Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.1177/17581559221086469
V. Nijman
There is increasing recognition of the impact that wildlife trade has on globally threatened and geographically restricted species. For only a few species do we have long-term datasets on their presence in domestic trade. The Asian Songbird Trade Crisis has highlighted the detrimental role that the cage bird trade has on populations of wild birds (songbirds and others) throughout Asia. Starting in 1994, I have visited bird markets in Java and Bali, Indonesia, recording the presence of chestnut-bellied hill partridges Arborophila javanica (endemic to most of Java apart from the easternmost part) and white-faced hill partridges A. orientalis (endemic to easternmost Java). The data thus collected allowed me to test hypotheses related to rarity, price, and purported population trends. No change in the number of hill partridges in trade was observed over this period. The more widespread chestnut-bellied hill partridge was recorded in higher numbers (mean of 1.7 birds survey−1) than white-faced hill partridges (mean of 0.4 birds survey−1). I monitored their online trade on four bird selling platforms and two dedicated hill partridge Facebook pages. Like the trade in the bird markets, the chestnut-bellied hill partridge was recorded in higher numbers than white-faced hill partridges (106 vs 44 birds). Both species were for sale both within and outside their native ranges (17 cities for chestnut-bellied and 10 cities for white-face hill partridges) suggesting extensive trade networks with birds being transported hundreds of kilometres. Average asking prices were similar for both species (US$31) and were not related to the minimum monthly wage of the cities in which the birds were offered for sale. I estimate that annually 3500 chestnut-bellied hill partridges and 700 white-faced hill partridges are sold in the bird markets on Java and Bali. Despite the absence of a harvest quota, the presence of both species over a 27-year period in numerous bird markets, and over the last decade online, indicated the absence of commitment and political and societal pressures to curb the illegal trade in birds in Indonesia.
{"title":"Analysis of trade in endemic Javan hill partridges over the last quarter of a century period","authors":"V. Nijman","doi":"10.1177/17581559221086469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17581559221086469","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing recognition of the impact that wildlife trade has on globally threatened and geographically restricted species. For only a few species do we have long-term datasets on their presence in domestic trade. The Asian Songbird Trade Crisis has highlighted the detrimental role that the cage bird trade has on populations of wild birds (songbirds and others) throughout Asia. Starting in 1994, I have visited bird markets in Java and Bali, Indonesia, recording the presence of chestnut-bellied hill partridges Arborophila javanica (endemic to most of Java apart from the easternmost part) and white-faced hill partridges A. orientalis (endemic to easternmost Java). The data thus collected allowed me to test hypotheses related to rarity, price, and purported population trends. No change in the number of hill partridges in trade was observed over this period. The more widespread chestnut-bellied hill partridge was recorded in higher numbers (mean of 1.7 birds survey−1) than white-faced hill partridges (mean of 0.4 birds survey−1). I monitored their online trade on four bird selling platforms and two dedicated hill partridge Facebook pages. Like the trade in the bird markets, the chestnut-bellied hill partridge was recorded in higher numbers than white-faced hill partridges (106 vs 44 birds). Both species were for sale both within and outside their native ranges (17 cities for chestnut-bellied and 10 cities for white-face hill partridges) suggesting extensive trade networks with birds being transported hundreds of kilometres. Average asking prices were similar for both species (US$31) and were not related to the minimum monthly wage of the cities in which the birds were offered for sale. I estimate that annually 3500 chestnut-bellied hill partridges and 700 white-faced hill partridges are sold in the bird markets on Java and Bali. Despite the absence of a harvest quota, the presence of both species over a 27-year period in numerous bird markets, and over the last decade online, indicated the absence of commitment and political and societal pressures to curb the illegal trade in birds in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"84 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46573264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Knowledge of nest site selection and reproductive ecology is fundamental to understanding the evolution of life history traits and developing species conservation strategies. However, life history traits of species in the genus Garrulax are poorly known. Particularly, research on the breeding biology of Garrulax perspicillatus in their natural habitat and comparison between populations in different environments (rural vs urban) are lacking. We presented data of nest site selection and breeding ecology of Masked Laughingthrush in central China during 2021, and made a detailed investigation on nest predation and interspecific brood parasitism. The breeding season began from March and ended in August. Most nests were built on Sulphur Bamboo (Phyllostachys sulphurea). First egg laying occurred between late March and late July. Incubation period lasted 13.9 days (±0.3 SE; 13–15) and nestling period of 13.1 days (±0.2 SE; 12–15). Average clutch size was 3.8 eggs (±0.1 SE; 3–7), and brood size at fledging was 2.7 young (±0.2 SE; 1–4). Overall, 36.2% of nesting attempts successfully fledged at least one young. Nest predation (0% in March, 38.2% in April, 30.0% in May, 20.0% in June and 27.3% in July) and interspecific brood parasitism (13.3% in May, 40.0% in June and 36.4% in July) were two main reasons for nest failure. This is the first study that provided detailed information of breeding ecology of Masked Laughingthrush in rural habitat, and we discussed the difference of life history traits between urban and rural habitats.
