Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad130
Bernardo Reyes-Tur, Roberto Alonso Bosch, Eldis R Bécquer, José Ángel García-Beltrán
Abstract The West Indies can be considered as a laboratory of biogeography and evolution, and the Caribbean Islands constitute one of the planet’s biodiversity hotspots. Within the region, Cuba is the largest island and is crucial to gaining an understanding of the origin and evolutionary history of Caribbean flora and fauna. This paper provides an introduction to a Special Issue of the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society on current Cuban plant and animal biodiversity, with an emphasis on evolutionary biology and biogeography. The present issue includes 10 contributions and addresses a wide diversity of species and taxonomic groups, study levels, and research tools. This collection of articles not only provides an integrative vision of Cuba’s biodiversity and the potential patterns and processes involved in its evolutionary history, but could also provide food for future research on its biodiversity from an evolutionary perspective.
{"title":"Cuba: biodiversity, conservation and evolution","authors":"Bernardo Reyes-Tur, Roberto Alonso Bosch, Eldis R Bécquer, José Ángel García-Beltrán","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad130","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The West Indies can be considered as a laboratory of biogeography and evolution, and the Caribbean Islands constitute one of the planet’s biodiversity hotspots. Within the region, Cuba is the largest island and is crucial to gaining an understanding of the origin and evolutionary history of Caribbean flora and fauna. This paper provides an introduction to a Special Issue of the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society on current Cuban plant and animal biodiversity, with an emphasis on evolutionary biology and biogeography. The present issue includes 10 contributions and addresses a wide diversity of species and taxonomic groups, study levels, and research tools. This collection of articles not only provides an integrative vision of Cuba’s biodiversity and the potential patterns and processes involved in its evolutionary history, but could also provide food for future research on its biodiversity from an evolutionary perspective.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135668069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad142
Yuxuan Zhao, Michelle T Guzik, William F Humphreys, Christopher H S Watts, Steven J B Cooper, Emma Sherratt
Abstract Over the last 5 million years, numerous species of Australian stygobiotic (subterranean and aquatic) beetles have evolved underground following independent colonization of aquifers by surface ancestors, providing a set of repeated evolutionary transitions from surface to subterranean life. We used this system as an ‘evolutionary experiment’ to investigate whether relaxed selection has provided a source of variability for adaptive radiations into ecosystems containing open niches and whether this variability underpins phenotypic evolution in cave animals. Linear and landmark-based measurements were used to quantify the morphology of subterranean species from different aquifers, compared to interstitial and closely related aquatic surface species. Subterranean dytiscids were observed to be morphologically distinct, suggesting they have a different lifestyle compared to their surface relatives. However, variation in the measured traits was much greater in the subterranean species, and unstructured, showing no evidence of clustering that would indicate adaptation to specific niches. Furthermore, a previously identified pattern of repeated nonoverlapping size variation in beetles across aquifers was not correlated with repeated body shape evolution. The observed variability across body shape and limb traits provides support for the hypothesis that relaxed selection and neutral evolution underlie the phenotypic evolution in these species.
{"title":"Evolutionary transition from surface to subterranean living in Australian water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) through adaptive and relaxed selection","authors":"Yuxuan Zhao, Michelle T Guzik, William F Humphreys, Christopher H S Watts, Steven J B Cooper, Emma Sherratt","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad142","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over the last 5 million years, numerous species of Australian stygobiotic (subterranean and aquatic) beetles have evolved underground following independent colonization of aquifers by surface ancestors, providing a set of repeated evolutionary transitions from surface to subterranean life. We used this system as an ‘evolutionary experiment’ to investigate whether relaxed selection has provided a source of variability for adaptive radiations into ecosystems containing open niches and whether this variability underpins phenotypic evolution in cave animals. Linear and landmark-based measurements were used to quantify the morphology of subterranean species from different aquifers, compared to interstitial and closely related aquatic surface species. Subterranean dytiscids were observed to be morphologically distinct, suggesting they have a different lifestyle compared to their surface relatives. However, variation in the measured traits was much greater in the subterranean species, and unstructured, showing no evidence of clustering that would indicate adaptation to specific niches. Furthermore, a previously identified pattern of repeated nonoverlapping size variation in beetles across aquifers was not correlated with repeated body shape evolution. The observed variability across body shape and limb traits provides support for the hypothesis that relaxed selection and neutral evolution underlie the phenotypic evolution in these species.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135666731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad122
Timothy P Robins, Rachel M Binks, Margaret Byrne, Stephen D Hopper
Abstract Morphological variation is common within widely distributed plant species and often raises interesting taxonomic and evolutionary questions. We sampled eight typical inland populations and two coastal dwarf populations of Banksia occidentalis to assess whether the coastal variant warrants taxonomic recognition. Genomic (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and morphometric analyses were undertaken to assess the variation within and between variants. Genetically, the coastal populations were more closely related to geographically adjacent populations of the typical variant than they were to each other, indicating that each coastal population has originated independently. Morphologically, the coastal populations also did not represent a cohesive phenotypic group, with both falling outside the range of variation for the typical variant, but also not overlapping each other. Wide morphological, but not genomic, variation was identified along a coastal–inland transect. Combined, these data indicate that the morphological variation in these coastal populations is the result of parallel ecotype evolution from experiencing similar environmental conditions and does not represent the diversification of a distinct evolutionary lineage that would have warranted taxonomic recognition. Our study highlights the consequences of strong selection pressures in marginal environments and provides fascinating insight to the long evolutionary history of the flora in this ancient Australian landscape.
