Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.2013639
T. Wardlaw
The release of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2021) is a galvanising moment globally for concerted action to stem climate change. The report provides stronger evidence of previously identified changes to Earth systems as a result of anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions. If current trends for rising emissions continue beyond mid-century, the global mean temperature will be 3.3–5.7 degrees warmer by the end of this century compared with the period 1850–1900. Warming across Australia is predicted to be higher than the global average (Australian Academy of Science 2021). The Sixth Assessment Report (IPCC 2021) also gives greater prominence to extreme events, particularly heatwaves, fire weather and compound events (heatwaves coupled with droughts). Although temperature increases drive most of the extreme events that will affect temperate eucalypt forests, a trend of increasing aridity across southern Australia due to climate change (CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology 2020) has amplified these compound events (Matusick et al. 2018) and fire risk (van Oldenborgh et al. 2021). Despite more confident predictions of future climate states under different emissions scenarios, the impacts of climate change on the productivity of temperate eucalypt forest remain uncertain. This is because of a lack of understanding about how changing temperature and moisture conditions will affect tree establishment, growth rates and mortality due to extreme events and disturbances (e.g. fire, pests and diseases). There is also considerable uncertainty about the effects of increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2). Roxburgh et al. (2004) concluded that existing simulation models used in Australia have insufficient capability to predict the consequences of climate change for Australia’s forests. Haverd et al. (2013) made considerable advances in reducing the uncertainty of continent-scale predictions of net primary productivity by using multiple observation types to constrain BIOS2 model predictions. Two models, CABALA and 3-PG, have been used extensively in Australia to predict forest productivity under simulated future climates (Pinkard, Bruce et al. 2014; Battaglia and Bruce 2017; Wang et al. 2021). Calibration studies show that both 3-PG (Potithep and Yasuoka 2011) and CABALA (Battaglia et al. 2004; Battaglia et al. 2011) can accurately predict forest productivity when growing conditions can be defined, although 3-PG underpredicts productivity in temperate eucalypt forests, particularly the most productive of these (Haverd et al. 2013; Volkova et al. 2015). Predictions of productivity in future climates under different emissions scenarios made using CABALA and 3-PG vary widely, however, because of uncertainties surrounding climate projections, responses to higher concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (Battaglia and Bruce 2017; Wang et al. 2021) and mortality from drought (Pinkard, Bruce et al. 2014). Models
政府间气候变化专门委员会第六次评估报告(IPCC 2021)的发布是全球采取一致行动遏制气候变化的一个鼓舞人心的时刻。该报告提供了更有力的证据，证明先前确定的人为温室气体排放对地球系统造成的变化。如果目前排放量上升的趋势持续到本世纪中叶以后，到本世纪末，全球平均气温将比1850-1900年期间高出3.3-5.7度。预计澳大利亚的变暖程度将高于全球平均水平(澳大利亚科学院2021年)。第六次评估报告(IPCC 2021)还更加突出了极端事件，特别是热浪、火灾天气和复合事件(热浪与干旱相结合)。尽管温度升高驱动了大多数将影响温带桉树森林的极端事件，但由于气候变化(CSIRO和气象局2020年)，澳大利亚南部干旱加剧的趋势放大了这些复合事件(Matusick等人2018年)和火灾风险(van Oldenborgh等人2021年)。尽管对不同排放情景下的未来气候状态有了更有信心的预测，但气候变化对温带桉树林生产力的影响仍然不确定。这是因为缺乏对温度和湿度条件变化将如何影响树木生长、生长速度和由于极端事件和干扰(例如火灾、虫害和疾病)造成的死亡率的了解。大气中二氧化碳浓度增加的影响也存在相当大的不确定性。Roxburgh等人(2004)得出结论，澳大利亚使用的现有模拟模型在预测气候变化对澳大利亚森林的影响方面能力不足。Haverd等人(2013)通过使用多种观测类型来约束BIOS2模型预测，在降低大陆尺度净初级生产力预测的不确定性方面取得了相当大的进展。CABALA和3-PG两个模型已在澳大利亚广泛用于预测模拟未来气候下的森林生产力(Pinkard, Bruce et al. 2014;Battaglia and Bruce 2017;Wang et al. 2021)。校准研究表明，3-PG (Potithep and Yasuoka 2011)和CABALA (Battaglia et al. 2004;Battaglia et al. 2011)可以在生长条件可以确定的情况下准确预测森林生产力，尽管3-PG低估了温带桉树森林的生产力，特别是其中最多产的桉树森林(Haverd et al. 2013;Volkova et al. 2015)。然而，由于气候预测的不确定性、对大气二氧化碳浓度升高的响应(Battaglia and Bruce 2017;Wang et al. 2021)和干旱死亡率(Pinkard, Bruce et al. 2014)。模型需要不断发展，以便在未来气候情景下对澳大利亚温带桉树森林的生产力作出更有信心的预测。我们对桉树原生森林生产力的关键环境驱动因素的理解在过去十年中取得了进展。使用独立的方法，桉树森林的生长率已经发现与温度有一致的关系-一个凸抛物线，顶点对应于最大生长的最佳温度。Bowman等人(2014年)使用清查方法发现，在澳大利亚温带和亚热带地区的中型地点生长的桉树林中，直径增长率为11°C的最佳(年平均)温度。Bennett等人(2021)利用桉树林和林地涡度相关塔网络的数据发现，澳大利亚南部总初级生产力(GPP)的最佳温度范围在15°C至23°C之间，与该地点的历史气候直接相关。在温带桉树林中，有很大的潜力可以更多地利用澳大利亚的涡流相关站点网络(可能将其扩展到桉树种植园)，以提供可用于约束生长模型预测的观测数据(sensu Haverd et al. 2013)，并对模型参数进行实地测试(sensu Potithep和Yasuoka 2011)。大多数桉树林有一定的能力在一定程度的变暖下保持生产力，因为它们的GPP最佳温度高于其长期平均温度(Bennett等人，2021)，并且它们有可能适应短期(季节性)温度波动(Zhu等人，2018;Zhu et al. 2021)。然而，桉树林无法在更极端的变暖事件中保持生产力，例如热浪。在过去的五年中，我们对桉树森林如何应对热浪的理解有了很大的进步，已经看到了三种主要的响应模式:
