Experimental Techniques最新文献

Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) structures, e.g., wind turbine blades, are suspectable to direct lightning strikes due to their semiconductive nature and ability to conduct current. It is critical to identify and evaluate lightning damage as it can cause premature failure of the primary load carrying components. Direct strike lightning damage has been traditionally identified and assessed by ultrasonic (UT) inspection, which is time consuming, usually requires contact, and does not directly provide a measure of damage severity. An appealing alternative to UT is pulsed thermography (PT), which takes minutes to conduct rather than hours and does not require a couplant. The aim of this work is to explore the application of pulse thermography to identify and evaluate the damage state of CFRP panels damaged by simulated lightning strike. A new analysis technique is presented that provides a damage severity metric which allows damage to be categorized, separated, and quantified.

This study examines the influence of direct drive friction welding (DDFW) on Cr-Ni-Mo steel (AISI 316) with a focus on metallurgical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties. Different friction times, ranging from 5.5 s to 12 s, were investigated while keeping other conditions constant. Temperature measurements, Macro-microstructure, microhardness, tensile tests, tensile fracture morphology, and electrochemical tests were performed. The results show that the maximum temperature (Tmax) exhibits a slight increase with an extended friction time. The temperature variation ranges from 826 °C to 879 °C for friction times of 5.5 s and 12 s, respectively, thus, the welded joint is divided into four distinct regions: highly plastically deformed zone (HPDZ), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal, with grain sizes of approximately 10 μm, 100 μm, 110 μm, and 25 μm, respectively. The HPDZ is responsible for the microhardness elevation at the interface, while the TMAZ and HAZ are responsible for the microhardness attenuation in the neighboring region and weak in tension. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) related to AISI 316 decreases from 104.50 to 94.57% for 5.5 s and 12 s, respectively, and the ductility related to AISI 316 decreases from 58.21 to 54.05% for 5.5 s and 12 s, respectively. Tensile fractures occurred at the TMAZ with a ductile fracture mode and cleavage features with irregular forms of microcavities throughout the fingerprints. The results of the electrochemical test clearly indicate that the weld zone (WZ) exhibits superior corrosion resistance compared to the base metal (BM), AISI 316. Further analysis of the results revealed that the TMAZs are more susceptible to pitting than the HAZ. Thus, only a few micro-pits are observed in the HPDZ compared to the pitting state in the TMAZs.

In order to research the laws of roof collapsing and overlaying stratum movement in close distance coal seams mining and prevent roof accidents during such mining. The close distance coal seams mining in a coal mine is used as the study subject in this study, and a similar simulation experiment is conducted. A similar simulation experiment of the close distance coal seams is seen using the digital image correlation. The evolution of roof displacement–strain in the mining process is researched, along with the roof caving features in various coal seam mining processes. The evolution law of roof stress-displacement is revealed in the mining process of close distance coal seams which provides the basis for the roof stability control in close distance coal seams. Lower coal seam mining in close distance coal seams has a larger degree of abutment pressure stress concentration and a higher level of advanced abutment pressure intensity. Greater harm is caused by lower coal seam roof strata mining than by single coal seam mining. The stope support strength design must take upper goaf influence into account. Therefore, to ensure the stope roof stability in close distance coal seams, it is necessary to implement roof pressure monitoring, stope roof’s grouting reinforcement, measures to improve the performance of hydraulic support, and roof effective control in close distance coal seams mining by using the principle of coordinated control.