{"title":"Coastal dwarf variants of the red swamp <i>Banksia</i> (Proteaceae) represent parallel ecotypic evolution rather than a divergent evolutionary lineage of single origin","authors":"Timothy P Robins, Rachel M Binks, Margaret Byrne, Stephen D Hopper","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad122","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Morphological variation is common within widely distributed plant species and often raises interesting taxonomic and evolutionary questions. We sampled eight typical inland populations and two coastal dwarf populations of Banksia occidentalis to assess whether the coastal variant warrants taxonomic recognition. Genomic (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and morphometric analyses were undertaken to assess the variation within and between variants. Genetically, the coastal populations were more closely related to geographically adjacent populations of the typical variant than they were to each other, indicating that each coastal population has originated independently. Morphologically, the coastal populations also did not represent a cohesive phenotypic group, with both falling outside the range of variation for the typical variant, but also not overlapping each other. Wide morphological, but not genomic, variation was identified along a coastal–inland transect. Combined, these data indicate that the morphological variation in these coastal populations is the result of parallel ecotype evolution from experiencing similar environmental conditions and does not represent the diversification of a distinct evolutionary lineage that would have warranted taxonomic recognition. Our study highlights the consequences of strong selection pressures in marginal environments and provides fascinating insight to the long evolutionary history of the flora in this ancient Australian landscape.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135729216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad137
Kyle R Piller, Elyse Parker, Caleb D McMahan, Diego J Elías, Wilfredo A Matamoros, Ernesto Velázquez Velázquez
Abstract A variety of hierarchical gene flow models have been proposed to explain the distribution of genetic variation in aquatic environments. These models, including the Stream Hierarchy (SH), Death Valley (DV), Headwater (HW), and Widespread Gene flow (WG) models, provide testable hypotheses that focus on the degree of within-basin or within-stream network connectivity and an organism’s dispersal abilities. We tested these models using Tlaloc hildebrandi (Profundulidae, Cyprinodontiformes), a freshwater fish endemic to the highlands of the Grijalva and Usumacinta River basins in southern Mexico. Data from ultraconserved elements (UCEs) showed that although T. hildebrandi was recovered as monophyletic, the sub-basins were not. We generated single nucleotide polymorphisms from the UCEs to analyse the data in a population genetic framework. These results differed between analyses such that two (STRUCTURE analysis) or three (DAPC analysis) genetic groupings were recovered. Overall, the results of this study provide support for the SH model. Some individuals from the Jataté sub-basin, however, conformed to the HW model, due to historical connections among headwater streams and rivers of the Jataté and Amarillo–Chenalhó clades/clusters. The greatest degree of gene flow has occurred from the Grijlava to the Usumacinta basins, two geographically proximate basins that have been hypothesized to have had previous connections.