{"title":"The effect of climate change on the health and productivity of Australia’s temperate eucalypt forests","authors":"T. Wardlaw","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.2013639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.2013639","url":null,"abstract":"The release of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2021) is a galvanising moment globally for concerted action to stem climate change. The report provides stronger evidence of previously identified changes to Earth systems as a result of anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions. If current trends for rising emissions continue beyond mid-century, the global mean temperature will be 3.3–5.7 degrees warmer by the end of this century compared with the period 1850–1900. Warming across Australia is predicted to be higher than the global average (Australian Academy of Science 2021). The Sixth Assessment Report (IPCC 2021) also gives greater prominence to extreme events, particularly heatwaves, fire weather and compound events (heatwaves coupled with droughts). Although temperature increases drive most of the extreme events that will affect temperate eucalypt forests, a trend of increasing aridity across southern Australia due to climate change (CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology 2020) has amplified these compound events (Matusick et al. 2018) and fire risk (van Oldenborgh et al. 2021). Despite more confident predictions of future climate states under different emissions scenarios, the impacts of climate change on the productivity of temperate eucalypt forest remain uncertain. This is because of a lack of understanding about how changing temperature and moisture conditions will affect tree establishment, growth rates and mortality due to extreme events and disturbances (e.g. fire, pests and diseases). There is also considerable uncertainty about the effects of increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2). Roxburgh et al. (2004) concluded that existing simulation models used in Australia have insufficient capability to predict the consequences of climate change for Australia’s forests. Haverd et al. (2013) made considerable advances in reducing the uncertainty of continent-scale predictions of net primary productivity by using multiple observation types to constrain BIOS2 model predictions. Two models, CABALA and 3-PG, have been used extensively in Australia to predict forest productivity under simulated future climates (Pinkard, Bruce et al. 2014; Battaglia and Bruce 2017; Wang et al. 2021). Calibration studies show that both 3-PG (Potithep and Yasuoka 2011) and CABALA (Battaglia et al. 2004; Battaglia et al. 2011) can accurately predict forest productivity when growing conditions can be defined, although 3-PG underpredicts productivity in temperate eucalypt forests, particularly the most productive of these (Haverd et al. 2013; Volkova et al. 2015). Predictions of productivity in future climates under different emissions scenarios made using CABALA and 3-PG vary widely, however, because of uncertainties surrounding climate projections, responses to higher concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (Battaglia and Bruce 2017; Wang et al. 2021) and mortality from drought (Pinkard, Bruce et al. 2014). Models","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"167 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47283551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2022.2027097
{"title":"List of reviewers in 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2027097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2027097","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"iii - iii"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49345789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1997459
S. Peters, J. Liu, D. Bruce, J. Li, A. Finn, J. O'Hehir