{"title":"Nest predation, brood parasitism and the reproductive success of the masked laughingthrush Garrulax perspicillatus in the rural habitat of central China","authors":"Weibin Guo, Buge Lin, Zhiqin Hu, Shudan Tan, Jiaying Tian, Changcao Wang","doi":"10.1177/17581559211072655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17581559211072655","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of nest site selection and reproductive ecology is fundamental to understanding the evolution of life history traits and developing species conservation strategies. However, life history traits of species in the genus Garrulax are poorly known. Particularly, research on the breeding biology of Garrulax perspicillatus in their natural habitat and comparison between populations in different environments (rural vs urban) are lacking. We presented data of nest site selection and breeding ecology of Masked Laughingthrush in central China during 2021, and made a detailed investigation on nest predation and interspecific brood parasitism. The breeding season began from March and ended in August. Most nests were built on Sulphur Bamboo (Phyllostachys sulphurea). First egg laying occurred between late March and late July. Incubation period lasted 13.9 days (±0.3 SE; 13–15) and nestling period of 13.1 days (±0.2 SE; 12–15). Average clutch size was 3.8 eggs (±0.1 SE; 3–7), and brood size at fledging was 2.7 young (±0.2 SE; 1–4). Overall, 36.2% of nesting attempts successfully fledged at least one young. Nest predation (0% in March, 38.2% in April, 30.0% in May, 20.0% in June and 27.3% in July) and interspecific brood parasitism (13.3% in May, 40.0% in June and 36.4% in July) were two main reasons for nest failure. This is the first study that provided detailed information of breeding ecology of Masked Laughingthrush in rural habitat, and we discussed the difference of life history traits between urban and rural habitats.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"61 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48411453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-27DOI: 10.1177/17581559221075982
Garima Singh, Sachin Kumar
Circadian rhythms are more synchronized in birds than mammals. Circadian clock functions as a timing reference allow organisms fluctuations in their environments and are the basis for the transduction of seasonality from photoperiod. The present study was performed to determine the effect of constant dim and bright light illumination on circadian behavior of baya weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus), black-headed munia (Lonchura malaca malaca), and red-headed bunting (Emberiza bruniceps). It analyzed the data of locomotors activity of these under the effect of different photoperiods (12L: 12D and 8L: 16D) for a period of 30 days. In the captivity, birds were acclimatized for 4 weeks and were subjected to photoperiodic chambers (60×45×35 cm3) providing short-day conditions (8h light: 16h darkness; 8L:16D). Total activity profile was observed for 30 days under 12L: 12D and 8L: 16D photoperiod. Under 12 L: 12D photoperiod, significant response was observed in two of the four birds in daily profile of baya weaver bird and also in black-headed munia but the marginal significant response noticed in one of the four birds under 8L: 16D. The comparison of day and night total activity count in baya weaver bird and black-headed munia showed the maximum activity in weaver bird under 12L: 12D photoperiod.