This study assessed the accuracy of a low-cost marker-based motion capture system with smartphone devices to estimate the spatiotemporal behavior of human gait in comparison with the performance of the commercial OptiTrack system. Initially, three test subjects were selected for the study, and after equipping them with passive retroreflective markers, they were recorded for gait velocities of 1.50, 1.90, and 2.30 (mbullet {s}^{-1}) while collecting kinematic data and videos. The results showed that the smartphone motion capture system exhibited significant spatiotemporal tracking and accuracy in the x-y trajectories and estimation of joint relative angles of the hip, knee, and ankle joints (θ₁, θ₂, and θ₃, respectively) compared to the commercial OptiTrack system. In this comparison, an average goodness-of-FIT and normalized root mean square error of over 88.93% and 2.71% were obtained, respectively, for the joint relative angles of the hip and knee (θ₁ and θ2) in all tests performed. However, the accuracy of the joint relative angle of the ankle (θ3, average FIT: 71.04% and nRMSE: 4.26%) was lower because of the low capture rate of the retroreflective markers in the smartphone system and the higher relative velocity in the lower extremities of the test subjects, which generated noise in the calculation of x-y trajectories. This decrease in accuracy has been reported in other studies. However, both motion capture systems experienced marker data loss at the hip, highlighting the need for improvement in the spatial distribution of the optical devices. The OptiTrack system demonstrated better optical redundancy but still required improvements. In contrast, the smartphone system, with its inherent limitations in terms of optical redundancy and spatial distribution, can be enhanced by incorporating multiple cameras for a three-dimensional view. Despite these limitations, the low-cost smartphone system showed optimal performance with minimal errors compared with the commercial system, making it a cost-effective option with potential for further development. The rapid advancement of smartphone technology and its accessibility make it an attractive choice for motion capture applications.

This contribution presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of the low-cost GNSS technique in structural health monitoring and GNSS-seismology applications. To evaluate the ability of the low-cost GNSS technique, harmonic oscillation, and earthquake tests were carried out employing the ZED-F9P-02B OEM low-cost GNSS receiver and two low-cost antennas (A10 and ANN-MB U-Blox) on a single-axis shake table. Harmonic motion experiments include frequencies ranging from 0.35 to 5.80 Hz and amplitudes between 10 and 25 mm. Moreover, the Loma-Prieta and Kobe earthquakes were simulated using a shake table to evaluate the ability of the low-cost GNSS technique to detect earthquake-induced strong ground motions. GNSS observations collected at a 20 Hz sampling interval were processed using the CSRS-PPP online service, and the ability of the low-cost GNSS technique to detect horizontal directional dynamic behaviors was validated using the relative positioning and Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) data as a reference both time and frequency domain. The max. RMSE values obtained according to the 15 harmonic oscillation test results are 2.8 mm for Geodetic Antenna Relative results, 3.3 mm for PPP, 3.2 mm for A10 Relative, 3.3 mm for PPP, 3.3 mm for UBX Antenna Relative, and 3.7 mm for PPP Results. According to the earthquake test results, the max. RMSE values obtained are 2.6 mm for Geodetic Antenna Relative results, 3.4 mm for PPP, 2.4 mm for A10 Relative, 3.8 mm for A10 PPP, 2.9 mm for UBX Antenna Relative and 4.2 mm for PPP. All results have shown that the ZED-F9P-02B GNSS receiver efficiently detects natural frequencies and structural behaviors.

One of the most important parameters measured in the tests at laboratory–scale of reinforced concrete (RC) beams is the flexural strains required to investigate the behavior and develop a model. Flexural strains measured precisely are of great importance both in the correct interpretation of the behavior of RC beam tested and in the development of models close to the real behavior. Moment-curvature diagrams of RC beams are also created using flexural strains. The moment-curvature relationship, which is used to examine the behavior of RC beams under bending effect, is used to determine the bearing capacity of the beam and the failure modes in bending. Moment-curvature diagrams are also used to calculate the ductility of reinforced concrete beams. Therefore, it gives an idea about the amount of plastic energy that a RC beam can store. In the literature, it has been observed that there are a lot of problems encountered in the measurement of flexural strains. In this study, a flexural strain measurement setup (FSMS) is designed, manufactured, and tested on RC beam to eliminate these problems. In addition to being cost-effective and not labour intensive, FSMS developed can quickly, easily and more accurately measure the flexural strains of RC beams. It can also easily measure the flexure strains in RC beams with various cross-sectional shapes such as rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, T, circular, etc. FSMS will certainly provide more accurate data to interpret the behavior of RC beams and to develop a model for RC beams or to check the accuracy of new strain measuring methods. As a result, the developed FSMS will provide great convenience to researchers interested in measuring flexural strains of RC beams in laboratory scale.

