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A cetacean limb from the Middle Eocene of Ukraine sheds light on mammalian adaptations to life in water 在乌克兰始新世中期发现的鲸类动物肢体揭示了哺乳动物对水中生活的适应
3区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad131
Svitozar Davydenko, Eugene Solyanik, Roman Tretiakov, Oleksandr Kovalchuk, Pavel Gol’din
Abstract There are a few mammalian lineages secondarily adapted to life in water throughout their evolutionary history. Of them, only sirenians and cetaceans evolved as fully aquatic organisms. This transition was accompanied by changes in swimming mode, from foot paddling to tail-powered propulsion, with the forelimbs acting as efficient hydrofoils and the gradual loss of external hindlimbs. Here, we describe an isolated limb from the Middle Eocene of Ukraine, 43–42 Mya, identified as a hindlimb of a fully aquatic cetacean and being the earliest cetacean reported from Europe. It is represented by flattened, jointly articulated bones, identified as the tibia and fibula with a partly reduced knee joint and loose connection to the pes, and by flattened phalanges. This anatomy reveals a hitherto only presumed cetacean morphotype, showing that some of the early fully aquatic cetaceans were four-legged animals with functional hindlimbs that could be involved in advanced styles of swimming. They used either body undulation or lift-based propulsion powered by the tail or feet and could also use a transitional swimming style combining these modes.
在整个进化过程中,有一些哺乳动物谱系是二级适应水中生活的。其中,只有海鲸类和鲸类进化为完全的水生生物。这种转变伴随着游泳方式的变化,从用脚划水到用尾巴推进,前肢作为有效的水翼,后肢逐渐失去外部。在这里,我们描述了来自乌克兰中始新世的一个孤立的肢体,43-42 Mya,被确定为完全水生鲸类动物的后肢,是欧洲报道的最早的鲸类动物。其表现为扁平、关节相连的骨骼,即胫骨和腓骨,膝关节部分复位,与足部连接松散,指骨扁平。这一解剖揭示了一种迄今为止唯一被推测的鲸类形态,表明一些早期完全水生的鲸类动物是四足动物,具有后肢功能,可能参与了高级游泳方式。他们要么使用身体波动,要么使用由尾巴或脚提供动力的升力推进,也可以使用结合这些模式的过渡游泳风格。
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引用次数: 0
Multiple ornaments: trade-offs and redundancy in signalling functions in male and female varied tits (Sittiparus varius) 多种装饰:雄性和雌性不同山雀信号功能的权衡和冗余
3区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad150
Ruiyao Ma, Yiting Jiang, Dongmei Wan
Abstract Signals conveyed by ornaments can be indicators in the process of sexual selection. Specifically, signals may be superimposed on each other to represent an individual’s quality, convey different information, or offer redundant information. As much of the research in this area has focused on relationships between diverse signals in males, those of females have largely been overlooked. From 2022 to 2023, we tested whether three traits, namely acoustic (song display) and visual ornaments (patch size and carotenoid-based plumage coloration), and morphology (wing and tail length), were interrelated in males and whether visual ornaments and morphology were interrelated in females in a wild population of varied tits (Sittiparus varius). We found that males with brighter and more reddish plumage sang at lower maximum and minimum frequencies, with narrower bandwidths and lower frequency peaks. Similarly, a negative correlation between tail length and carotenoid-based plumage coloration was observed in both sexes. Furthermore, a positive relationship was found between signals within traits. These results highlight the trade-offs in signals between different traits, as well as the consistency within the same traits.