{"title":"Circadian activity in different photoperiod (12L: 12 D) and (8L: 16D) in passerine finches","authors":"Garima Singh, Sachin Kumar","doi":"10.1177/17581559221075982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17581559221075982","url":null,"abstract":"Circadian rhythms are more synchronized in birds than mammals. Circadian clock functions as a timing reference allow organisms fluctuations in their environments and are the basis for the transduction of seasonality from photoperiod. The present study was performed to determine the effect of constant dim and bright light illumination on circadian behavior of baya weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus), black-headed munia (Lonchura malaca malaca), and red-headed bunting (Emberiza bruniceps). It analyzed the data of locomotors activity of these under the effect of different photoperiods (12L: 12D and 8L: 16D) for a period of 30 days. In the captivity, birds were acclimatized for 4 weeks and were subjected to photoperiodic chambers (60×45×35 cm3) providing short-day conditions (8h light: 16h darkness; 8L:16D). Total activity profile was observed for 30 days under 12L: 12D and 8L: 16D photoperiod. Under 12 L: 12D photoperiod, significant response was observed in two of the four birds in daily profile of baya weaver bird and also in black-headed munia but the marginal significant response noticed in one of the four birds under 8L: 16D. The comparison of day and night total activity count in baya weaver bird and black-headed munia showed the maximum activity in weaver bird under 12L: 12D photoperiod.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"68 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41882838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-27DOI: 10.1177/17581559211072656
M. Tran, J. W. Dille, Weslin L Camden, Diamond Brunt, C. Rogers, Mark A Schneegurt
We collected >300 bacterial isolates from overwintering Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) to find that ∼40% appear to degrade the structural protein of feathers using extracellular keratinase enzymes. A guild of bacteria (∼18% of total counts) grew significantly better on basal salt medium (BSM) plates containing feather meal than on BSM agar-only plates (∼8% total counts). The genus-level profile of the 107 most active keratinolytic bacterial isolates shows that nearly half are Bacillus species. Keratinolytic Frigoribacterium, Microbacterium, Okibacterium, Pantoea, Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, and Stenotrophomonas were found, among others. Active isolates were shown to degrade whole feathers, used feather meal as a sole carbon and energy source, and produced zones of clearing indicative of extracellular proteases on milk agar plates. Our novel in vitro keratinase assay uses ninhydrin to quantitate the release of amino acids from exogenously added keratin, with Bacillus licheniformis str. ATCC 14580 serving as a positive control. Keratinolytic isolates were grown in the presence of feather meal to induce keratinase release and this conditioned medium, called the enzyme extract, was clarified by centrifugation and filtration. The enzyme reaction was completed in 30 min and was positively correlated with the amount of extract added, until reaching color saturation. Bacillus pumilus str. F166 was the most active isolate and Bacillus cereus str. F65 was about half as active as the positive control. Bacillus cereus str. F27 performed well too. We also have demonstrated strong keratinolytic activity against raw wool α-keratin. Juncos are long-distance migrant birds that carry bacteria on their feathers, both beneficial and harmful to plants. The abundant keratinolytic bacteria on feathers are capable of structurally damaging the feathers, potentially reducing bird fitness and reproductive success. Keratinases have uses in tanning, silage, and remediation. Keratinases may be useful in the treatment of onychomycoses and actinic keratoses in medical and veterinary settings.
{"title":"Keratinolytic bacteria from the feathers of wild Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis)","authors":"M. Tran, J. W. Dille, Weslin L Camden, Diamond Brunt, C. Rogers, Mark A Schneegurt","doi":"10.1177/17581559211072656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17581559211072656","url":null,"abstract":"We collected >300 bacterial isolates from overwintering Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) to find that ∼40% appear to degrade the structural protein of feathers using extracellular keratinase enzymes. A guild of bacteria (∼18% of total counts) grew significantly better on basal salt medium (BSM) plates containing feather meal than on BSM agar-only plates (∼8% total counts). The genus-level profile of the 107 most active keratinolytic bacterial isolates shows that nearly half are Bacillus species. Keratinolytic Frigoribacterium, Microbacterium, Okibacterium, Pantoea, Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, and Stenotrophomonas were found, among others. Active isolates were shown to degrade whole feathers, used feather meal as a sole carbon and energy source, and produced zones of clearing indicative of extracellular proteases on milk agar plates. Our novel in vitro keratinase assay uses ninhydrin to quantitate the release of amino acids from exogenously added keratin, with Bacillus licheniformis str. ATCC 14580 serving as a positive control. Keratinolytic isolates were grown in the presence of feather meal to induce keratinase release and this conditioned medium, called the enzyme extract, was clarified by centrifugation and filtration. The enzyme reaction was completed in 30 min and was positively correlated with the amount of extract added, until reaching color saturation. Bacillus pumilus str. F166 was the most active isolate and Bacillus cereus str. F65 was about half as active as the positive control. Bacillus cereus str. F27 performed well too. We also have demonstrated strong keratinolytic activity against raw wool α-keratin. Juncos are long-distance migrant birds that carry bacteria on their feathers, both beneficial and harmful to plants. The abundant keratinolytic bacteria on feathers are capable of structurally damaging the feathers, potentially reducing bird fitness and reproductive success. Keratinases have uses in tanning, silage, and remediation. Keratinases may be useful in the treatment of onychomycoses and actinic keratoses in medical and veterinary settings.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"73 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48795580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.1177/17581559211066092
Ping Ye, Yan Cai, Jianli Bi, Xiaogang Yao, Guang-xin Li, Canchao Yang
Egg recognition and rejection is a common and effective anti-parasitism adaptation in bird hosts. Hosts reject alien eggs using recognition signals such as egg ground color and maculation. Green-backed tits (Parus monticolus) have a highly developed capability for recognizing parasite eggs, but the cues used for egg recognition are unclear. We combined avian visual perceptual modeling and field experiments to explore the effects of egg ground color and maculation on the recognition of parasite eggs. P. monticolus uses a multi-cue with possible hierarchical mechanism for egg recognition. The mechanism of egg recognition in P. monticolus appears to be a specific adaptation to the phenotypes of eggs laid by local brood parasites.
