductions in mitochondrial diversity via genetic drift associated with population bottlenecks. The results presented in this study show that in some cases, nextRAD sequences contain informative mitochondrial DNA data.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142269270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blae077
Thomas MacGillavry, Clifford B Frith, Leonida Fusani
Sexual selection through female choice has driven the evolution of some of the most elaborate signalling behaviours in animals. These displays often require specialized morphological adaptations and may incorporate signals in multiple sensory modalities. Visual and acoustic signals are often precisely choreographed in temporally structured courtship performances, though the precise mechanics of such signalling behaviours are often enigmatic. We find that riflebirds (genus Ptiloris)—a bird of paradise clade—achieve their remarkable display postures by hyperextending the wrist joint, vastly exceeding the maximal wrist extension capabilities of any other known bird. Using video collected in the field, we then show that this hypermobility is required for a sonation unique to riflebirds, and find that the yellow interior of the mouth is displayed in the dynamic phase of display. As this sonation cannot be produced when the mouth is exposed, it represents a mechanical constraint to signal design. Finally, we used a large morphometric dataset to describe patterns of sexual dimorphism in wing length across diverse bird of paradise species, and find evidence of sexual selection for large and structurally modified wings used in riflebird displays. Our study highlights nuanced choreographic differences in the display behaviours of different riflebird species, and sheds light on the intricate design features of sexual signals in this fascinating taxon.
{"title":"The mechanics of male courtship display behaviour in the Ptiloris riflebirds (Aves: Paradisaeidae)","authors":"Thomas MacGillavry, Clifford B Frith, Leonida Fusani","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blae077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blae077","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual selection through female choice has driven the evolution of some of the most elaborate signalling behaviours in animals. These displays often require specialized morphological adaptations and may incorporate signals in multiple sensory modalities. Visual and acoustic signals are often precisely choreographed in temporally structured courtship performances, though the precise mechanics of such signalling behaviours are often enigmatic. We find that riflebirds (genus Ptiloris)—a bird of paradise clade—achieve their remarkable display postures by hyperextending the wrist joint, vastly exceeding the maximal wrist extension capabilities of any other known bird. Using video collected in the field, we then show that this hypermobility is required for a sonation unique to riflebirds, and find that the yellow interior of the mouth is displayed in the dynamic phase of display. As this sonation cannot be produced when the mouth is exposed, it represents a mechanical constraint to signal design. Finally, we used a large morphometric dataset to describe patterns of sexual dimorphism in wing length across diverse bird of paradise species, and find evidence of sexual selection for large and structurally modified wings used in riflebird displays. Our study highlights nuanced choreographic differences in the display behaviours of different riflebird species, and sheds light on the intricate design features of sexual signals in this fascinating taxon.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blae080
Juan D Vásquez-Restrepo, Marco A Ribeiro‑Júnior, Santiago J Sánchez-Pacheco
Gymnophthalmids are a diverse lineage of Neotropical lizards that present challenges in the understanding of their phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history. Using a densely sampled phylogeny and distribution data, we investigated their biogeography at the family level. Dividing South and Central America into 12 regions, we tested six biogeographic models considering dispersal-extinction, vicariance, and founder events. Our analysis revealed high taxonomic and phylogenetic endemism in the Andes, Amazon, and Guiana Shield. The best-fit model identified the Guiana Shield as the likely ancestral area of the family, with dispersal events dominating over vicariance. Key areas for species interchange were the Amazon, Northern Andes, and Guiana Shield. The core regions of diversification included the Andes, Amazon, and Guiana Shield, with elevated species richness and biotic interchange events during the Eocene and Oligocene. The Guiana Shield stood out as a stronghold of gymnophthalmid diversity, driven by dispersal rates and ancient lineages. Our findings challenge previous hypotheses about the diversification of these lizards, suggesting a colonization pattern from lowlands to high elevations rather than the South-to-North Speciation Hypothesis for Andean lineages.