装饰物传递的信号可以作为性选择过程中的指示物。具体来说,信号可以相互叠加,以代表个人的素质,传达不同的信息,或提供冗余的信息。由于这一领域的许多研究都集中在男性不同信号之间的关系上,而女性的信号在很大程度上被忽视了。从2022年到2023年,我们测试了雄性山雀(Sittiparus varius)野生种群的声学(鸣叫)和视觉装饰(斑块大小和类胡萝卜素为基础的羽毛颜色)和形态(翅膀和尾巴长度)三个特征是否相关,以及雌性山雀(Sittiparus varius)视觉装饰和形态是否相关。我们发现,羽毛更亮、更红的雄鸟以更低的最高和最低频率唱歌,带宽更窄,频率峰值更低。同样,在两性中,尾巴长度和基于类胡萝卜素的羽毛颜色之间也观察到负相关。此外,性状内信号之间存在正相关关系。这些结果突出了不同特征之间信号的权衡,以及相同特征内的一致性。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: Ganoderma from Cuba: an approach to some species based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses 更正:来自古巴的灵芝:基于形态学和系统发育分析对某些物种的研究
3区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad158
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引用次数: 0
The genetic diversity and population structure of Macridiscus multifarius along the coast of China using IIB-RAD sequencing 利用IIB-RAD测序分析中国沿海多花大白菜的遗传多样性和群体结构
3区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad139
Zhong Li, Yingying Ye, Jiji Li, Baoying Guo
Abstract The clam Macridiscus multifarius is ecologically and economically important in the coastal regions of China. In this study, the IIB-RAD method was used to investigate the population diversity and structure of M. multifarius along the coast of China. Genomic DNA was extracted, sequenced, and subjected, resulting in 110.88 Gb of clean reads. Analysis showed that the M. multifarius populations along the coast of China exhibited a moderate to high level of genetic diversity (mean: HO = 0.272, HE = 0.365, π = 0.390, and FIS = 0.268). Further analysis of high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms was used to generate a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree, principal component analysis, and FST values. The results revealed that there is no notable genetic differentiation among the nine M. multifarius populations south of the Yangtze River estuary. However, the Yancheng population shows clear genetic differentiation compared with the other nine populations, possibly linked to the barrier effect of the Yangtze dilution water and ocean current system. We believe that these results provide genetic insights for fisheries management to plan fisheries policies for M. multifarius and conserve natural resources.
摘要多花蛤在中国沿海地区具有重要的生态和经济意义。本研究采用IIB-RAD方法对中国沿海地区多毛鼠的种群多样性和结构进行了研究。提取基因组DNA,测序和处理,得到110.88 Gb的干净reads。结果表明,中国沿海地区多毛鼠居群的遗传多样性为中高水平(HO = 0.272, HE = 0.365, π = 0.390, FIS = 0.268)。对高质量单核苷酸多态性的进一步分析用于生成最大似然系统发育树、主成分分析和FST值。结果表明,长江口以南9个多毛鼠居群间没有明显的遗传分化。然而,盐城种群与其他9个种群相比表现出明显的遗传分化,这可能与长江稀释水和洋流系统的屏障效应有关。我们认为这些结果为渔业管理提供了遗传见解,以规划多法螺旋藻的渔业政策和保护自然资源。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting a cryptic species complex: interspecific gene flow among woodland salamanders in the Blue Ridge Mountains of northern Georgia, USA 重访一个神秘的物种复合体:美国乔治亚州北部蓝岭山脉林地蝾螈的种间基因流动
3区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad146
Todd W Pierson, Carlos D Camp, Jadin Cross, Jessica A Wooten, John B Jensen, Matt J Elliott
Abstract The complex topography of mountainous landscapes can create biogeographical barriers and promote allopatric speciation—even among morphologically cryptic species. However, these biogeographical barriers may not be permanent, and secondary contact between previously independently evolving populations can result in hybridization and introgression. In this study, we used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data to re-examine a classic example of cryptic species in the Appalachian Mountains: the slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus) species complex. This group of morphologically similar terrestrial salamanders includes 14 species with parapatric distributions across the eastern USA. We focused on the Chattahoochee slimy salamander (P. chattahoochee) in northern Georgia and used a series of complementary phylogenomic and population genomic analyses to evaluate spatial genetic structure within this species and admixture with at least four other species of parapatric woodland salamanders. Our results highlight the utility of genomic data in clarifying species boundaries and underline the difficulty of species delimitation in organisms with complex evolutionary histories.
