Sex identification plays an important role in avian production. Hitherto, it is difficult to distinguish the sexes of monomorphic birds based on their external features. The chromo-helicase-DNA-binding genes contain CHD-W gene and CHD-Z gene, which are located on the W chromosome and Z chromosome, respectively. Since CHD-W gene is unique to females, the polymerase chain reaction can be used for sex identification. However, extracting DNA procedures for verifying the sex is tedious and expensive. To address these disadvantages, the objective of this study was to develop a simple DNA extraction assay to efficiently process blood, liver, and feather samples. The results showed that 2% dimethylsulfoxide was suitable for processing blood, and phosphate-buffered saline was suitable for processing liver and feather samples. The specific primers were designed, and the length of the targets is 474 bp on Z chromosome and 319 bp on W chromosome. The pigeons were identified as females based on the presence of two bands on the gel, and as males based on the presence of one band. Taken together, our results suggested that feather samples were more appropriate than blood or liver for sex identification of pigeons. Compared to the traditional DNA extraction, this method shortened the assay time and reduced the cost.
{"title":"Sex identification of pigeons using polymerase chain reaction analysis with simple DNA extraction","authors":"Shao-jie Liang, Ming-xia Chen, Chun-qi Gao, Hui-chao Yan, Guo-long Zhang, Xiu-qi Wang","doi":"10.1177/1758155919832141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1758155919832141","url":null,"abstract":"Sex identification plays an important role in avian production. Hitherto, it is difficult to distinguish the sexes of monomorphic birds based on their external features. The chromo-helicase-DNA-binding genes contain CHD-W gene and CHD-Z gene, which are located on the W chromosome and Z chromosome, respectively. Since CHD-W gene is unique to females, the polymerase chain reaction can be used for sex identification. However, extracting DNA procedures for verifying the sex is tedious and expensive. To address these disadvantages, the objective of this study was to develop a simple DNA extraction assay to efficiently process blood, liver, and feather samples. The results showed that 2% dimethylsulfoxide was suitable for processing blood, and phosphate-buffered saline was suitable for processing liver and feather samples. The specific primers were designed, and the length of the targets is 474 bp on Z chromosome and 319 bp on W chromosome. The pigeons were identified as females based on the presence of two bands on the gel, and as males based on the presence of one band. Taken together, our results suggested that feather samples were more appropriate than blood or liver for sex identification of pigeons. Compared to the traditional DNA extraction, this method shortened the assay time and reduced the cost.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"45 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1758155919832141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47427830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1177/1758155919832130
Pedro Rodrigues, E. Campos, J. Micael, Claudio Verdugo
Neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) is a monomorphic species widely distributed along the American Continent. We used a rapid and efficient molecular technique centred on the chromo-helicase-DNA-binding gene in order to differentiate male and female sex chromosomes based on the size of introns. Males presented a Z chromosome with a single band of 664 base pairs, and females presented the same band plus a shortest one corresponding to the W chromosome with 459 base pairs.
{"title":"Sex determination of Neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) by molecular sexing","authors":"Pedro Rodrigues, E. Campos, J. Micael, Claudio Verdugo","doi":"10.1177/1758155919832130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1758155919832130","url":null,"abstract":"Neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) is a monomorphic species widely distributed along the American Continent. We used a rapid and efficient molecular technique centred on the chromo-helicase-DNA-binding gene in order to differentiate male and female sex chromosomes based on the size of introns. Males presented a Z chromosome with a single band of 664 base pairs, and females presented the same band plus a shortest one corresponding to the W chromosome with 459 base pairs.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"10 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1758155919832130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43245148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1177/1758155919832137
Satoko T Tomi, Ryoji Ide, J. Mortola
We used the chicken embryo at the internal pipping phase (just after the onset of pulmonary ventilation) as a model to quantify the changes in heart rate (fH), breathing frequency (fB) and their variabilities (heart rate variability and breathing rate variability) during air breathing (21% O2) and successive 20-min periods of 15%, 10% and 5% O2 and post-hypoxic recovery. For each condition, and for both fH and fB, variability was quantified by time-domain analysis with five standard criteria; these produced qualitatively similar results, which were combined into a single variability index. In normoxia, breathing rate variability was about five times higher than heart rate variability. With 10% O2, the embryo’s oxygen consumption ( V . O 2 ) and breathing rate variability decreased while heart rate variability increased. In normoxia, respiratory sinus arrhythmia was recognisable in a minority of embryos; its average value was low (~2%) and decreased further with hypoxia. With very severe hypoxia (5% O2), in some cases, breathing stopped; when it did not, breathing rate variability was high. Within the 20-min post-hypoxia, all embryos recovered, and almost all parameters (fH, heart rate variability, fB, respiratory sinus arrhythmia and V . O 2 ) were at the pre-hypoxic values; only breathing rate variability remained low. The possibility of simultaneous measurements of fB and fH makes the avian embryo, close to hatching, a suitable model for the investigations of heart rate variability and breathing rate variability in response to hypoxia during the transition from prenatal to postnatal life.