{"title":"Once upon a time: exploring the biogeographic history of the largest endemic lizard family in the Neotropics (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)","authors":"Juan D Vásquez-Restrepo, Marco A Ribeiro‑Júnior, Santiago J Sánchez-Pacheco","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blae080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blae080","url":null,"abstract":"Gymnophthalmids are a diverse lineage of Neotropical lizards that present challenges in the understanding of their phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history. Using a densely sampled phylogeny and distribution data, we investigated their biogeography at the family level. Dividing South and Central America into 12 regions, we tested six biogeographic models considering dispersal-extinction, vicariance, and founder events. Our analysis revealed high taxonomic and phylogenetic endemism in the Andes, Amazon, and Guiana Shield. The best-fit model identified the Guiana Shield as the likely ancestral area of the family, with dispersal events dominating over vicariance. Key areas for species interchange were the Amazon, Northern Andes, and Guiana Shield. The core regions of diversification included the Andes, Amazon, and Guiana Shield, with elevated species richness and biotic interchange events during the Eocene and Oligocene. The Guiana Shield stood out as a stronghold of gymnophthalmid diversity, driven by dispersal rates and ancient lineages. Our findings challenge previous hypotheses about the diversification of these lizards, suggesting a colonization pattern from lowlands to high elevations rather than the South-to-North Speciation Hypothesis for Andean lineages.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blae073
Marco Madile Hjelt, Luis Moyano, María Eugenia Echave, Erika Kubisch, Laila Daniela Kazimierski, Nicolás Catalano, Guillermo Abramson, Karina Laneri
We studied encounters between Chaco tortoises (Chelonoidis chilensis) that are in a threatened state of conservation in Patagonia, Argentina, which constitutes the southern limit of their geographical distribution. We monitored six individuals during different behavioural periods of the year (mating, nesting, and brumation), recording 24 344 encounters after tagging the animals with GPS tags. Constructing bipartite networks of burrows and tortoises, in addition to their projections, we discovered a spatial clustering of the burrows. Moreover, our research revealed that as tortoises approach the brumation period they use fewer unique burrows, engage in less burrow sharing, and increasingly favour spending time in their preferred burrow. During the mating and nesting periods some burrows are shared, whereas this was not the case during the brumation period. We studied the daily interactions through proximity-based networks, accounting for the daytime encounters during the different annual behavioural periods. We found the highest network density during the mating period, decreasing to zero, as expected, for the brumation period, when tortoises remain in their burrows during both night and day. Male–male interactions were more probable during the post-brumation and mating periods. Moreover, the number of daily encounters after sharing a burrow for a given night was found to be significant, which could be an indication of social behaviour and memory. Performing numerical simulations, we found that the proximity-based network densities were much higher than expected by chance, which could be attributable to individual selection of preferred sites or could be indicative of social behaviour among these threatened reptiles.
{"title":"Social networks of threatened Chaco tortoises (Chelonoidis chilensis) in the wild","authors":"Marco Madile Hjelt, Luis Moyano, María Eugenia Echave, Erika Kubisch, Laila Daniela Kazimierski, Nicolás Catalano, Guillermo Abramson, Karina Laneri","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blae073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blae073","url":null,"abstract":"We studied encounters between Chaco tortoises (Chelonoidis chilensis) that are in a threatened state of conservation in Patagonia, Argentina, which constitutes the southern limit of their geographical distribution. We monitored six individuals during different behavioural periods of the year (mating, nesting, and brumation), recording 24 344 encounters after tagging the animals with GPS tags. Constructing bipartite networks of burrows and tortoises, in addition to their projections, we discovered a spatial clustering of the burrows. Moreover, our research revealed that as tortoises approach the brumation period they use fewer unique burrows, engage in less burrow sharing, and increasingly favour spending time in their preferred burrow. During the mating and nesting periods some burrows are shared, whereas this was not the case during the brumation period. We studied the daily interactions through proximity-based networks, accounting for the daytime encounters during the different annual behavioural periods. We found the highest network density during the mating period, decreasing to zero, as expected, for the brumation period, when tortoises remain in their burrows during both night and day. Male–male interactions were more probable during the post-brumation and mating periods. Moreover, the number of daily encounters after sharing a burrow for a given night was found to be significant, which could be an indication of social behaviour and memory. Performing numerical simulations, we found that the proximity-based network densities were much higher than expected by chance, which could be attributable to individual selection of preferred sites or could be indicative of social behaviour among these threatened reptiles.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blae075
Megan L Vandenberg, Olivia H Hawkins, Eric Chier, Shirel R Kahane-Rapport, Adam P Summers, Cassandra M Donatelli
Armour has been present in vertebrates for millions of years and has evolved independently several times in the ray finned fishes. While armour is typically considered defensive, it is a multifunctional trait with many plausible alternative functions. We explore the hydrodynamic function of armour in nine species of poachers (Agonidae) by visualizing flow to assess drag reduction. We used microcomputed tomography scans to categorize armour morphology into morphotypes, and compared the rugosity (surface roughness) across these morphotypes. We then used digital particle image velocimetry to visualize boundary layer separation along 3D-printed whole-body models made using the scans. Poacher armour comprises eight rows that, some distance behind the second dorsal fin, merge into six. We found four morphotypes, with higher rugosity observed for the prominent spine morphotype and the lowest rugosity in the no-spine morphotype. Principal component analysis revealed that much of the variation in armour morphology is driven by plate shape, spine size, and protrusion. The boundary layer was retained longer in species with larger spines. Overall, the presence of a spine increased boundary layer retention, decreasing the drag, which is advantageous for these benthic fish.