{"title":"Parasite egg recognition based on multicomponent cues by green-backed tits (Parus monticolus)","authors":"Ping Ye, Yan Cai, Jianli Bi, Xiaogang Yao, Guang-xin Li, Canchao Yang","doi":"10.1177/17581559211066092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17581559211066092","url":null,"abstract":"Egg recognition and rejection is a common and effective anti-parasitism adaptation in bird hosts. Hosts reject alien eggs using recognition signals such as egg ground color and maculation. Green-backed tits (Parus monticolus) have a highly developed capability for recognizing parasite eggs, but the cues used for egg recognition are unclear. We combined avian visual perceptual modeling and field experiments to explore the effects of egg ground color and maculation on the recognition of parasite eggs. P. monticolus uses a multi-cue with possible hierarchical mechanism for egg recognition. The mechanism of egg recognition in P. monticolus appears to be a specific adaptation to the phenotypes of eggs laid by local brood parasites.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"53 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49197715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-29DOI: 10.1177/17581559211066094
Janice K. Enos, M. Hauber, Zachary Aidala
For many birds, nest construction is a costly aspect of parental care, trading finite energetic resources between parental care and self-maintenance. For multi-brooded organisms with short breeding seasons, such as migratory passerines, repeated nest construction could be especially costly if the activity delays the onset of breeding attempts. Earlier studies on passerines that reuse nests between breeding seasons suggested that time lost to initial nest construction reduces seasonal reproductive output. However, costs associated with building new nests between breeding attempts, within the same breeding season, have largely been ignored. Here, we experimentally removed first nests, after fledging or failing, of Eastern Phoebes (Sayornis phoebe), to evaluate how the annual onset of breeding and nest construction between breeding attempts affected parental investment into second attempts. We found that first egg laying date negatively predicted the probability of second breeding attempts, but experimental treatment (first nest removal vs. control) did not. Neither first egg laying date nor treatment statistically influenced any of the reproductive traits in second breeding attempts (clutch size, nestling body condition, and nestling growth rate). We conclude that in this species, second breeding attempts are limited by the initial onset of seasonal reproduction, and not by time lost to nest construction between breeding attempts.