{"title":"Highland islands: assessing gene flow among populations of an aquatic highland endemic","authors":"Kyle R Piller, Elyse Parker, Caleb D McMahan, Diego J Elías, Wilfredo A Matamoros, Ernesto Velázquez Velázquez","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad137","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A variety of hierarchical gene flow models have been proposed to explain the distribution of genetic variation in aquatic environments. These models, including the Stream Hierarchy (SH), Death Valley (DV), Headwater (HW), and Widespread Gene flow (WG) models, provide testable hypotheses that focus on the degree of within-basin or within-stream network connectivity and an organism’s dispersal abilities. We tested these models using Tlaloc hildebrandi (Profundulidae, Cyprinodontiformes), a freshwater fish endemic to the highlands of the Grijalva and Usumacinta River basins in southern Mexico. Data from ultraconserved elements (UCEs) showed that although T. hildebrandi was recovered as monophyletic, the sub-basins were not. We generated single nucleotide polymorphisms from the UCEs to analyse the data in a population genetic framework. These results differed between analyses such that two (STRUCTURE analysis) or three (DAPC analysis) genetic groupings were recovered. Overall, the results of this study provide support for the SH model. Some individuals from the Jataté sub-basin, however, conformed to the HW model, due to historical connections among headwater streams and rivers of the Jataté and Amarillo–Chenalhó clades/clusters. The greatest degree of gene flow has occurred from the Grijlava to the Usumacinta basins, two geographically proximate basins that have been hypothesized to have had previous connections.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135994807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-14DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad144
Evelyn M Raphalo, Mary L Cole, Savel R Daniels
Abstract We investigated the evolutionary patterns of two forest-dwelling endemic terrestrial snails (Gittenedouardia spadicea and Maizania wahlbergi) in the Maputaland–Pondoland–Albany biodiversity hotspot in South Africa to examine the degree of phylogeographical congruence between the two species. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence time estimations within each species were inferred using the combined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence dataset for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and large subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA). In addition, the rapidly evolving COI datasets were used to infer intraspecific genetic structure and population differentiation within both species. Phylogeographical concordance factor (PCF) analysis was used to statistically estimate the degree of congruence between the two species at localities where both species were sampled. Phylogenetically, G. spadicea exhibited two clades that diverged during the Plio/Pleistocene, while M. wahlbergi formed a single shallow clade that showed Pleistocene divergence. The haplotype networks for the COI locus demonstrated evidence of geographical and genetic isolation within both species. PCF analysis demonstrated partial phylogeographical concordance, suggesting that the two species may have been affected by similar ancient climatic events. Traits other than poor dispersal capabilities and limited gene flow may also influence how a species responds to fluctuating climate change.
{"title":"Phylogeography of two codistributed terrestrial snails in the Maputaland–Pondoland–Albany biodiversity hotspot, South Africa","authors":"Evelyn M Raphalo, Mary L Cole, Savel R Daniels","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad144","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We investigated the evolutionary patterns of two forest-dwelling endemic terrestrial snails (Gittenedouardia spadicea and Maizania wahlbergi) in the Maputaland–Pondoland–Albany biodiversity hotspot in South Africa to examine the degree of phylogeographical congruence between the two species. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence time estimations within each species were inferred using the combined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence dataset for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and large subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA). In addition, the rapidly evolving COI datasets were used to infer intraspecific genetic structure and population differentiation within both species. Phylogeographical concordance factor (PCF) analysis was used to statistically estimate the degree of congruence between the two species at localities where both species were sampled. Phylogenetically, G. spadicea exhibited two clades that diverged during the Plio/Pleistocene, while M. wahlbergi formed a single shallow clade that showed Pleistocene divergence. The haplotype networks for the COI locus demonstrated evidence of geographical and genetic isolation within both species. PCF analysis demonstrated partial phylogeographical concordance, suggesting that the two species may have been affected by similar ancient climatic events. Traits other than poor dispersal capabilities and limited gene flow may also influence how a species responds to fluctuating climate change.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135767401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-14DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad143
Jake A Jacobs, Jhan C Salazar, Kristin M Winchell
Abstract Colours relay information to conspecifics and predators unique to an environment and are shaped by natural selection favouring colours that enable higher fitness. For decades, ecologists have grappled with various methods of quantifying colour. Spectrophotometers offer precise and accurate data, but their high price limits accessibility. Here we test the validity of an accessible method of quantifying colour. We analysed photographs from four species of Anolis lizards from urban and forest habitats. We compared dewlap colour in order to determine if photographic analysis can detect inter- and intraspecific differences with the same power as a spectrophotometer. We hypothesized that photographs would capture colour data comparable to a spectrophotometer within the visible light range, and that habitat divergence would be associated with intraspecific differences in dewlap. We demonstrate, as hypothesized, that photographic colour data are consistent with spectrophotometer data and capable of differentiating dewlap variation within the visible light spectrum. Differences in colour between urban and forest populations were significant for some but not all species, and the part of the colour spectrum that shifted was not consistent across species. Our results support photographic analysis as an alternative for quantifying colour to study both inter- and intraspecific variation in visible colour.