山地景观的复杂地形可以形成生物地理屏障,促进物种异域化,甚至在形态上隐蔽的物种之间。然而,这些生物地理障碍可能不是永久的,以前独立进化的种群之间的二次接触可能导致杂交和渐渗。在这项研究中,我们使用全基因组单核苷酸多态性数据重新研究了阿巴拉契亚山脉一个典型的隐物种:黏滑蝾螈(Plethodon glutinosus)物种复合体。这组形态相似的陆生蝾螈包括14种,分布在美国东部。本研究以佐治亚州北部的查塔胡奇黏滑蝾螈(P. Chattahoochee)为研究对象,利用一系列互补的系统基因组学和种群基因组学分析来评估该物种的空间遗传结构,并与至少4种其他林地类蝾螈混合。我们的研究结果强调了基因组数据在澄清物种边界方面的效用,并强调了具有复杂进化历史的生物体中物种划分的困难。
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引用次数: 0
Biogeography and diversification of the Caribbean clade of Miconia (Melastomataceae): a Cuban origin underlies one of the largest Antillean radiations Miconia (Melastomataceae)的加勒比分支的生物地理学和多样化:古巴起源是安的列斯群岛最大的辐射之一
3区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-21 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad048
Lucas C Majure, Lucas F Bacci, Eldis R Bécquer, Walter S Judd, Teodoro Clase, J Dan Skean, Fabián A Michelangeli
Abstract The Greater Antilles are renowned as a biodiversity hotspot and known to be geologically complex, which has led, in part, to the generation of organismal diversity in this area. One of the most species-rich montane groups within the Greater Antilles is the tribe Miconieae (Miconia s.l.) of the Melastomataceae, with ca. 325 species found there. The most diverse clade of Miconia in the Caribbean, the Caribbean clade, composes roughly half of that diversity, with an estimated 160 species, nearly all of which are endemic to the Greater Antilles. It is unclear how that diversity has been generated through time or where it originated, but we now have sufficiently well-sampled and robust datasets to test these patterns. Using a custom-built plastome dataset, we generated a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for 106 of the 160 Caribbean clade members and tested biogeographical patterns among the islands. Our results suggest that the Caribbean clade originated in the mid-Miocene, probably from a South American ancestor, and diversified substantially on the island of Cuba before repeatedly dispersing across other parts of the Greater Antilles, especially into nearby Hispaniola and then, to a lesser extent, into Jamaica, Puerto Rico and, finally, into the Lesser Antilles.
大安的列斯群岛是著名的生物多样性热点地区,以其复杂的地质结构而闻名,这在一定程度上导致了该地区生物多样性的产生。在大安的列斯群岛的山地种群中,物种最丰富的是蜜花科的Miconieae (Miconia s.l.)部落,在那里发现了大约325种。加勒比地区最多样化的Miconia分支,加勒比分支,大约占了这种多样性的一半,估计有160种,几乎所有这些都是大安的列斯群岛特有的。目前尚不清楚这种多样性是如何随着时间的推移而产生的,也不清楚它起源于哪里,但我们现在有足够的样本和可靠的数据集来测试这些模式。使用定制的质体组数据集,我们对160个加勒比分支成员中的106个产生了强大的系统发育假设,并测试了岛屿之间的生物地理模式。我们的研究结果表明,加勒比分支起源于中新世中期,可能来自南美洲的祖先,在古巴岛上大量多样化,然后反复分散到大安的列斯群岛的其他地区,特别是到附近的伊斯帕尼奥拉岛,然后在较小程度上进入牙买加,波多黎各,最后进入小安的列斯群岛。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of habitat and migration on plumage colour in Cardinalidae 生境和迁徙对红雀科鸟类羽毛颜色的影响
3区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad066
Benjamin F Scott, Allison J Shultz, Kevin J Burns
Abstract Plumage coloration arises from a complex concert of selection pressures incorporating regional ecology, the light environment and genomic architecture. Here, we analyse the evolution of coloration in cardinals and grosbeaks (Cardinalidae) from the avian visual perspective and test the relative roles of life-history traits in shaping plumage evolution. We incorporate life-history data from three separate sources to analyse the correlated evolution of plumage coloration and ecological and habitat classifications for males and females. Our results show that males and females evolve under different axes of selection and that correlations with life-history traits differ between the sexes. We find that preferences for semi-open, fragmented habitat are correlated with male, but not female, plumage complexity. We also find that migration, long heralded as a driver of sexual dichromatism, is correlated with reduced plumage complexity in females, but not significantly correlated with male plumage coloration. Finally, our results showcase that user-defined categorical metrics can influence or, potentially, even mislead the interpretation of results, highlighting the need to measure habitat quantitatively rather than with subjective, categorical metrics.