ABSTRACT Multitemporal airborne laser scanning (ALS) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)-based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data provide a rich source of spatiotemporal information for modelling and estimating wood volume change in commercial plantation forestry. However, model updates based on area-wide acquisitions of ALS are very cost-intensive. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how existing time series of ALS data can be used for a cost-efficient UAV-LiDAR-based update of timber yield estimates. We used two time series of ALS data (captured in 2012 and 2015) and simulated UAV data over a radiata pine forest compartment. The study area was located 10 km north-east of Millicent, South Australia, and comprised one forest compartment of approximately 21 ha with inventory plots situated inside. In total, 16 inventory plots with measured tree heights and diameter at breast height for each time series were taken as ground-truthing data. A LiDAR-processing framework was developed to derive multitemporal forest metrics. Using k-nearest neighbours modelling, wood volume was predicted based on these metrics. The paper suggests two approaches for the cost-efficient updating of timber-yield estimates using newly acquired UAV-LiDAR data at the plot level in combination with prior assimilated stand-wide ALS datasets. Both approaches produced very similar wood volume estimates. These findings support the feasibility of using multitemporal ALS and UAV-LiDAR data for cost-efficient updates of timber-yield prediction in forestry.
{"title":"Research note: cost-efficient estimates of Pinus radiata wood volumes using multitemporal LiDAR data","authors":"S. Peters, J. Liu, D. Bruce, J. Li, A. Finn, J. O'Hehir","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1997459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1997459","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Multitemporal airborne laser scanning (ALS) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)-based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data provide a rich source of spatiotemporal information for modelling and estimating wood volume change in commercial plantation forestry. However, model updates based on area-wide acquisitions of ALS are very cost-intensive. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how existing time series of ALS data can be used for a cost-efficient UAV-LiDAR-based update of timber yield estimates. We used two time series of ALS data (captured in 2012 and 2015) and simulated UAV data over a radiata pine forest compartment. The study area was located 10 km north-east of Millicent, South Australia, and comprised one forest compartment of approximately 21 ha with inventory plots situated inside. In total, 16 inventory plots with measured tree heights and diameter at breast height for each time series were taken as ground-truthing data. A LiDAR-processing framework was developed to derive multitemporal forest metrics. Using k-nearest neighbours modelling, wood volume was predicted based on these metrics. The paper suggests two approaches for the cost-efficient updating of timber-yield estimates using newly acquired UAV-LiDAR data at the plot level in combination with prior assimilated stand-wide ALS datasets. Both approaches produced very similar wood volume estimates. These findings support the feasibility of using multitemporal ALS and UAV-LiDAR data for cost-efficient updates of timber-yield prediction in forestry.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"206 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44010991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1997460
P. West
ABSTRACT Data were available from two measurements of each stand of a set of stands in native regrowth and plantation forests of Eucalyptus pilularis (blackbutt) in subtropical New South Wales and Queensland. Measurements were made after competition-induced mortality had started in each stand. Most of the regrowth forest had been thinned some time before the measurements. Based on the Reineke model that relates stand stocking density to quadratic mean diameter, a maximum density line was determined for each stand based on methods developed by Vanclay and Sands. It was found that the intercept of the maximum density line increased both with increasing stand site productive capacity and in the thinned regrowth stands. The latter finding does not seem to have been reported for forests before; it is hypothesised to be a result of the delayed redevelopment of inter-tree competitive processes following the major reduction in stand density resulting from thinning. Both effects will have consequences for the structure of density management diagrams commonly used to assist in forest management practice.