{"title":"A picture is worth a thousand dollars: a photographic approach to studying colour in anoles","authors":"Jake A Jacobs, Jhan C Salazar, Kristin M Winchell","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad143","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Colours relay information to conspecifics and predators unique to an environment and are shaped by natural selection favouring colours that enable higher fitness. For decades, ecologists have grappled with various methods of quantifying colour. Spectrophotometers offer precise and accurate data, but their high price limits accessibility. Here we test the validity of an accessible method of quantifying colour. We analysed photographs from four species of Anolis lizards from urban and forest habitats. We compared dewlap colour in order to determine if photographic analysis can detect inter- and intraspecific differences with the same power as a spectrophotometer. We hypothesized that photographs would capture colour data comparable to a spectrophotometer within the visible light range, and that habitat divergence would be associated with intraspecific differences in dewlap. We demonstrate, as hypothesized, that photographic colour data are consistent with spectrophotometer data and capable of differentiating dewlap variation within the visible light spectrum. Differences in colour between urban and forest populations were significant for some but not all species, and the part of the colour spectrum that shifted was not consistent across species. Our results support photographic analysis as an alternative for quantifying colour to study both inter- and intraspecific variation in visible colour.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135766270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-14DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad125
Diego J Santana, Eric Ragalzi, Ricardo Koroiva, Sarah Mângia, Karoline Ceron, Felipe S F Leite, Donald B Shepard
Abstract Sky Islands present unique landscapes for organismal evolution because they comprise high mountain peaks separated by low valleys with vastly different environmental conditions. The Espinhaço Mountain Range in eastern Brazil is formed of groups of Sky Islands in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Several phylogeographic studies have discovered strong genetic structure among populations of organisms occupying the campo rupestre (rupestrian fields) in the mountains of the Espinhaço. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis of spatio-temporal structuring of populations of Scinax curicica in the campo rupestre of the Espinhaço. We recovered three lineages of S. curicica: one lineage occurs in the north portion of the Espinhaço (North Lineage) in an area called Chapada Diamantina, and other two occur in the south portion of the Espinhaço (South 1 and South 2 Lineages) in Minas Gerais. All three lineages showed stable population sizes through time, probably due to the climatic stability of mountaintop areas, which was supported by ecological niche modelling.
{"title":"Lineage diversification of the Sky Island treefrog <i>Scinax curicica</i> (Anura, Hylidae) in the Espinhaço Mountain Range","authors":"Diego J Santana, Eric Ragalzi, Ricardo Koroiva, Sarah Mângia, Karoline Ceron, Felipe S F Leite, Donald B Shepard","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad125","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sky Islands present unique landscapes for organismal evolution because they comprise high mountain peaks separated by low valleys with vastly different environmental conditions. The Espinhaço Mountain Range in eastern Brazil is formed of groups of Sky Islands in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Several phylogeographic studies have discovered strong genetic structure among populations of organisms occupying the campo rupestre (rupestrian fields) in the mountains of the Espinhaço. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis of spatio-temporal structuring of populations of Scinax curicica in the campo rupestre of the Espinhaço. We recovered three lineages of S. curicica: one lineage occurs in the north portion of the Espinhaço (North Lineage) in an area called Chapada Diamantina, and other two occur in the south portion of the Espinhaço (South 1 and South 2 Lineages) in Minas Gerais. All three lineages showed stable population sizes through time, probably due to the climatic stability of mountaintop areas, which was supported by ecological niche modelling.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"175 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135767309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad141
Saisai Wang, Zhongxia Guan, Mohamed Diaby, Emmanuel Asare, Numan Ullah, Wenzhu Jia, Bo Gao, Duonan Yu, Chengyi Song