{"title":"Delayed timing of breeding attempts, but not time lost to nest construction, reduces the annual reproductive output of the Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe)","authors":"Janice K. Enos, M. Hauber, Zachary Aidala","doi":"10.1177/17581559211066094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17581559211066094","url":null,"abstract":"For many birds, nest construction is a costly aspect of parental care, trading finite energetic resources between parental care and self-maintenance. For multi-brooded organisms with short breeding seasons, such as migratory passerines, repeated nest construction could be especially costly if the activity delays the onset of breeding attempts. Earlier studies on passerines that reuse nests between breeding seasons suggested that time lost to initial nest construction reduces seasonal reproductive output. However, costs associated with building new nests between breeding attempts, within the same breeding season, have largely been ignored. Here, we experimentally removed first nests, after fledging or failing, of Eastern Phoebes (Sayornis phoebe), to evaluate how the annual onset of breeding and nest construction between breeding attempts affected parental investment into second attempts. We found that first egg laying date negatively predicted the probability of second breeding attempts, but experimental treatment (first nest removal vs. control) did not. Neither first egg laying date nor treatment statistically influenced any of the reproductive traits in second breeding attempts (clutch size, nestling body condition, and nestling growth rate). We conclude that in this species, second breeding attempts are limited by the initial onset of seasonal reproduction, and not by time lost to nest construction between breeding attempts.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"34 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49338081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.1177/17581559211066083
A. Dickinson, Emily Locke, L. A. Gray, S. Bennett, L. Biddle, A. Goodman, D. Deeming
Bird nests can be complex bio-engineered structures constructed from a range of materials to provide a site for incubation, and in many species chick rearing. Reports of the materials used in nest walls and cup linings are typically qualitative and do not assist in understanding the functional properties of the structure as a whole. This paper provides size and composition data for nests from four species of the Motacillidae family: the meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis), pied wagtail (Motacilla alba), grey wagtail (Motacilla cinerea), and the yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava), three species of the Sylviidae family: willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus), Eurasian reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) and Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), and the dunnock (Prunella modularis) of the Prunellidae family. Three hypotheses were tested: do nest dimensions correlate with body mass? Is it possible to distinguish among species based on their nest composition; and for individual species? Is it possible to distinguish between the cup lining and outer nest wall based on the materials used in construction? Nest composition and size varied among species although the degree of intra-specific variation was different. Size of a nest was unrelated to average female adult body mass. Composition relied on similar types of materials but in differing quantities between species. It was possible to distinguish among species in terms of nest construction, and between the cup lining and the outer nest, on the basis of at least one of the component materials. By providing quantitative data on composition, it may be possible in the future to understand better the structural, insulative and hydrological properties of the nest. Such information will be invaluable as we begin to develop an understanding of the factors that have driven evolution of nest architecture.
{"title":"Composition of nests constructed by species in the Motacillidae, Sylviidae and Prunellidae","authors":"A. Dickinson, Emily Locke, L. A. Gray, S. Bennett, L. Biddle, A. Goodman, D. Deeming","doi":"10.1177/17581559211066083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17581559211066083","url":null,"abstract":"Bird nests can be complex bio-engineered structures constructed from a range of materials to provide a site for incubation, and in many species chick rearing. Reports of the materials used in nest walls and cup linings are typically qualitative and do not assist in understanding the functional properties of the structure as a whole. This paper provides size and composition data for nests from four species of the Motacillidae family: the meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis), pied wagtail (Motacilla alba), grey wagtail (Motacilla cinerea), and the yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava), three species of the Sylviidae family: willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus), Eurasian reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) and Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), and the dunnock (Prunella modularis) of the Prunellidae family. Three hypotheses were tested: do nest dimensions correlate with body mass? Is it possible to distinguish among species based on their nest composition; and for individual species? Is it possible to distinguish between the cup lining and outer nest wall based on the materials used in construction? Nest composition and size varied among species although the degree of intra-specific variation was different. Size of a nest was unrelated to average female adult body mass. Composition relied on similar types of materials but in differing quantities between species. It was possible to distinguish among species in terms of nest construction, and between the cup lining and the outer nest, on the basis of at least one of the component materials. By providing quantitative data on composition, it may be possible in the future to understand better the structural, insulative and hydrological properties of the nest. Such information will be invaluable as we begin to develop an understanding of the factors that have driven evolution of nest architecture.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"21 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48210633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1177/17581559211066091
J. Purger, D. Szép
The relative abundance of small mammal species detected from Common Barn-owl pellets reflects the landscape structure and habitat pattern of the owl’s hunting area, but it is also affected by the size of the collected pellet sample and the size of the supposed hunting area. The questions arise: how many pellets should be collected and analyzed as well as how large hunting area should be taken into consideration in order to reach the best correspondence between the owl’s prey composition and the distribution of habitats preferred by small mammals preyed in supposed hunting areas? For this study, we collected 1045 Common Barn-owl pellets in a village in southern Hungary. All detected small mammal species were classified into functional groups (guilds) preferring urban, open, forest and wetland habitats. The proportion of functional groups was compared to the proportion of these habitats around the pellet collection site within circles of one, two, and three km radius. Saturation curves showed that at least 300 pellets or ca. 600 mammalian remains are required for the detection of the 19 small mammal species. The share of small mammals detected in the prey and their functional groups according to their habitat preference showed an increasing consistency with the distribution of real habitats in the potential hunting area of a radius of 3 km around the owl’s breeding or resting place.