{"title":"Heart and breathing rate variability in the avian perinatal period: The chicken embryo as a model","authors":"Satoko T Tomi, Ryoji Ide, J. Mortola","doi":"10.1177/1758155919832137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1758155919832137","url":null,"abstract":"We used the chicken embryo at the internal pipping phase (just after the onset of pulmonary ventilation) as a model to quantify the changes in heart rate (fH), breathing frequency (fB) and their variabilities (heart rate variability and breathing rate variability) during air breathing (21% O2) and successive 20-min periods of 15%, 10% and 5% O2 and post-hypoxic recovery. For each condition, and for both fH and fB, variability was quantified by time-domain analysis with five standard criteria; these produced qualitatively similar results, which were combined into a single variability index. In normoxia, breathing rate variability was about five times higher than heart rate variability. With 10% O2, the embryo’s oxygen consumption ( V . O 2 ) and breathing rate variability decreased while heart rate variability increased. In normoxia, respiratory sinus arrhythmia was recognisable in a minority of embryos; its average value was low (~2%) and decreased further with hypoxia. With very severe hypoxia (5% O2), in some cases, breathing stopped; when it did not, breathing rate variability was high. Within the 20-min post-hypoxia, all embryos recovered, and almost all parameters (fH, heart rate variability, fB, respiratory sinus arrhythmia and V . O 2 ) were at the pre-hypoxic values; only breathing rate variability remained low. The possibility of simultaneous measurements of fB and fH makes the avian embryo, close to hatching, a suitable model for the investigations of heart rate variability and breathing rate variability in response to hypoxia during the transition from prenatal to postnatal life.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"13 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1758155919832137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44663866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1177/1758155919826765
F. Santilli, M. Bagliacca
Modern game birds rearing methods use mechanical incubators to hatch eggs and artificial brooders to intensively rear birds. However, the lack of parental care can have consequences on behavior and welfare of these birds affecting also survival after their release in the wild. In this study, we compared the response of 4-week-old young pheasants (brooded by a foster mother hen and artificially brooded) to two behavioral tests (duration of tonic immobility and response to aerial predator). Tonic immobility was significantly different between the two groups of birds indicating a higher level of fear in artificially brooded pheasants compared to brooded pheasants. Pheasants brooded by a foster hen showed a stronger response to aerial predator compared to artificially brooded pheasants. The foster hen seems to have a positive effect on pheasant chicks’ behavior reducing the fear and improving the ability to perceive threats.