{"title":"Effects of site productive capacity and stand density management on the maximum density line for Eucalyptus pilularis (blackbutt)","authors":"P. West","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1997460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1997460","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Data were available from two measurements of each stand of a set of stands in native regrowth and plantation forests of Eucalyptus pilularis (blackbutt) in subtropical New South Wales and Queensland. Measurements were made after competition-induced mortality had started in each stand. Most of the regrowth forest had been thinned some time before the measurements. Based on the Reineke model that relates stand stocking density to quadratic mean diameter, a maximum density line was determined for each stand based on methods developed by Vanclay and Sands. It was found that the intercept of the maximum density line increased both with increasing stand site productive capacity and in the thinned regrowth stands. The latter finding does not seem to have been reported for forests before; it is hypothesised to be a result of the delayed redevelopment of inter-tree competitive processes following the major reduction in stand density resulting from thinning. Both effects will have consequences for the structure of density management diagrams commonly used to assist in forest management practice.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"200 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46802447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1975907
R. da Abreu Neto, T. Monteiro, J. Lima, J. R. M. da Silva
ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the drying rate of Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid logs of different lengths used for carbonisation. Six seven-year-old trees of two clones (VM4 and MN463) were harvested from experimental plots located in the region of Paraopeba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Specimens were cut into four different lengths so that the ratios between cross-sectional area and curved-surface area were 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and 1:10. Samples were then air-dried in an open shed for 170 days. Drying rates were calculated for different periods during air-drying. The fastest drying rates were observed during the first 28 days during the removal of free water. In general, the free-water drying rate was 5.7 times higher than that for bound water and 2.5 times higher than total drying rate. At the end of drying, the shortest drying rate occurred in shorter samples, being 3.2 times faster than the longest logs, regardless of the genetic material analysed. These findings are important for charcoal-producing industries, potentially helping that sector improve drying efficiency and produce higher-quality charcoal.
{"title":"A technical note on the effect of log length on the drying of Eucalyptus urophylla","authors":"R. da Abreu Neto, T. Monteiro, J. Lima, J. R. M. da Silva","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1975907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1975907","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the drying rate of Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid logs of different lengths used for carbonisation. Six seven-year-old trees of two clones (VM4 and MN463) were harvested from experimental plots located in the region of Paraopeba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Specimens were cut into four different lengths so that the ratios between cross-sectional area and curved-surface area were 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and 1:10. Samples were then air-dried in an open shed for 170 days. Drying rates were calculated for different periods during air-drying. The fastest drying rates were observed during the first 28 days during the removal of free water. In general, the free-water drying rate was 5.7 times higher than that for bound water and 2.5 times higher than total drying rate. At the end of drying, the shortest drying rate occurred in shorter samples, being 3.2 times faster than the longest logs, regardless of the genetic material analysed. These findings are important for charcoal-producing industries, potentially helping that sector improve drying efficiency and produce higher-quality charcoal.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"175 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46862639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1973225
J. Doran, P. Macdonell, J. Brophy, R. Davis
ABSTRACT There is a paucity of eucalypt species in tropical Australia that produce a foliar essential oil in high concentration and rich in 1,8-cineole, the sought-after component of medicinal eucalyptus oils. Eucalyptus bakeri, a mallee from the dry subtropical parts of northern New South Wales and Queensland, is an exception, with limited earlier studies reporting that this species produced foliar oil with commercial characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the variation in foliar oil characteristics throughout the natural range of E. bakeri as a precursor to the more intensive field-testing of the species as a commercial source of eucalyptus oil. Mature leaves and, when available, coppice leaves for comparison were collected over three separate field trips in 2020 from individual trees representing each of 17 provenances throughout the natural range of E. bakeri in Queensland. Foliar oil concentrations on a fresh-weight basis throughout the provenances sampled were relatively high, averaging 2.3% for mature leaves and 2.8% for coppice leaves, with an individual tree high of 4.1% for both leaf categories. 1,8-Cineole was the dominant compound in all foliar oils sampled, averaging 89.3% (range 70.2–94.6%) in oils from mature leaves and 87.6% (range 79–92.5%) from coppice leaves. Sabinene levels, restricted to a maximum of 0.3% in some oil standards, averaged 0.3% (range trace – 1.5%) in oils from mature leaves and 0.4% (range trace – 0.7%) from coppice leaves. The high foliar oil concentrations and consistency in oil qualities mark this species as a potential candidate as a eucalyptus oil source species for the dry subtropics. Provenance/progeny trials are now needed to determine which provenances produce adequate growth rates and the silviculture required to manage the species as an oil-producing crop, as well as to investigate variations in oil characteristics, including sabinene levels, when all sources are grown at a common site.