Abstract High diversity and differential evolution profiles have been observed for DD34E/Tc1 transposons; several families originating from these groups, such as DD34E/ZB, DD34E/SB, DD35E/TR, DD36E/IC, and DD38E/IT, have been well defined. Even though Frisky, Tiang, Tsessebe, and Topi transposons have been identified in Anopheles gambiae, their taxonomic distribution and phylogenetic relationship in nature remain largely unknown. The evolutionary profiles of Frisky, Tiang, Tsessebe, and Topi homology transposons were investigated in the current study. In total, 254 homology transposons of Frisky, Tiang, Hob, Tsessebe, and Topi were obtained in 200 species by data mining. The phylogenetic tree revealed that these transposons were classified into five main clades (Frisky, Tiang, Hob, Tsessebe, and Topi) forming a monophyletic clade with 98% bootstrap support, belonging to the DD34E/Tc1 group, and named as Skipper (SK). SK transposons show a wide distribution in animals; however, differential taxonomic distribution patterns were observed for the subfamilies of Frisky, Tiang, Hob, Tsessebe, and Topi; extensive invasion of Frisky in animals was found, whereas Tiang, Hob, Tsessebe, and Topi were mainly detected in Diptera. SK elements share a similar structural organization and display high sequence identities across subfamilies. Evolutionary dynamics and structural analysis revealed that SKs in some species, such as Bombyx mori, Lordiphosa magnipectinata, Carassius gibelio, Triplophysa dalaica, and Silurus glanis, have recently evolved and present as intact copies, indicating that SKs in these genomes may be active. Together, these observations improve our understanding of the diversity of DD34E/Tc1 transposons and their impacts on genome evolution in animals.
{"title":"Evolution of <i>Skipper</i> (<i>SK</i>), a family of DD34E/<i>Tc1</i> transposons, in animals","authors":"Saisai Wang, Zhongxia Guan, Mohamed Diaby, Emmanuel Asare, Numan Ullah, Wenzhu Jia, Bo Gao, Duonan Yu, Chengyi Song","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad141","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract High diversity and differential evolution profiles have been observed for DD34E/Tc1 transposons; several families originating from these groups, such as DD34E/ZB, DD34E/SB, DD35E/TR, DD36E/IC, and DD38E/IT, have been well defined. Even though Frisky, Tiang, Tsessebe, and Topi transposons have been identified in Anopheles gambiae, their taxonomic distribution and phylogenetic relationship in nature remain largely unknown. The evolutionary profiles of Frisky, Tiang, Tsessebe, and Topi homology transposons were investigated in the current study. In total, 254 homology transposons of Frisky, Tiang, Hob, Tsessebe, and Topi were obtained in 200 species by data mining. The phylogenetic tree revealed that these transposons were classified into five main clades (Frisky, Tiang, Hob, Tsessebe, and Topi) forming a monophyletic clade with 98% bootstrap support, belonging to the DD34E/Tc1 group, and named as Skipper (SK). SK transposons show a wide distribution in animals; however, differential taxonomic distribution patterns were observed for the subfamilies of Frisky, Tiang, Hob, Tsessebe, and Topi; extensive invasion of Frisky in animals was found, whereas Tiang, Hob, Tsessebe, and Topi were mainly detected in Diptera. SK elements share a similar structural organization and display high sequence identities across subfamilies. Evolutionary dynamics and structural analysis revealed that SKs in some species, such as Bombyx mori, Lordiphosa magnipectinata, Carassius gibelio, Triplophysa dalaica, and Silurus glanis, have recently evolved and present as intact copies, indicating that SKs in these genomes may be active. Together, these observations improve our understanding of the diversity of DD34E/Tc1 transposons and their impacts on genome evolution in animals.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135918570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad136
Lisa M Schulte, Evan Twomey, Julia Jendras, Raciel Cruz-Elizalde, Franky Bossuyt
Abstract In many amphibians, males have sexually dimorphic breeding glands, which can produce proteinaceous or volatile pheromones, used for intraspecific communication. In this study we analyse two types of glands in the Mexican treefrog Ptychohyla macrotympanum (Hylidae)—large ventrolateral glands and small nuptial pads on their fingers—using histology, whole-transcriptome sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. We found strong differences in glandular tissue composition and gene expression patterns between the two breeding gland types. In both glands we only found low expression of protein pheromone candidates. Instead, in the ventrolateral glands, gene expression was strikingly dominated by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT)-like genes. The diversity of these genes was remarkably high, with at least 68 distinct NNMT-like genes. Our comparative phylogenetic analysis of the diversity of NNMT-like genes across vertebrates indicates that the extreme diversity of this gene is largely a frog-specific phenomenon and can be traced to large numbers of relatively recent gene duplications occurring independently in many lineages. The strong dominance and astonishing diversity of NNMT-like genes found in anurans in general, and in their sexually dimorphic breeding glands specifically, suggests an important function of NNMT-like proteins for anuran reproduction, possibly being related to volatile pheromone production.