羽毛的颜色产生于复杂的选择压力,包括区域生态、光环境和基因组结构。本文从鸟类视觉角度分析了红雀和粗嘴鸟的颜色进化,并测试了生活史特征在羽毛进化中的相对作用。我们结合了三个不同来源的生活史数据,分析了雄性和雌性羽毛颜色的相关进化以及生态和栖息地分类。我们的研究结果表明,雄性和雌性在不同的选择轴下进化,并且与生活史特征的相关性在两性之间是不同的。我们发现,对半开放、碎片化栖息地的偏好与雄性、而非雌性羽毛的复杂性相关。我们还发现,迁徙,长期以来被认为是性别二色性的驱动因素,与雌性羽毛复杂性的降低有关,但与雄性羽毛颜色的关系不显著。最后,我们的结果表明,用户定义的分类度量可以影响,甚至潜在地误导对结果的解释,强调需要定量地测量栖息地,而不是使用主观的分类度量。
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引用次数: 0
Evolutionary history of Magnolia sect. Talauma (Magnoliaceae) in Cuba 标题古巴木兰科木兰花的进化历史
3区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad054
Ernesto Testé, Majela Hernández-Rodríguez, Salvador Guzmán Díaz, Alejandro Palmarola, Emily Veltjen, Eldis R Bécquer, Fabián A Aldaba-Nuñez, Marie-Stephanie Samain, Luis R González Torres, Thierry Robert
Abstract Evolutionary biologists recognize that understanding the phylogenetic history of closely related species is challenging without considering their population genetics history. The taxonomy of Magnolia sect. Talauma in Cuba has long been debated, with several changes in taxon delimitations. All these taxonomic revisions were based exclusively on leaf morphological characteristics of a few individuals, limiting their ability to elucidate taxon boundaries. Recent studies have focused on conservation genetics and species delimitation of Cuban magnolias, based on ecological, morphological and genetic data. Here, we use full plastome sequences and microsatellite data to infer phylogenetic relationships and potential historical migration events among species in Magnolia sect. Talauma in Cuba. Bayesian phylogeny and TreeMix were used to understand the phylogenetic relationships. Based on this, Magnolia sect. Talauma in Cuba does not comprise a monophyletic group. The data continue to show a highly supported unresolved species complex in the taxa of Magnolia subsect. Talauma from north-eastern Cuba. From a taxonomic point of view, our results do not entirely support the most recent taxonomic review proposed for the family in Cuba.
进化生物学家认识到,如果不考虑种群遗传历史,了解近亲物种的系统发育历史是具有挑战性的。在古巴,白玉兰科的分类一直争论不休,在分类单元划分上发生了几次变化。所有这些分类修正都是完全基于少数个体的叶片形态特征,限制了它们阐明分类群边界的能力。最近的研究主要集中在古巴木兰的保护遗传学和物种划界,基于生态、形态和遗传数据。本研究利用全质体组序列和微卫星数据,推断了古巴木兰科Talauma种间的系统发育关系和潜在的历史迁移事件。利用贝叶斯系统发育和TreeMix来了解系统发育关系。以此为基础,古巴的Talauma白玉兰节不包括一个单系群。这些数据继续显示木兰亚组分类群中高度支持的未解决的物种复合体。来自古巴东北部的塔拉马。从分类学的角度来看,我们的结果并不完全支持最近提出的对古巴家庭的分类学审查。
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引用次数: 1
Cuba: biodiversity, conservation and evolution 古巴:生物多样性、保护和进化
3区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad130
Bernardo Reyes-Tur, Roberto Alonso Bosch, Eldis R Bécquer, José Ángel García-Beltrán
Abstract The West Indies can be considered as a laboratory of biogeography and evolution, and the Caribbean Islands constitute one of the planet’s biodiversity hotspots. Within the region, Cuba is the largest island and is crucial to gaining an understanding of the origin and evolutionary history of Caribbean flora and fauna. This paper provides an introduction to a Special Issue of the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society on current Cuban plant and animal biodiversity, with an emphasis on evolutionary biology and biogeography. The present issue includes 10 contributions and addresses a wide diversity of species and taxonomic groups, study levels, and research tools. This collection of articles not only provides an integrative vision of Cuba’s biodiversity and the potential patterns and processes involved in its evolutionary history, but could also provide food for future research on its biodiversity from an evolutionary perspective.