{"title":"How rugose can you go? Spiny Agonidae armour decreases boundary layer separation","authors":"Megan L Vandenberg, Olivia H Hawkins, Eric Chier, Shirel R Kahane-Rapport, Adam P Summers, Cassandra M Donatelli","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blae075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blae075","url":null,"abstract":"Armour has been present in vertebrates for millions of years and has evolved independently several times in the ray finned fishes. While armour is typically considered defensive, it is a multifunctional trait with many plausible alternative functions. We explore the hydrodynamic function of armour in nine species of poachers (Agonidae) by visualizing flow to assess drag reduction. We used microcomputed tomography scans to categorize armour morphology into morphotypes, and compared the rugosity (surface roughness) across these morphotypes. We then used digital particle image velocimetry to visualize boundary layer separation along 3D-printed whole-body models made using the scans. Poacher armour comprises eight rows that, some distance behind the second dorsal fin, merge into six. We found four morphotypes, with higher rugosity observed for the prominent spine morphotype and the lowest rugosity in the no-spine morphotype. Principal component analysis revealed that much of the variation in armour morphology is driven by plate shape, spine size, and protrusion. The boundary layer was retained longer in species with larger spines. Overall, the presence of a spine increased boundary layer retention, decreasing the drag, which is advantageous for these benthic fish.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blae076
Thomas J Firneno, Gabrielle T Welsh, Jennifer M Gumm, Erica L Larson, Robin M Tinghitella
Sensory drive can lead to the evolution of signals that are optimized to the environment in which they are perceived. However, when environmental conditions change, the interactions between signal, environment, and receiver may also shift, leading to the evolution of a new signal optimum or more categorical shifts in sexual signals (gains or losses). We evaluated how visual systems have evolved following a change in environment and male signal, and whether visual system divergence contributes to reproductive isolation between ancestral and derived types in red and black morphs of Pacific Northwest freshwater threespine stickleback. We found that opsin sequence was tuned to enhance the perceived contrast of black fish on a red-shifted light background, whereas opsin expression was not. Further, we found no evidence for homotypic preferences or assortative mating between colour morphs; males of both morphs were equally successful in no-choice mating contexts, perhaps because black males are more vigorous courters. Together, our results suggest that habitat transitions in black stickleback have led to a shift in sensory-drive dynamics with some aspects of the visual system and behaviour evolving in response to other factors (foraging or predation) or lagging behind the evolution of opsin sequences in red-shifted environments.
{"title":"The evolution of sensory systems after signal change in threespine stickleback","authors":"Thomas J Firneno, Gabrielle T Welsh, Jennifer M Gumm, Erica L Larson, Robin M Tinghitella","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blae076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blae076","url":null,"abstract":"Sensory drive can lead to the evolution of signals that are optimized to the environment in which they are perceived. However, when environmental conditions change, the interactions between signal, environment, and receiver may also shift, leading to the evolution of a new signal optimum or more categorical shifts in sexual signals (gains or losses). We evaluated how visual systems have evolved following a change in environment and male signal, and whether visual system divergence contributes to reproductive isolation between ancestral and derived types in red and black morphs of Pacific Northwest freshwater threespine stickleback. We found that opsin sequence was tuned to enhance the perceived contrast of black fish on a red-shifted light background, whereas opsin expression was not. Further, we found no evidence for homotypic preferences or assortative mating between colour morphs; males of both morphs were equally successful in no-choice mating contexts, perhaps because black males are more vigorous courters. Together, our results suggest that habitat transitions in black stickleback have led to a shift in sensory-drive dynamics with some aspects of the visual system and behaviour evolving in response to other factors (foraging or predation) or lagging behind the evolution of opsin sequences in red-shifted environments.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blae074
André R de Souza, Vinicius M Lopez, Alexandre Somavilla, Fábio S Nascimento, Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira, Karla Yotoko
Variation in body size is a conspicuous phenomenon and much scientific interest has been devoted to study the processes affecting this trait. Clines of body size across geographical areas have been detected, supporting ecogeographical rules that describe spatial patterns of phenotypic differences driven by environmental variation. In social insects, the causes of body size variation have been best studied at the within-species level, even though interspecific variation is far more striking. This is the case of Polistes paper wasps, a model genus for sociobiological and ecological studies. Here, we examined whether environmental variation predicts interspecific differences in the body size of New World Polistes, a monophyletic clade widespread through the Americas. Dried museum specimens comprising females from 37 species and males from 28 species were measured. In a phylogenetically controlled analysis, body size was associated with latitude, environmental temperature, and environmental seasonality. Larger species were more likely at low latitudes, in warmer climates, or in environments with mild seasonality. There was no evidence for a phylogenetic signal in body size. These findings support a pattern consistent with the converse Bergmann’s rule, thus suggesting that the limited time for foraging and growth in environments with strong seasonality (or higher latitudes) selects for faster development and maturation at smaller sizes. If so, the evolutionary lability of body size reported here might have contributed to the geographical spread and species diversification in this genus.