{"title":"Fear and behavior of young pheasants reared with or without parent figure","authors":"F. Santilli, M. Bagliacca","doi":"10.1177/1758155919826765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1758155919826765","url":null,"abstract":"Modern game birds rearing methods use mechanical incubators to hatch eggs and artificial brooders to intensively rear birds. However, the lack of parental care can have consequences on behavior and welfare of these birds affecting also survival after their release in the wild. In this study, we compared the response of 4-week-old young pheasants (brooded by a foster mother hen and artificially brooded) to two behavioral tests (duration of tonic immobility and response to aerial predator). Tonic immobility was significantly different between the two groups of birds indicating a higher level of fear in artificially brooded pheasants compared to brooded pheasants. Pheasants brooded by a foster hen showed a stronger response to aerial predator compared to artificially brooded pheasants. The foster hen seems to have a positive effect on pheasant chicks’ behavior reducing the fear and improving the ability to perceive threats.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"23 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1758155919826765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65573214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1177/1758155919832138
G. Ritchison, J. Hawkins, Brianna C Ritchison
Most species of songbirds exhibit biparental care, but, for many taxa and species, little is known about the relative contributions of males and females in brooding and provisioning nestlings. Additional studies of the contributions of males and females in brooding and feeding nestlings are needed to better understand the respective roles of males and females as well as the factors that might contribute to interspecific variation in those roles. We examined the roles of adult male and female White-eyed Vireos (Vireo griseus) in brooding and provisioning nestlings in east-central Kentucky during the 1996 breeding season. Nests were located by monitoring adult behavior and checking likely nest sites. Once eggs hatched, nests were video-recorded to monitor the behavior of adults. Subsequent review of videos revealed that both male and female White-eyed Vireos brooded young and that males provisioned nestlings at higher rates than females. In contrast to males in many other species of songbirds, male White-eyed Vireos assisted in brooding young and provisioned nestlings at higher rates than their mates. One possible explanation for this is that low rates of extra-pair paternity might increase male confidence of their paternity status. Parental care provided by male White-eyed Vireos may also limit energy expenditure by their mates and increase the likelihood of females re-nesting if nests are predated or initiating second nesting attempts if initial attempts are successful.
{"title":"Brooding and provisioning of nestlings by male and female White-eyed Vireos (Vireo griseus)","authors":"G. Ritchison, J. Hawkins, Brianna C Ritchison","doi":"10.1177/1758155919832138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1758155919832138","url":null,"abstract":"Most species of songbirds exhibit biparental care, but, for many taxa and species, little is known about the relative contributions of males and females in brooding and provisioning nestlings. Additional studies of the contributions of males and females in brooding and feeding nestlings are needed to better understand the respective roles of males and females as well as the factors that might contribute to interspecific variation in those roles. We examined the roles of adult male and female White-eyed Vireos (Vireo griseus) in brooding and provisioning nestlings in east-central Kentucky during the 1996 breeding season. Nests were located by monitoring adult behavior and checking likely nest sites. Once eggs hatched, nests were video-recorded to monitor the behavior of adults. Subsequent review of videos revealed that both male and female White-eyed Vireos brooded young and that males provisioned nestlings at higher rates than females. In contrast to males in many other species of songbirds, male White-eyed Vireos assisted in brooding young and provisioned nestlings at higher rates than their mates. One possible explanation for this is that low rates of extra-pair paternity might increase male confidence of their paternity status. Parental care provided by male White-eyed Vireos may also limit energy expenditure by their mates and increase the likelihood of females re-nesting if nests are predated or initiating second nesting attempts if initial attempts are successful.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"28 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1758155919832138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46442799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1177/1758155918823424
M. D’Addario, O. Monroy-Vilchis, M. M. Zarco-González, Dídac Santos-Fita
The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) has been poorly studied in Mexico. Even though it is listed as threatened in this country, partly because of habitat fragmentation and direct persecution, little is known of its distribution. We assessed the potential distribution of this species in Mexico using ecological niche modelling (ecological niche factor analysis, artificial neural network, genetic algorithm for rule-set production, environmental distance, support vector machine, MaxEnt) and the weighted average ensemble method. The models were evaluated using the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics. We applied a threshold of 50% probability to obtain high-suitability areas and considered marginality and specialization calculated by ecological niche factor analysis and the most important variables to the model. We assessed and evaluated the percentage of high-suitability area occurring in all Mexican natural protected areas. The performance of the ensemble model was high (area under the curve = 0.93) and the most important variables contributing to the model were grasslands and tree cover percentage. The resulting high-suitability area is considerably fragmented, it comprises 16% of the country and just 8% of it is located in natural protected areas. We propose some urgent actions and conservation measures to face the main problems that are threatening the species in Mexico.