{"title":"An attempt to determine the size of the Common Barn-owl’s (Tyto alba) hunting area based on its prey composition","authors":"J. Purger, D. Szép","doi":"10.1177/17581559211066091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17581559211066091","url":null,"abstract":"The relative abundance of small mammal species detected from Common Barn-owl pellets reflects the landscape structure and habitat pattern of the owl’s hunting area, but it is also affected by the size of the collected pellet sample and the size of the supposed hunting area. The questions arise: how many pellets should be collected and analyzed as well as how large hunting area should be taken into consideration in order to reach the best correspondence between the owl’s prey composition and the distribution of habitats preferred by small mammals preyed in supposed hunting areas? For this study, we collected 1045 Common Barn-owl pellets in a village in southern Hungary. All detected small mammal species were classified into functional groups (guilds) preferring urban, open, forest and wetland habitats. The proportion of functional groups was compared to the proportion of these habitats around the pellet collection site within circles of one, two, and three km radius. Saturation curves showed that at least 300 pellets or ca. 600 mammalian remains are required for the detection of the 19 small mammal species. The share of small mammals detected in the prey and their functional groups according to their habitat preference showed an increasing consistency with the distribution of real habitats in the potential hunting area of a radius of 3 km around the owl’s breeding or resting place.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"41 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44739299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.1177/17581559211064792
Mu-Yeong Lee, Seon-Mi Lee, Seung-Gu Kang, H. Jeon, Hee-Jong Kim, Jin-Young Park, J. An
Mature individuals of the cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus, number 15,600–21,000 birds worldwide and population size of the bird has been in decline due to poisoned baits and the decreasing availability of food. Approximately 12–16% of the global population of cinereous vultures spend their winters in Korean regions that are hence important areas. In this study, the population structure and genetic diversity of the cinereous vulture in South Korea were evaluated to clarify the relationships between the Mongolian and South Korean populations with genetic diversity assessed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite markers. In the South Korean population, two unique haplotypes (Hap8 and Hap9) were newly discovered in their mtDNA, with three polymorphic sites and low-level genetic diversity. Most of the cinereous vultures in South Korea were represented by a single haplotype, Hap8, and analyses of phylogenetic trees and the haplotype network illustrated that Hap8 was clustered in Lineage D (Mongolia). Notably, the other haplotype, Hap9, was only identified in one individual in South Korea with an unexpected clustering in Lineage C (Caucasus region, Armenia, Georgia, and Kazakhstan populations), which indicated that it might have been a vagrant bird. The microsatellite loci (n = 21) isolated from South Korean cinereous vultures indicated comparatively lower genetic variation, with a K value of 1. These results indicate that the origin of the South Korean population is most likely from one source population of the Far Eastern cluster (Mongolian population), which was also supported by the outcome of mtDNA analysis. This study improves our understanding of the population structure and genetic diversity between the Mongolian and South Korean cinereous vulture populations.