西印度群岛是生物地理学和进化的实验室,加勒比群岛是地球生物多样性的热点地区之一。在该区域内,古巴是最大的岛屿,对了解加勒比动植物的起源和进化历史至关重要。本文介绍了林奈学会生物杂志的特刊,介绍了当前古巴动植物的生物多样性,重点是进化生物学和生物地理学。本期包括10篇投稿,涉及物种和分类类群、研究水平和研究工具的广泛多样性。这组文章不仅提供了对古巴生物多样性及其进化史中可能涉及的模式和过程的综合看法,而且还可以为今后从进化角度研究其生物多样性提供资料。
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引用次数: 0
Evolutionary transition from surface to subterranean living in Australian water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) through adaptive and relaxed selection 澳大利亚水甲虫(鞘翅目:瓢虫科)通过适应和放松选择从地表生活到地下生活的进化转变
3区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad142
Yuxuan Zhao, Michelle T Guzik, William F Humphreys, Christopher H S Watts, Steven J B Cooper, Emma Sherratt
Abstract Over the last 5 million years, numerous species of Australian stygobiotic (subterranean and aquatic) beetles have evolved underground following independent colonization of aquifers by surface ancestors, providing a set of repeated evolutionary transitions from surface to subterranean life. We used this system as an ‘evolutionary experiment’ to investigate whether relaxed selection has provided a source of variability for adaptive radiations into ecosystems containing open niches and whether this variability underpins phenotypic evolution in cave animals. Linear and landmark-based measurements were used to quantify the morphology of subterranean species from different aquifers, compared to interstitial and closely related aquatic surface species. Subterranean dytiscids were observed to be morphologically distinct, suggesting they have a different lifestyle compared to their surface relatives. However, variation in the measured traits was much greater in the subterranean species, and unstructured, showing no evidence of clustering that would indicate adaptation to specific niches. Furthermore, a previously identified pattern of repeated nonoverlapping size variation in beetles across aquifers was not correlated with repeated body shape evolution. The observed variability across body shape and limb traits provides support for the hypothesis that relaxed selection and neutral evolution underlie the phenotypic evolution in these species.
在过去的500万年里,许多种类的澳大利亚茎生(地下和水生)甲虫在地表祖先独立定居含水层后在地下进化,提供了一系列从地表到地下生命的重复进化过渡。我们使用这个系统作为一个“进化实验”来研究放松选择是否为包含开放生态位的生态系统的适应性辐射提供了变异性的来源,以及这种变异性是否支持洞穴动物的表型进化。采用线性和基于地标的测量来量化来自不同含水层的地下物种的形态,并与间隙和密切相关的水面水生物种进行比较。地下dytiscids被观察到在形态上是不同的,这表明它们与地表近亲相比有不同的生活方式。然而,在地下物种中,测量到的性状变化要大得多,而且是非结构化的,没有证据表明聚类可以表明对特定生态位的适应。此外,以前发现的甲虫跨含水层的重复的不重叠的大小变化模式与重复的体型进化无关。观察到的体型和肢体特征的差异为这些物种的表型进化提供了宽松选择和中性进化的假设。
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引用次数: 0
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Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
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