{"title":"Potential distribution of Aquila chrysaetos in Mexico: Implications for conservation","authors":"M. D’Addario, O. Monroy-Vilchis, M. M. Zarco-González, Dídac Santos-Fita","doi":"10.1177/1758155918823424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1758155918823424","url":null,"abstract":"The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) has been poorly studied in Mexico. Even though it is listed as threatened in this country, partly because of habitat fragmentation and direct persecution, little is known of its distribution. We assessed the potential distribution of this species in Mexico using ecological niche modelling (ecological niche factor analysis, artificial neural network, genetic algorithm for rule-set production, environmental distance, support vector machine, MaxEnt) and the weighted average ensemble method. The models were evaluated using the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics. We applied a threshold of 50% probability to obtain high-suitability areas and considered marginality and specialization calculated by ecological niche factor analysis and the most important variables to the model. We assessed and evaluated the percentage of high-suitability area occurring in all Mexican natural protected areas. The performance of the ensemble model was high (area under the curve = 0.93) and the most important variables contributing to the model were grasslands and tree cover percentage. The resulting high-suitability area is considerably fragmented, it comprises 16% of the country and just 8% of it is located in natural protected areas. We propose some urgent actions and conservation measures to face the main problems that are threatening the species in Mexico.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"33 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1758155918823424","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65573118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.3184/175815618X15282819619105
M.N. Vidal, Y. Segovia, N. Victory, A. Navarro-Sempere, M. García
The morphology of the retina of the adult Yellow-legged Gull, Larus michahellis, was examined in transverse sections under light microscopy in order to study the retinal adaptations to their specific photic environment that determines their behaviour. We identified rods, single cones and unequal double cones. Although it is a duplex retina, cones are preponderant and coloured oil droplets are present in their inner segments. As several colours in oil droplets are observed, it seems reasonable to conclude that several types of cones are present. Moreover, more cones per unit area are found in the central regions of the retina than in peripheral regions. A probable area centralis is observed. In the inner nuclear layer, two types of horizontal cells, and bipolar and amacrine cells can be recognised. Also, ganglion cells, characterised by prominent nuclei and nucleoli, vary in size and abundance among different regions in the retina. Comparisons are made with the retinae of other marine birds. The morphological characteristics of this retina indicate that Larus michahellis possesses: a good ability to discriminate colour; complex visual processing in the inner retina in order to mediate contrast and motion perception; and an elevated acuity in areas of high ganglion cell density.
{"title":"Light Microscopy Study of the Retina of the Yellow-Legged Gull, Larus Michahellis, and the Relationship between Environment and Behaviour","authors":"M.N. Vidal, Y. Segovia, N. Victory, A. Navarro-Sempere, M. García","doi":"10.3184/175815618X15282819619105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/175815618X15282819619105","url":null,"abstract":"The morphology of the retina of the adult Yellow-legged Gull, Larus michahellis, was examined in transverse sections under light microscopy in order to study the retinal adaptations to their specific photic environment that determines their behaviour. We identified rods, single cones and unequal double cones. Although it is a duplex retina, cones are preponderant and coloured oil droplets are present in their inner segments. As several colours in oil droplets are observed, it seems reasonable to conclude that several types of cones are present. Moreover, more cones per unit area are found in the central regions of the retina than in peripheral regions. A probable area centralis is observed. In the inner nuclear layer, two types of horizontal cells, and bipolar and amacrine cells can be recognised. Also, ganglion cells, characterised by prominent nuclei and nucleoli, vary in size and abundance among different regions in the retina. Comparisons are made with the retinae of other marine birds. The morphological characteristics of this retina indicate that Larus michahellis possesses: a good ability to discriminate colour; complex visual processing in the inner retina in order to mediate contrast and motion perception; and an elevated acuity in areas of high ganglion cell density.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"11 1","pages":"231 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3184/175815618X15282819619105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44728284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.3184/175815618X15366607700458
S. Xie, R. Tearle, Todd J. McWhorter