{"title":"Eucalyptus bakeri: a potential source species for eucalyptus oil production in the subtropics","authors":"J. Doran, P. Macdonell, J. Brophy, R. Davis","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1973225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1973225","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There is a paucity of eucalypt species in tropical Australia that produce a foliar essential oil in high concentration and rich in 1,8-cineole, the sought-after component of medicinal eucalyptus oils. Eucalyptus bakeri, a mallee from the dry subtropical parts of northern New South Wales and Queensland, is an exception, with limited earlier studies reporting that this species produced foliar oil with commercial characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the variation in foliar oil characteristics throughout the natural range of E. bakeri as a precursor to the more intensive field-testing of the species as a commercial source of eucalyptus oil. Mature leaves and, when available, coppice leaves for comparison were collected over three separate field trips in 2020 from individual trees representing each of 17 provenances throughout the natural range of E. bakeri in Queensland. Foliar oil concentrations on a fresh-weight basis throughout the provenances sampled were relatively high, averaging 2.3% for mature leaves and 2.8% for coppice leaves, with an individual tree high of 4.1% for both leaf categories. 1,8-Cineole was the dominant compound in all foliar oils sampled, averaging 89.3% (range 70.2–94.6%) in oils from mature leaves and 87.6% (range 79–92.5%) from coppice leaves. Sabinene levels, restricted to a maximum of 0.3% in some oil standards, averaged 0.3% (range trace – 1.5%) in oils from mature leaves and 0.4% (range trace – 0.7%) from coppice leaves. The high foliar oil concentrations and consistency in oil qualities mark this species as a potential candidate as a eucalyptus oil source species for the dry subtropics. Provenance/progeny trials are now needed to determine which provenances produce adequate growth rates and the silviculture required to manage the species as an oil-producing crop, as well as to investigate variations in oil characteristics, including sabinene levels, when all sources are grown at a common site.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"182 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48717864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1971884
P. Wilson, E. Giordano
In clonal forestry, eucalypts are propagated by stem cuttings on a large scale. Six-month-old seedlings of 20 seedlots of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were propagated by stem cuttings and segregated ac...
{"title":"Propagation by stem cuttings of 20 seedlots of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and the likelihood of a seedlot × propagation system interaction","authors":"P. Wilson, E. Giordano","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1971884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1971884","url":null,"abstract":"In clonal forestry, eucalypts are propagated by stem cuttings on a large scale. Six-month-old seedlings of 20 seedlots of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were propagated by stem cuttings and segregated ac...","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46863957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1962628
Y. Japarudin, R. Meder, M. Lapammu, A. Alwi, M. Ghaffariyan, M. Brown
ABSTRACT Plantation-grown Eucalyptus pellita in Sabah, Malaysia, was analysed for compression and flexural properties to assess the potential for solid-timber and engineered wood product end uses. It is necessary to consider not only the volume of wood produced in a plantation but also the wood quality, particularly those aspects important for end-product performance. Tree volume is readily measured from height and diameter at breast height using appropriate form factors. This paper discusses the compression, strength and stiffness of E. pellita compared with tropical hardwood species, and variation within trees and at different ages (7–23 years). Small clearwood test samples obtained from radial positions within log heights were subjected to analysis of compression parallel to grain and three-point bending according to ISO 13061-4, 2014. Results indicate that plantation-grown E. pellita in the tropics has potential for structural-use applications. The average basic density across the trials was 658 kg m−3, while the bending strength for all trials was in the range of 11.7–15.5 GPa for modulus of elasticity and 96.3−120.1 MPa for modulus of rupture, and the compression strength parallel to grain ranged from 52.3 to 67.8 MPa. Mean mechanical strength increased from pith to bark and from the butt log to the top log. Because the wood-processing sector in Malaysia is transitioning from reliance on a harvest of mixed tropical hardwood towards plantation-grown species, these results indicate that plantation-grown E. pellita meets the structural requirements of strength and stiffness.