{"title":"Interspecific variation in paper wasp body size supports the converse Bergmann’s rule","authors":"André R de Souza, Vinicius M Lopez, Alexandre Somavilla, Fábio S Nascimento, Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira, Karla Yotoko","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blae074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blae074","url":null,"abstract":"Variation in body size is a conspicuous phenomenon and much scientific interest has been devoted to study the processes affecting this trait. Clines of body size across geographical areas have been detected, supporting ecogeographical rules that describe spatial patterns of phenotypic differences driven by environmental variation. In social insects, the causes of body size variation have been best studied at the within-species level, even though interspecific variation is far more striking. This is the case of Polistes paper wasps, a model genus for sociobiological and ecological studies. Here, we examined whether environmental variation predicts interspecific differences in the body size of New World Polistes, a monophyletic clade widespread through the Americas. Dried museum specimens comprising females from 37 species and males from 28 species were measured. In a phylogenetically controlled analysis, body size was associated with latitude, environmental temperature, and environmental seasonality. Larger species were more likely at low latitudes, in warmer climates, or in environments with mild seasonality. There was no evidence for a phylogenetic signal in body size. These findings support a pattern consistent with the converse Bergmann’s rule, thus suggesting that the limited time for foraging and growth in environments with strong seasonality (or higher latitudes) selects for faster development and maturation at smaller sizes. If so, the evolutionary lability of body size reported here might have contributed to the geographical spread and species diversification in this genus.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blae072
Mariana C Dessi, Lucas A Magri, Fernando F Franco, Marco Antonio Del Lama
The Brazilian Cerrado biome stands out as a biodiversity hotspot, boasting a rich flora and endemic species. However, human activities have significantly altered nearly 80% of its area. Partamona cupira and Partamona mulata are stingless bees from the Cerrado that have received limited attention regarding their intraspecific variation. Our objective was to estimate the genetic and morphometric variation across the geographical distribution of these bees. We accomplished this by sequencing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions (COI and CytB genes) and obtaining phenotypic traits of wings using landmark-based approaches. Genetic analyses revealed a common pattern found in Partamona bees, characterized by high haplotype diversity, low nucleotide diversity, and the presence of exclusive low-frequency haplotypes. These characteristics support the hypothesis that stingless bees exhibit genetic structuring in their mtDNA due to their colony-dependent mode of reproduction. We observed an association between morphometric and geographical distances, suggesting that phenotypic gradients may be produced by environmental factors. The time to the most recent common ancestor for P. cupira and P. mulata was estimated at 147.8 and 284.0 kya, respectively. Demographic analyses suggested population equilibrium for both species, indicating that climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene had no impact on the distributions of P. cupira and P. mulata.
{"title":"Genetic and morphometric variation in populations of Partamona cupira and Partamona mulata, stingless bees endemic to the Cerrado biome in Brazil","authors":"Mariana C Dessi, Lucas A Magri, Fernando F Franco, Marco Antonio Del Lama","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blae072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blae072","url":null,"abstract":"The Brazilian Cerrado biome stands out as a biodiversity hotspot, boasting a rich flora and endemic species. However, human activities have significantly altered nearly 80% of its area. Partamona cupira and Partamona mulata are stingless bees from the Cerrado that have received limited attention regarding their intraspecific variation. Our objective was to estimate the genetic and morphometric variation across the geographical distribution of these bees. We accomplished this by sequencing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions (COI and CytB genes) and obtaining phenotypic traits of wings using landmark-based approaches. Genetic analyses revealed a common pattern found in Partamona bees, characterized by high haplotype diversity, low nucleotide diversity, and the presence of exclusive low-frequency haplotypes. These characteristics support the hypothesis that stingless bees exhibit genetic structuring in their mtDNA due to their colony-dependent mode of reproduction. We observed an association between morphometric and geographical distances, suggesting that phenotypic gradients may be produced by environmental factors. The time to the most recent common ancestor for P. cupira and P. mulata was estimated at 147.8 and 284.0 kya, respectively. Demographic analyses suggested population equilibrium for both species, indicating that climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene had no impact on the distributions of P. cupira and P. mulata.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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