{"title":"Transcriptome analysis of anuran breeding glands reveals a surprisingly high expression and diversity of NNMT-like genes","authors":"Lisa M Schulte, Evan Twomey, Julia Jendras, Raciel Cruz-Elizalde, Franky Bossuyt","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad136","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In many amphibians, males have sexually dimorphic breeding glands, which can produce proteinaceous or volatile pheromones, used for intraspecific communication. In this study we analyse two types of glands in the Mexican treefrog Ptychohyla macrotympanum (Hylidae)—large ventrolateral glands and small nuptial pads on their fingers—using histology, whole-transcriptome sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. We found strong differences in glandular tissue composition and gene expression patterns between the two breeding gland types. In both glands we only found low expression of protein pheromone candidates. Instead, in the ventrolateral glands, gene expression was strikingly dominated by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT)-like genes. The diversity of these genes was remarkably high, with at least 68 distinct NNMT-like genes. Our comparative phylogenetic analysis of the diversity of NNMT-like genes across vertebrates indicates that the extreme diversity of this gene is largely a frog-specific phenomenon and can be traced to large numbers of relatively recent gene duplications occurring independently in many lineages. The strong dominance and astonishing diversity of NNMT-like genes found in anurans in general, and in their sexually dimorphic breeding glands specifically, suggests an important function of NNMT-like proteins for anuran reproduction, possibly being related to volatile pheromone production.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135858057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-10DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad120
Mariah Polido, Vinicius M Lopez, Guilherme Gonzaga da Silva, Marco A Del Lama, Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira
Abstract Sexual conflict is believed to be an important evolutionary force driving phenotypic diversification, especially sexual dimorphism. Males of diving beetles sometimes resort to coercive tactics to increase their chances of successful reproduction, which can impose costs on females. Sexual conflict can also drive sexual size dimorphism (SSD), particularly in species where males are larger than females. In this context, Rensch’s rule states that SSD tends to increase with body size in species with male-biased SSD and decrease with body size in species with female-biased SSD. The role of sexual conflict in driving the evolution of the allometric relationships between males and females remains unclear. We addressed whether sexual conflict in diving beetles might drive SSD. We found that dytiscids do not follow Rensch’s rule, whereby the SSD is isometric in relationship to species body size. Species with adhesive pads (Dytiscinae) showed a more pronounced SSD than other diving beetle species. These results suggest that the presence of adhesive pads might reduce the force necessary to control female movement during copulation and drive the evolution of smaller males. The findings of this study provide new insights into the role of sexual conflict in driving the evolution of SSD in animals.
{"title":"A diving beetle’s dilemma: the impact of sexual conflict on Rensch’s rule","authors":"Mariah Polido, Vinicius M Lopez, Guilherme Gonzaga da Silva, Marco A Del Lama, Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad120","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sexual conflict is believed to be an important evolutionary force driving phenotypic diversification, especially sexual dimorphism. Males of diving beetles sometimes resort to coercive tactics to increase their chances of successful reproduction, which can impose costs on females. Sexual conflict can also drive sexual size dimorphism (SSD), particularly in species where males are larger than females. In this context, Rensch’s rule states that SSD tends to increase with body size in species with male-biased SSD and decrease with body size in species with female-biased SSD. The role of sexual conflict in driving the evolution of the allometric relationships between males and females remains unclear. We addressed whether sexual conflict in diving beetles might drive SSD. We found that dytiscids do not follow Rensch’s rule, whereby the SSD is isometric in relationship to species body size. Species with adhesive pads (Dytiscinae) showed a more pronounced SSD than other diving beetle species. These results suggest that the presence of adhesive pads might reduce the force necessary to control female movement during copulation and drive the evolution of smaller males. The findings of this study provide new insights into the role of sexual conflict in driving the evolution of SSD in animals.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136294022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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