摘要分析了马来西亚沙巴种植的纯桉的压缩和弯曲性能，以评估其在实木和工程木产品最终用途方面的潜力。不仅需要考虑种植园生产的木材数量，还需要考虑木材质量，特别是对最终产品性能重要的方面。使用适当的形状因子，可以很容易地从身高和乳高处的直径测量树木体积。本文讨论了E.pellita与热带硬木物种的压缩、强度和刚度，以及树木内部和不同树龄（7–23岁）的变化。根据ISO 13061-4-2014，对从原木高度内的径向位置获得的小型透明木材试样进行平行于纹理的压缩和三点弯曲分析。结果表明，在热带种植的E.pellita具有结构应用的潜力。整个试验的平均基本密度为658 kg m−3，而所有试验的弯曲强度弹性模量在11.7–15.5 GPa范围内，断裂模量在96.3–120.1 MPa范围内，平行于晶粒的压缩强度在52.3至67.8 MPa范围内。平均机械强度从木髓到树皮以及从原木底部到顶部都有所增加。由于马来西亚的木材加工部门正在从依赖混合热带硬木的收获向种植园种植的物种过渡，这些结果表明，种植园生长的E.pellita满足强度和刚度的结构要求。
{"title":"Compression and flexural properties of plantation-grown Eucalyptus pellita in Borneo, Malaysia. Potential for structural timber end use","authors":"Y. Japarudin, R. Meder, M. Lapammu, A. Alwi, M. Ghaffariyan, M. Brown","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1962628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1962628","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Plantation-grown Eucalyptus pellita in Sabah, Malaysia, was analysed for compression and flexural properties to assess the potential for solid-timber and engineered wood product end uses. It is necessary to consider not only the volume of wood produced in a plantation but also the wood quality, particularly those aspects important for end-product performance. Tree volume is readily measured from height and diameter at breast height using appropriate form factors. This paper discusses the compression, strength and stiffness of E. pellita compared with tropical hardwood species, and variation within trees and at different ages (7–23 years). Small clearwood test samples obtained from radial positions within log heights were subjected to analysis of compression parallel to grain and three-point bending according to ISO 13061-4, 2014. Results indicate that plantation-grown E. pellita in the tropics has potential for structural-use applications. The average basic density across the trials was 658 kg m−3, while the bending strength for all trials was in the range of 11.7–15.5 GPa for modulus of elasticity and 96.3−120.1 MPa for modulus of rupture, and the compression strength parallel to grain ranged from 52.3 to 67.8 MPa. Mean mechanical strength increased from pith to bark and from the butt log to the top log. Because the wood-processing sector in Malaysia is transitioning from reliance on a harvest of mixed tropical hardwood towards plantation-grown species, these results indicate that plantation-grown E. pellita meets the structural requirements of strength and stiffness.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"139 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42463631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1945238
B. Balboni, A. Batista, J. Garcia
ABSTRACT The Brazilian bioenergy industry is well developed and has numerous highly productive Eucalyptus spp. clones, the wood of which may suit the timber industry. We screened the mechanical wood properties of six bioenergy Eucalyptus spp. clones from young forests to find ones suitable for the timber industry. We evaluated shear strength, parallel compressive strength, strength and stiffness on static bending, and wood density. Eucalyptus camaldulensis clones had low strength and stiffness for their wood density and are less suitable for timber products. However, clones from E. urophylla and E. urophylla × E. grandis had specific strength and stiffness close to the values reported for mature Eucalyptus wood. Their average density ranged from 0.54 g cm−3 to 0.68 g cm−3 and, while the lightest wood had properties close to those of mature Pinus elliottii trees, the clone with the densest wood produced material similar to mature E. urophylla. We conclude that these clones have distinct wood properties, each with different potential applications. With better understanding of this timber source, young clonal Eucalyptus forests could be an asset to the timber industry in Brazil, substituting pine wood and providing raw material close to the main consumer markets.