Desert birds must cope with occasional and unpredictable heat waves, which are slowly becoming more frequent with climate change. Different orders of birds have different physiological and behavioural capacities that may aid survival during a heat wave. To date, the expression of genes related to heat exposure have not been studied across different bird orders. We hypothesised that acutely exposing native Australian birds whose natural habitat include arid environments to a high temperature (45 °C), similar to during a heat wave, would result in the upregulation of genes with protective effects against cell damage (BCL-2, VEGFA and heat shock proteins) and inflammation (interleukins), as well as the downregulation of genes involved in the coagulation pathway (fibrinogen). We used eight each of captive-bred Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata) and Diamond Doves (Geopelia cuneata). Four birds of each species were exposed to a temperature that was within the zone of thermal neutrality (35 °C), while the other four birds were exposed to a higher temperature (45 °C). The mRNA expression of selected genes were then measured using high-throughput qPCR platform (Fluidigm®, BioMark™). The results supported the hypothesis that acute exposure to a high temperature would result in the upregulation of heat shock protein (HSP) genes, but there was no significant upregulation of other genes with protective effects against cell damage nor genes associated with inflammation. The results also do not support the hypothesis that acute heat exposure would result in downregulation of the genes involved in the coagulation pathway in these birds. Among all the tissues that were analysed, the gastrointestinal tissue had the highest number of upregulated HSP genes, possibly indicating that this tissue requires the most protection to continue functioning. Diamond Dove organs also had the highest number of HSP genes upregulated, possibly a reflection of their ability to better protect their cells at high temperatures.
{"title":"Heat Shock Protein Expression is Upregulated after Acute Heat Exposure in Three Species of Australian Desert Birds","authors":"S. Xie, R. Tearle, Todd J. McWhorter","doi":"10.3184/175815618X15366607700458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/175815618X15366607700458","url":null,"abstract":"Desert birds must cope with occasional and unpredictable heat waves, which are slowly becoming more frequent with climate change. Different orders of birds have different physiological and behavioural capacities that may aid survival during a heat wave. To date, the expression of genes related to heat exposure have not been studied across different bird orders. We hypothesised that acutely exposing native Australian birds whose natural habitat include arid environments to a high temperature (45 °C), similar to during a heat wave, would result in the upregulation of genes with protective effects against cell damage (BCL-2, VEGFA and heat shock proteins) and inflammation (interleukins), as well as the downregulation of genes involved in the coagulation pathway (fibrinogen). We used eight each of captive-bred Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata) and Diamond Doves (Geopelia cuneata). Four birds of each species were exposed to a temperature that was within the zone of thermal neutrality (35 °C), while the other four birds were exposed to a higher temperature (45 °C). The mRNA expression of selected genes were then measured using high-throughput qPCR platform (Fluidigm®, BioMark™). The results supported the hypothesis that acute exposure to a high temperature would result in the upregulation of heat shock protein (HSP) genes, but there was no significant upregulation of other genes with protective effects against cell damage nor genes associated with inflammation. The results also do not support the hypothesis that acute heat exposure would result in downregulation of the genes involved in the coagulation pathway in these birds. Among all the tissues that were analysed, the gastrointestinal tissue had the highest number of upregulated HSP genes, possibly indicating that this tissue requires the most protection to continue functioning. Diamond Dove organs also had the highest number of HSP genes upregulated, possibly a reflection of their ability to better protect their cells at high temperatures.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"11 1","pages":"263 - 273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3184/175815618X15366607700458","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46839887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.3184/175815618X15360537405342
T. Korniłłowicz-Kowalska, I. Kitowski, J. Bohacz, E. Kwiatkowska
Avian nests are a unique and sometimes extreme environment in which fungi occur. In this study, a correlation was recorded between the breeding biology and ecology of wetland birds and the biology and ecology of fungi in nests of wetland birds. The abundance of ecophysiologically diversified fungi, i.e. saprotrophs, cellulolytic fungi, and potentially zoo- and phytopathogenic fungi, was shown to be significantly higher in large nests, while species diversity (Shannon index) of fungi in nests with similar properties was not significant. The taxonomic structure (genus and species composition) and the spatial structure (frequency) of the nest mycobiota are mainly affected by nests’ specific physical and chemical properties which depend on the breeding and feeding preferences of the birds. In dry, highly sun-exposed nests of the Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), a species that establishes breeding colonies high in the trees, mainly feeds on fish and has young who defecate into the nest, populations of xerophilic, alkali- and thermotolerant fungi, including keratinolytic fungi (Chrysosporium tropicum), developed. In the nests of the Mute Swan (Cygnus olor), a precocial species which constructs very large, relatively low-hygiene nests at the water's edge and which feeds on plant food, populations of hydrophilic and thermotolerant fungi, including highly cellulolytic fungi such as Chaetomium globosum, were detected. Nests of other small species of wetland birds, whose nests are also located on water but contain smaller amounts of animal-derived material, did not differ significantly mycologically and were colonised mainly by species such as Trichoderma viride and Penicillium purpurogenum, ubiquitous fungi with very high water and thermotolerant requirements.