This study focuses on improving the performance of a solar-powered desalination unit by investigating the effect of a magnetic field applied by a solenoid using a numerical solution method. The calculations in this work are based on a solar desalination device with seven steps. Since oxygen is a Paramagnetic gas the moist airflow in this solar desalination could be checked by applying an external magnetic field through a solenoid. The governing equations for the problem have been discretized using the finite volume method. The effects of the applied magnetic field generated by the solenoid are investigated in terms of flow streamlines, contour plots of velocity, and pressure, both in ignoring and considering the influence of magnetic field intensity. Three different combinations of NI (N is the number of solenoid turns, and I is the electric current intensity) are examined with values of 2.5 × 10⁴, 2.5 × 10⁵, and 10 × 10⁵. For the applied magnetic field with NI = 10 × 10⁵, it has been observed that the evaporation rate reaches its maximum value in all stages of the solar desalination water slide, resulting in an increased water evaporation rate in the solar desalination device. The evaporation rate has approximately reached the maximum value of 1.02 × 10⁻¹ (kg/s) in all parts of the solar desalination device.

T-shunt is one of the commonly used components in gas-liquid two-phase flow pipeline. It has the function of separating, transmitting and carrying fluid. The junction of the T-shunt is the area of diversion and confluence in the pipeline. In this paper, we study the characteristics of the T-shunt in the cross-section of the fluid flow. A visual window is installed at the end of the experimental T-shunt section, and the fluorescence pipe’s cross-section image captured through the visual window is illuminated by the laser above the pipe. The fluid velocity field is calculated using the PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) method and the velocity field is classified and analyzed. The result shows that there are great differences in fluid flow patterns on the cross-sections of the T-shunt at different positions, and great differences in the fluid erosion and corrosion of the pipe wall at different positions away from the T-shunt outlet.

X-rays can provide images when an object is visibly obstructed, allowing for motion measurements via x-ray digital image correlation (DIC). However, x-ray images are path-integrated and contain data for all objects between the source and detector. If multiple objects are present in the x-ray path, conventional DIC algorithms may fail to correlate the x-ray images. A new DIC algorithm called path-integrated (PI)-DIC addresses this issue by reformulating the matching criterion for DIC to account for multiple, independently-moving objects. PI-DIC requires a set of reference x-ray images of each independent object. However, due to experimental constraints, such reference images might not be obtainable from the experiment. This work focuses on the reliability of synthetically-generated reference images, in such cases. A simplified exemplar is used for demonstration purposes, consisting of two aluminum plates with tantalum x-ray DIC patterns undergoing independent rigid translations. Synthetic reference images based on the “as-designed” DIC patterns were generated. However, PI-DIC with the synthetic images suffered some biases due to manufacturing defects of the patterns. A systematic study of seven identified defect types found that an incorrect feature diameter was the most influential defect. Synthetic images were re-generated with the corrected feature diameter, and PI-DIC errors were improved by a factor of 3-4. Final biases ranged from 0.00-0.04 px, and standard uncertainties ranged from 0.06-0.11 px. In conclusion, PI-DIC accurately measured the independent displacement of two plates from a single series of path-integrated x-ray images using synthetically-generated reference images, and the methods and conclusions derived here can be extended to more generalized cases involving stereo PI-DIC for arbitrary specimen geometry and motion. This work thus extends the application space of x-ray imaging for full-field DIC measurements of multiple surfaces or objects in extreme environments where optical DIC is not possible.