巴西生物能源产业发达，拥有大量高产的桉树无性系，其木材可能适合木材工业。通过对6个来自幼林的生物能源桉树无性系的机械性能进行筛选，寻找适合木材工业的无性系。我们评估了抗剪强度、平行抗压强度、静态弯曲强度和刚度以及木材密度。山梨树无性系的强度和刚度相对于木材密度较低，不适合作为木材制品。而尾叶和尾叶×大尾叶无性系的比强度和刚度接近于成熟桉树木材的值。它们的平均密度在0.54 ~ 0.68 g cm−3之间，最轻的木材具有与成熟的油松相近的特性，而最密的木材具有与成熟的尾叶松相近的特性。我们得出结论，这些克隆具有不同的木材特性，每种特性都有不同的潜在应用。随着对这种木材来源的更好了解，年轻的无性系桉树林可以成为巴西木材工业的一笔资产，取代松木并提供接近主要消费市场的原材料。
{"title":"Evaluating the potential for timber production of young forests of Eucalyptus spp. clones used for bioenergy: wood density and mechanical properties","authors":"B. Balboni, A. Batista, J. Garcia","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1945238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1945238","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Brazilian bioenergy industry is well developed and has numerous highly productive Eucalyptus spp. clones, the wood of which may suit the timber industry. We screened the mechanical wood properties of six bioenergy Eucalyptus spp. clones from young forests to find ones suitable for the timber industry. We evaluated shear strength, parallel compressive strength, strength and stiffness on static bending, and wood density. Eucalyptus camaldulensis clones had low strength and stiffness for their wood density and are less suitable for timber products. However, clones from E. urophylla and E. urophylla × E. grandis had specific strength and stiffness close to the values reported for mature Eucalyptus wood. Their average density ranged from 0.54 g cm−3 to 0.68 g cm−3 and, while the lightest wood had properties close to those of mature Pinus elliottii trees, the clone with the densest wood produced material similar to mature E. urophylla. We conclude that these clones have distinct wood properties, each with different potential applications. With better understanding of this timber source, young clonal Eucalyptus forests could be an asset to the timber industry in Brazil, substituting pine wood and providing raw material close to the main consumer markets.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"122 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2021.1945238","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46681983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2021.1953741
R. Keenan, P. Kanowski, P. Baker, C. Brack, T. Bartlett, K. Tolhurst
ABSTRACT In the summer of 2019/20, bushfires of unprecedented scale in south-eastern Australia focused attention on how forest management might have affected their risks and impacts. Some argued that the severity and extent of these fires were made worse by timber harvesting and associated forest management and that harvesting in native forests should cease as a means for reducing fire risk. Little evidence has been presented to support these contentions. This article reviews evidence for the relationship between harvesting and fire extent and severity from these fires. The proportion of forested conservation reserves burnt in these fires was similar to that for public forests where timber harvesting is permitted, and the proportion of forest burnt with different levels of fire severity was similar across tenures and over time since timber harvest. Recent analysis of the areas burnt in 2019/20 indicated that the extent and severity of the fires was determined almost entirely by three years of well-below-average rainfall (leading to dry fuels across all vegetation types), extreme fire weather conditions and local topography and that past timber harvesting had negligible or no impact on fire severity. Three major inquiries into the fires made no recommendations regarding the impact of timber harvesting on fire risk. We argue that policy proposals to mitigate fire risk and impacts should be evidence-based and, to avoid the cognitive bias associated with expert opinions, should integrate the multiple perspectives of traditional Indigenous knowledge, the experience of local and professional fire managers, and the breadth of evidence from bushfire research. Together, these perspectives should inform strategies for reducing bushfire impacts and increasing forest resilience and community safety.
{"title":"No evidence that timber harvesting increased the scale or severity of the 2019/20 bushfires in south-eastern Australia","authors":"R. Keenan, P. Kanowski, P. Baker, C. Brack, T. Bartlett, K. Tolhurst","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1953741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1953741","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the summer of 2019/20, bushfires of unprecedented scale in south-eastern Australia focused attention on how forest management might have affected their risks and impacts. Some argued that the severity and extent of these fires were made worse by timber harvesting and associated forest management and that harvesting in native forests should cease as a means for reducing fire risk. Little evidence has been presented to support these contentions. This article reviews evidence for the relationship between harvesting and fire extent and severity from these fires. The proportion of forested conservation reserves burnt in these fires was similar to that for public forests where timber harvesting is permitted, and the proportion of forest burnt with different levels of fire severity was similar across tenures and over time since timber harvest. Recent analysis of the areas burnt in 2019/20 indicated that the extent and severity of the fires was determined almost entirely by three years of well-below-average rainfall (leading to dry fuels across all vegetation types), extreme fire weather conditions and local topography and that past timber harvesting had negligible or no impact on fire severity. Three major inquiries into the fires made no recommendations regarding the impact of timber harvesting on fire risk. We argue that policy proposals to mitigate fire risk and impacts should be evidence-based and, to avoid the cognitive bias associated with expert opinions, should integrate the multiple perspectives of traditional Indigenous knowledge, the experience of local and professional fire managers, and the breadth of evidence from bushfire research. Together, these perspectives should inform strategies for reducing bushfire impacts and increasing forest resilience and community safety.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"84 1","pages":"133 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2021.1953741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43246977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：