{"title":"Phylogenetic relationships and genetic variations among cinereous vultures Aegypius monachus in South Korea","authors":"Mu-Yeong Lee, Seon-Mi Lee, Seung-Gu Kang, H. Jeon, Hee-Jong Kim, Jin-Young Park, J. An","doi":"10.1177/17581559211064792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17581559211064792","url":null,"abstract":"Mature individuals of the cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus, number 15,600–21,000 birds worldwide and population size of the bird has been in decline due to poisoned baits and the decreasing availability of food. Approximately 12–16% of the global population of cinereous vultures spend their winters in Korean regions that are hence important areas. In this study, the population structure and genetic diversity of the cinereous vulture in South Korea were evaluated to clarify the relationships between the Mongolian and South Korean populations with genetic diversity assessed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite markers. In the South Korean population, two unique haplotypes (Hap8 and Hap9) were newly discovered in their mtDNA, with three polymorphic sites and low-level genetic diversity. Most of the cinereous vultures in South Korea were represented by a single haplotype, Hap8, and analyses of phylogenetic trees and the haplotype network illustrated that Hap8 was clustered in Lineage D (Mongolia). Notably, the other haplotype, Hap9, was only identified in one individual in South Korea with an unexpected clustering in Lineage C (Caucasus region, Armenia, Georgia, and Kazakhstan populations), which indicated that it might have been a vagrant bird. The microsatellite loci (n = 21) isolated from South Korean cinereous vultures indicated comparatively lower genetic variation, with a K value of 1. These results indicate that the origin of the South Korean population is most likely from one source population of the Far Eastern cluster (Mongolian population), which was also supported by the outcome of mtDNA analysis. This study improves our understanding of the population structure and genetic diversity between the Mongolian and South Korean cinereous vulture populations.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"13 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49152335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.1177/17581559211066090
Rachida Gherbi-Salmi, A. Bachir, C. Ghazi, S. Doumandji
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of food supply in garbage dumps on the reproductive fitness of Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis and offspring losses. A total of 236 nests were monitored during two distinct periods of 2 years for each: 146 nests during a period without food supply in dumps (1998–1999) and 90 with food supply in dumps (2007–2008). The study was carried out in the colony of El-Kseur in the Lower Soummam Valley (northeast Algeria). For the entire study period, the mean of clutch size, average number of hatched chicks, productivity, and breeding success varied significantly between years (Kruskal–Wallis test: p < .05). Also, the average calculated losses for eggs, chicks, and total offspring vary significantly (Chi2 test: p > .0001). The clutch size and the number of hatched chicks per nest were highest during the period with food supply in garbage dump (respectively: 3.46 ± 0.86; 2.85 ± 1.11), compared to the period when cattle egrets feed in natural or agricultural habitats (3.04 ± 0.87; 2.54 ± 1.03). However, productivity and breeding success were highest during the period without food supply (respectively: 2.11 ± 1.16 fledging’s/nest; 0.70 ± 0.35) than in the period with food supply (1.14 ± 0.91; 0.35 ± 0.30). While egg losses were substantially similar between the two study periods, chick’s mortality (59.9%) and total offspring losses (36.7%) were higher during the period with food supply. The generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) analysis indicated a large negative effect of food supply in dumps on the productivity, on the chick’s losses; and a positive effect on the total offspring losses (p < .001). Also, feed in dump garbage revealed a significant negative effect on the breeding success linear mixed model (LMM, p = .01). However, no significant effects (GLMM, p > .05) of food supply in dumps were noted on average clutch size, the mean number of hatched chicks per nest, and egg losses.
{"title":"How food supply in rubbish dumps affects the breeding success and offspring mortality of cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis?","authors":"Rachida Gherbi-Salmi, A. Bachir, C. Ghazi, S. Doumandji","doi":"10.1177/17581559211066090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17581559211066090","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of food supply in garbage dumps on the reproductive fitness of Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis and offspring losses. A total of 236 nests were monitored during two distinct periods of 2 years for each: 146 nests during a period without food supply in dumps (1998–1999) and 90 with food supply in dumps (2007–2008). The study was carried out in the colony of El-Kseur in the Lower Soummam Valley (northeast Algeria). For the entire study period, the mean of clutch size, average number of hatched chicks, productivity, and breeding success varied significantly between years (Kruskal–Wallis test: p < .05). Also, the average calculated losses for eggs, chicks, and total offspring vary significantly (Chi2 test: p > .0001). The clutch size and the number of hatched chicks per nest were highest during the period with food supply in garbage dump (respectively: 3.46 ± 0.86; 2.85 ± 1.11), compared to the period when cattle egrets feed in natural or agricultural habitats (3.04 ± 0.87; 2.54 ± 1.03). However, productivity and breeding success were highest during the period without food supply (respectively: 2.11 ± 1.16 fledging’s/nest; 0.70 ± 0.35) than in the period with food supply (1.14 ± 0.91; 0.35 ± 0.30). While egg losses were substantially similar between the two study periods, chick’s mortality (59.9%) and total offspring losses (36.7%) were higher during the period with food supply. The generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) analysis indicated a large negative effect of food supply in dumps on the productivity, on the chick’s losses; and a positive effect on the total offspring losses (p < .001). Also, feed in dump garbage revealed a significant negative effect on the breeding success linear mixed model (LMM, p = .01). However, no significant effects (GLMM, p > .05) of food supply in dumps were noted on average clutch size, the mean number of hatched chicks per nest, and egg losses.","PeriodicalId":55408,"journal":{"name":"Avian Biology Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"47 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41470376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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