{"title":"Fungal Frequency and Diversity in the Nests of Wetland Birds from Poland: Relationships between Birds, Nest Properties and Inhabiting Fungi","authors":"T. Korniłłowicz-Kowalska, I. Kitowski, J. Bohacz, E. Kwiatkowska","doi":"10.3184/175815618X15360537405342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/175815618X15360537405342","url":null,"abstract":"Avian nests are a unique and sometimes extreme environment in which fungi occur. In this study, a correlation was recorded between the breeding biology and ecology of wetland birds and the biology and ecology of fungi in nests of wetland birds. The abundance of ecophysiologically diversified fungi, i.e. saprotrophs, cellulolytic fungi, and potentially zoo- and phytopathogenic fungi, was shown to be significantly higher in large nests, while species diversity (Shannon index) of fungi in nests with similar properties was not significant. The taxonomic structure (genus and species composition) and the spatial structure (frequency) of the nest mycobiota are mainly affected by nests’ specific physical and chemical properties which depend on the breeding and feeding preferences of the birds. In dry, highly sun-exposed nests of the Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), a species that establishes breeding colonies high in the trees, mainly feeds on fish and has young who defecate into the nest, populations of xerophilic, alkali- and thermotolerant fungi, including keratinolytic fungi (Chrysosporium tropicum), developed. In the nests of the Mute Swan (Cygnus olor), a precocial species which constructs very large, relatively low-hygiene nests at the water's edge and which feeds on plant food, populations of hydrophilic and thermotolerant fungi, including highly cellulolytic fungi such as Chaetomium globosum, were detected. Nests of other small species of wetland birds, whose nests are also located on water but contain smaller amounts of animal-derived material, did not differ significantly mycologically and were colonised mainly by species such as Trichoderma viride and Penicillium purpurogenum, ubiquitous fungi with very high water and thermotolerant requirements.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"11 1","pages":"245 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3184/175815618X15360537405342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41327324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.3184/175815618X15316676114070
B. Chhetri, H. K. Badola, S. Barat
Current rates of climatic change will affect the structure and function of community assemblages on Earth. In recent decades, advances in modelling techniques have illuminated the potential effects of various climatic scenarios on biodiversity hotspots, including community assemblages in the Himalayas. These techniques have been used to test the effects of representative concentration pathways (RCPs) AR5-2050, based on future greenhouse gas emission trajectories of climate change scenario/year combinations, on pheasants. Current bioclimatic variables, Miroc-esm, Hadgem2-AO and Gfdl-cm3, in future climate change scenario models, were used to predict the future distribution and the gain/loss of future habitat area, within the Himalayas, of the pheasant, Satyr Tragopon (Tragopan satyra). The results indicate that future climatic conditions may significantly affect the future distribution of Satyr Tragopon and the effectiveness of protective areas (PAs). Using the python based GIS toolkit, SDM projection, regions of high risk under climate change scenarios were identified. To predict the present distribution of the species, environment parameters of bioclimatic variables, red reflectance, blue reflectance, solar azimuth angle, altitude, slope, aspect, NDVI, EVI, VI, and LCLU were used. The forest cover (NDVI) and the canopy cover (EVI), and variables affecting forest structure, namely altitude, slope, solar azimuth angle and Bio7, were the primary factors dictating the present distribution of T. satyra. The predicted trend of habitat shifting of T. satyra in the Himalayas to higher altitudes and latitudes will gradually become more prominent with climate warming.
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